a ladder thermoelectric generator
Post on 11-Feb-2022
14 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
A Ladder ThermoelectricA Ladder ThermoelectricParallelepiped Generator
Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson: ICT2003, La Grande Motte, France, 17-21 August 2003
Parallelepiped Generator
E=mcT E = Energym = Mass
c = Heat Capacity T = Temperature
Flókagata 27
105 Reykjavík
Iceland
gko@islandia.is
Tel: +354 694 7696
Content of this Presentation:Content of this Presentation:
•• Background: Geothermal Source for TEGBackground: Geothermal Source for TEG
•• Economics: Does Low TEG Efficiency Matter?Economics: Does Low TEG Efficiency Matter?
•• Application: Generating Light with a TEGApplication: Generating Light with a TEG
•• Inductive and Capacitive CharacterisationInductive and Capacitive Characterisation
•• Unfamiliar Mathematical Expressions!Unfamiliar Mathematical Expressions!
Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson: ICT2003, La Grande Motte, France, 17-21 August 2003
Geothermal Harvesting:Geothermal Harvesting:
Nesjavellir, Iceland
Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson: ICT2003, La Grande Motte, France, 17-21 August 2003
Water as an Energy Medium:Water as an Energy Medium:
The energy released when one kilogram of hot water is cooled by 50°C, is equivalent to:
• 1000 Kg falling down 21 metres, for example in a Hydroelectric Power Plant.
• 1 Kg canonball accelerated to 646 m/s > 2300 Km/h.
• 10 Amper-Hours from a 6 volt Battery.
• 2000 atm pressure in one litre container.
Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson: ICT2003, La Grande Motte, France, 17-21 August 2003
Hot and Cold Water Community:Hot and Cold Water Community:
Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson: ICT2003, La Grande Motte, France, 17-21 August 2003
Up to 90% TEG System Efficiency ...Up to 90% TEG System Efficiency ...
... when used before a Heat Exchanger! Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson: ICT2003, La Grande Motte, France, 17-21 August 2003
Comparing the Cost of Energy:Comparing the Cost of Energy:
• Electricity for resident homes: 9.7 ¢/KWh = 2.7 ¢/MJ
• Electricity for light industry: 4.8 ¢/KWh = 1.3 ¢/MJ
• Electricity for heavy industry: 2.4 ¢/KWh = 0.68 ¢/MJ
• Geothermal Hot Water for resident homes: 85 ¢/t = 0.33 ¢/MJ
• Geothermal Hot Water for light industry: 43 ¢/t = 0.15 ¢/MJ
Prices in US cents, 15.Aug,2003
Thermal utilasitation: ∆T = 60°C
Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson: ICT2003, La Grande Motte, France, 17-21 August 2003
Energy Content of Water versus Energy Content of Water versus some other Energy Sources:some other Energy Sources:
•• Boiling Water 100°CBoiling Water 100°C E=0.41 MJ/KgE=0.41 MJ/Kg
•• GasolineGasoline E=48 MJ/KgE=48 MJ/Kg
•• MethanolMethanol E=24 MJ/KgE=24 MJ/Kg
•• CoalCoal E=29.3 MJ/KgE=29.3 MJ/Kg
•• TNTTNT E=4.6 MJ/KgE=4.6 MJ/Kg
•• LeadLead--Acid BatteryAcid Battery E=0.15 MJ/KgE=0.15 MJ/Kg
Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson: ICT2003, La Grande Motte, France, 17-21 August 2003
Water and Gasoline:Water and Gasoline:
•• The Thermal Energy in 100 liters of boiling The Thermal Energy in 100 liters of boiling water is equivalent to one liter of Gasoline!water is equivalent to one liter of Gasoline!
•• Geothermal Hot Water can compete with Geothermal Hot Water can compete with Gasoline if a Heat Exchanger is Mandatory!Gasoline if a Heat Exchanger is Mandatory!
Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson: ICT2003, La Grande Motte, France, 17-21 August 2003
Let there be Light!Let there be Light!
Freqency 50 KHz
Power 288 W
Voltage 200 V
Current 1.44 A
Thot 110°C
Tcold 25°C
Geothermal Greenhouse Experiment in Iceland.
Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson: ICT2003, La Grande Motte, France, 17-21 August 2003
The presence of Heat Source The presence of Heat Source and Cold Sink introduces and Cold Sink introduces Electrical Capacitors!Electrical Capacitors!
To ground or not to ground, that is the question!
Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson: ICT2003, La Grande Motte, France, 17-21 August 2003
Grounded Thermoelectric Generator Grounded Thermoelectric Generator Operating at a High Frequency:Operating at a High Frequency:
•Generator (4 pellets shown) •Driver •Load
Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson: ICT2003, La Grande Motte, France, 17-21 August 2003
Impendance of 4 TE Pellets in a Impendance of 4 TE Pellets in a Grounded Ladder TE Generator:Grounded Ladder TE Generator:
sLRsC
sLRsC
sLRsC
sLRZ
⋅++⋅
+⋅++⋅
+⋅++⋅
+⋅+=
11
11
11
4
s = β + iω
Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson: ICT2003, La Grande Motte, France, 17-21 August 2003
Impendance of 1, 2, 3 & 4 Pellets in Impendance of 1, 2, 3 & 4 Pellets in a Grounded Ladder TE Generator:a Grounded Ladder TE Generator:
+⋅+⋅++⋅+⋅+
⋅=
+⋅++⋅+
⋅=
++
⋅=
⋅+=
32
32
14
2
2
13
12
1
5616104
3143
12
aaaaaaZZ
aaaaZZ
aaZZ
sLRZ
a = R C s + LC s 2
Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson: ICT2003, La Grande Motte, France, 17-21 August 2003
The Ladder TEG Impendance The Ladder TEG Impendance Coefficients for up to 6 Pellets:Coefficients for up to 6 Pellets:
11036563561821205
16104143
121
1928351511715101
1561131
111
:Numerator:rDenominato
Find the general formula ...
Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson: ICT2003, La Grande Motte, France, 17-21 August 2003
General Formula for a Grounded General Formula for a Grounded Ladder TEG with n Pellets:Ladder TEG with n Pellets:
( ) ( )( ) ( ) )(
)(3211221
11221
12261
1 aQaPZ
aanannaanannnZZ
n
nnn
nn
n ⋅=
+⋅−⋅++⋅−⋅⋅++⋅−⋅++⋅−⋅⋅+
⋅= −−
−−
( )
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ∏∏
∑∑−
=
−
=
−
=−
−
=
−−−−
⋅⋅
⋅+=
−⋅−⋅
⋅+=
⋅++=⋅+=
⋅++=⋅+===
1
1
21
1
2
1
11
1
1
1111
11
2sin4
12212sin4
)()(1)()(1)(
)(1)()()()()(1)(1)(
n
kn
n
kn
n
kknn
n
kkn
nnnnnn
nkaaP
nkaaQ
aPaaPaPaPaaQ
aPaaQaPaPaaQaQaPaQ
ππ
Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson: ICT2003, La Grande Motte, France, 17-21 August 2003
Poles & Zeros for a TEG Module:Poles & Zeros for a TEG Module:
The 1st Pole:The 1The 1stst Pole:Pole:
−⋅⋅⋅=⇒
−⋅⋅−=
24sin2
24sin4 01
21 n
ffn
a PPππ
The 1st Zero:The 1The 1stst Zero:Zero:
⋅⋅⋅=⇒
⋅⋅−=
nff
na ZZ 2
sin22
sin4 012
1ππ
Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson: ICT2003, La Grande Motte, France, 17-21 August 2003
Zeros from the Numerator P(a)Zeros from the Numerator P(a)Numerator polynomials
-25-20-15-10-5051015202530
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
a
P(a)
Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson: ICT2003, La Grande Motte, France, 17-21 August 2003
Poles from the Denominator Q(a)Poles from the Denominator Q(a)Denominator polynomials
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
a
Q(a
)
Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson: ICT2003, La Grande Motte, France, 17-21 August 2003
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
-1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2
P3/Q3P4/Q4P5/Q5P6/Q6
Poles & Zeros for a TE ModulePoles & Zeros for a TE Module
Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson: ICT2003, La Grande Motte, France, 17-21 August 2003
A TEG Module* with 254 Pellets:A TEG Module* with 254 Pellets:
Measure with 100 MHz Spectrum analyzer
Result: Module Pole frequency was 40MHzResult: Module Pole frequency was 40MHzResult: Module Pole frequency was 40MHz
=> 100 TE Modules will have ca 400 KHz Pole which will register as an Inductance.
* 40x40x3mm with 0.6mm Ceramic Isolation
Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson: ICT2003, La Grande Motte, France, 17-21 August 2003
top related