accelerating innovation in agriculture 2014 01-23
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Presenter Dr Achim Dobermann. Deputy Director General (Research) International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)
Topic “Accelerating Agricultural Innovations for the Post-2015 Sustainable Development Agenda”
Date 23 January 2014
Venue ACIAR
Acknowledgements Dobermann, A (2014) Accelerating Agricultural Innovations for the Post-2015 Sustainable Development Agenda, ACIAR Seminar Series presentation, 23 January 2014, Canberra, Australia.
Achim Dobermann
Seminar at ACIAR, Canberra, 23 January 2014
Accelerating Agricultural Innovations for the Post-2015 Sustainable
Development Agenda
What could make the next 15 years different from the previous?
• Unique opportunities: – end extreme poverty and hunger by 2030– rapid technological advances
• Grand challenges: – human impact on the physical Earth could exceed
safe planetary boundaries– increasing inequality and social exclusion– increasing complexity and difficulties of global
governance
The key post-2015 driver
Broad material improvement of life:
6/7 of the world’s population want to catch up with 1/7
By 2030, 5 bln people who will each consume $10-100 per day
Global economy will grow at 3-4% per year = doubling in size every generation
Annual global GDP will rise from $90 trillion (7.2 bln people) to >$300 trillion by 2050 (9-10 bln people)
The pillars of the new sustainable development agenda
Economic development
Social inclusion
Environmental sustainability
Good governance
Our generation needs to make deep changes in technologies and policies to decouple future economic growth from unsustainable use of:
Fossil fuels
Land
Oceans
Freshwater
Other resources
http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org
1. Support the High-Level Panel, OWG and other
post-2015 SDG processes
2. 12 thematic Groups to identify long-term
pathways to sustainable development
3. Promote testing, demonstration, development
of promising new “solutions”
4. Build a global Knowledge Center Network for
local and regional problem solving
5. Global online university for sustainable
development
Sustainable Development Solutions Network(SDSN)
Website: www.unsdsn.orgEmail: info@unsdsn.org
10 SDGs proposed by the SDSN1. End Extreme Poverty Including Hunger*
2. Achieve Development within Planetary Boundaries*
3. Ensure Effective Learning for All Children and Youth for Life and Livelihood
4. Achieve Gender Equality, Social Inclusion, and Human Rights for All
5. Achieve Health and Wellbeing at All Ages*
6. Improve Agricultural Systems and Raise Rural Prosperity*
7. Empower Inclusive, Productive and Resilient Cities
8. Curb Human-Induced Climate Change and Ensure Sustainable Energy*
9. Secure Ecosystem Services, Biodiversity and Good Management of Natural Resources*
10. Transform Governance for Sustainable Development*
* Goals that could include targets and indicators for agriculture
http://unsdsn.org
Goal 6: Improve Agriculture Systems and Raise Rural Prosperity
Targets:• 6a. Ensure sustainable food production systems that
achieve high yields with high efficiency of water, nutrients, and energy, and have low food losses and waste.
• 6b. Halt forest and wetland conversion to agriculture, protect soil resources, and ensure that farming systems are resilient to climatic change and disasters.
• 6c. Ensure universal access in rural areas to basic resources and infrastructure services (land, water, sanitation, modern energy, transport, mobile and broadband communication, agricultural inputs, and advisory services).
Target 6a: Sustainable food production systems
Indicators:• Cereal yield growth rate (% p.a.)• Crop yield gap (actual yield as % of yield potential)• Livestock and fish productivity growth• Crop water productivity (tons of harvested product per
unit irrigation water)• Full-chain nitrogen [phosphorus] use efficiency (%)• …..• ……
Target 6a: Sustainable food production systems
Aspirational outcomes:• Annual yield growth rate of major food crops approaches
or exceeds [1.5]%.• The majority of farms achieve [80]% of the attainable
water-limited yield potential by 2030.• Livestock productivity in developing countries doubled by
2030, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa.• Water productivity of crop production increased by [30]%
in countries with high water use for irrigation.• Full-chain efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus
increased by [x]% relative to current levels in each country with sub-optimal efficiency.
The CGIAR should adopt the post-2015 framework and terminology
Post-2015 SD• SDG• Targets• Indicators and metrics
for them• (specific outcomes)
CGIAR• SLOs• IDOs• Indicators• …
the timelines for the post-2015 process, a new SRF and developing a CRP II portfolio seem to match: 2014-2016
Could the CGIAR also step up and become the world leader in science and practice of monitoring the performance of global agriculture?
The new food system challenge
• Change behavior towards healthier diets and reduce food loss and waste
• Increase productivity by more than 60% on existing crop and pasture land by 2050
• Preserve the environment through lower resource intensity and sound use of inputs
• Make farming an attractive economic opportunity for (young) people living in rural areas
Total factor productivity is the primary source of growth in agriculture – but is highly variable among countries
Source: K. Fuglie et al., 2012
S&T role
More public and private investments in agricultural S&T
• Increase funding for public agric. R&D in all countries.
• Target 10b: • Low- and middle-income should spend at least
10% of natl. budget on agriculture, including at least 1% of agricultural GDP on R&D in their country (currently: ~0.5% or less)
• ODA: spend at least 10% on agriculture
• Create IP laws, other regulations, technology incentives that encourage greater private sector investments in S&T as well as wide access to innovations.
Time (years)
Ad
op
tio
n
0 30
Basic research
Technology development
Challenge: long lag times from research to large impact of new technologies
Release
10 20
10-15 years of R&DVariable, slow adoptionDisadoption
Annual adoption rate
Cumulative adoption
<20 to >90%
How can we accelerate S&T for sustainable agricultural intensification?
How can we ensure that all countries have sufficient S&T capacity and wide access to S&T innovations?
The problem of too much water
20 million ha affected by floods in South and Southeast Asia Growing problem with climate change Rice is only crop suitable, but ‘drowns’
The problem of too much water
Samba-Sub1
Samba
Samba-Sub1IR64-Sub1
IR49830 (Sub1)
IR64
IR42
IR64
IR64-Sub1
Samba-Sub1
IR49830 (Sub1)
Samba
IR64
IR64-Sub1IR49830 (Sub1)
IR42
IR64-Sub1
IR64
IR49830 (Sub1)
IR49830 (Sub1)
IR42
Samba
IR42
Samba
Gene for submergence tolerance (sub1) found in a local variety (FR13A) and moved into popular “mega-varieties”
FR13A
Science innovation: flood-tolerant rice
2006: Swarna-Sub1 developed by marker assisted backcrossing
Farmers’ submergence tolerant landraces collected, including FR13A
1950 1978 1990 2000 2010
Gene bank screened; FR13A identified
Semi-dwarf & submergence tol. combinedFirst modern varieties, but poor agronomic features
1995: Sub1 mapped to Chr. 9Fine mapping & marker development initiated
2002: Swarna crossed with IR49830-7 (Sub1)
2006: Sub1-A gene conferring submergence tolerance
2009: Swarna-Sub1 released in India, Indonesia, IR64-Sub1 in Indonesia, Philippines
2008: Sub1-A mode of action: inhibit response to GA
2010: Two Sub1 varieties released in Bangladesh
Science innovation: flood-tolerant rice
Spillover: sub1 varieties in SE Asia; wide use of sub1 gene in public and private sector breeding (Africa, Asia, South America)
Diffusion of flood-tolerant rice through PPP
October 2010, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
Local variety: re-planted after total loss due to flood
2013: new Sub1 varieties reached >4 million farmers in AsiaFree “crop insurance”Yield advantage of 1-1.5 t/ha; earlier harvest
Swarna-Sub1: recovered after 17 d flood
Impact
How to accelerate S&T impact?
• R&D:– Precise product profiling (gene targeting): digital
spatial technologies, market research– Speed up gene discovery and trait development:
genomics, phenomics, bioinformatics – Precision breeding pipelines with high-throughput
technologies to cut variety development time in half
• Policy: – Wide access to traits and breeding know-how– Modernize variety release procedures and seed laws– Incentives for developing a vibrant private seed sector
Source: Sutton, M.A. et al. 2012).
Full Chain NUEN,P
The problem: Low nitrogen use efficiency
• Apply only moderate amount of N
• Increase amount in proportion to crop yield
Early• Apply at critical growth
stages
• PI application at 60 days before harvest
• Vary N based on crop N needs and status
Active tillering & PI
Early growth Activetillering
Panicle initiation Maturity Heading
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 days
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 DAT
Transplanting
Direct seeding
Heading• Diagnose need for extra N
Science innovation: Site-specific N management
• 10-20% more yield and profit• 30-50% greater N use efficiency • Less fossil fuel• Less N2O emissions• Less water pollution• Less pests (and pesticides)
R&D 1992-2005 demonstrated:
Science innovation: Site-specific N management
How to achieve behaviour change in +100 million rice
farmers?
User interface: obtain information
from farmerPersonal computer
Smartphone
Actionable field advice
Printed guidelines
SMSImage on Smartphone
Cloud based server
Localized databases and spatial information
• Administrative units• Variety traits • Climate-based yield targets• Climatic risks• Soil and water information• Providers of inputs,
services, knowledge
Rice Crop Manager app
Diffusion: Smartphone applications for farmers
Ag Professionals
NMRice fertilizer recommendations by region in the Philippines. Total of 18,796 from Jan 2012 – 30 Sept 2012
Source: IRRI NM webapps analytics; includes web and Android but not IVR
How to accelerate S&T impact?
• R&D:– Precise product profiling (targeting): market research– Invest more in S&T to accelerate tailored product
development (public and private)
• Policy: – Incentives for farmers to adopt more resource-
efficient technologies: smart subsidies– Broadband internet access– Incentives and opportunities for people and private
sector: business models, financing and professional skill development for services providers
Structure of public food and agricultural research worldwide, 2009
P. Pardey et al., 2013
Annual rate of return on investments in public agricultural R&D: 20-80%
$34.1 billion(2005 PPP$)
What should be IRRI’s future role?
Ric
e co
nsu
mp
tio
n M
MT
mil
led
ric
e
The Global Rice Equation:Per capita consumption stable over last 20 years
1 billion people = ~65 M tons rice consumed (milled)= ~100 M tons rice produced (paddy)
Consumers, processors, exporters and the food industry will drive what rice to grow and how to grow it.
Wage rate for agricultural labour (male), South Asia
20002001
20022003
20042005
20062007
20082009
20102011
20122013
0
100
200
300
400
500
Wage rate index (2000 =100)
Bangladesh
India
What is the future of smallholder farming?
RICE SEED VALUE CHAIN
Public Breeding
NARS
Farmer
Consumer
•Growing demand (food, energy, etc.)•Economic growth in emerging markets•Private sector involvement•Intellectual property
Seed companies
Processing Industry
DRIVERS OF CHANGE
Trade
Breeding companies
IRRI Vision 2035
• Targeted trait and variety development for smallholder farming environments (with spinoffs)
• Interdisciplinary research on future rice-based production systems
• Healthier rice • Technical services and consulting, including
genomics, breeding technology and services, agronomy, and rice information
• Education, including new, targeted education programs in collaboration with strategic partners
• IR74371-70-1-1 (parents: 1 IRRI, 1 TV)• Cross made in 1997: target was upland rice• Succession of projects and IRRI breeders (3)• Funds: CGIAR core, GCP, Cirad, BMZ, IFAD, BMGF,
government, state, ….• 1 key NARS (CRURRS) + drought network partners• Official release in 2009 in JH and OR for RL• Spreading fast in India through local partners: seed
+ agronomy• Also released in Bangladesh and Nepal
“Rice developed through collaboration”
IR64-drought: first molecular product for drought tolerance
IR64IR64 drought
IR64 drought IR64
IR64 droughtIR64
EntryRajsh
ahiNepalganj Raipur
Hyderabad SS
Hyderabad MS
Hazaribag Rewa
IR64 drought 1525 3472 3956 1684 3800 1604 3731
IR 64 980 1597 2662 660 3085 958 2503
+ QTL - QTL
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.010.0
12.014.0-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500 IR 64ir87729-69-b-b-bir87728-102-b-bir 87707-446-b-b-bir 87707-182-b-b-bir87707-445-b-b-bir87705-444-bir 87705-83-12-bir87705-14-11-bIR87706-215-b-b-bAday sel
Parent 2007 QTL 2.2. & 4.1. introgression 2010
• 0.6- 1.2 t/ha yield advantage under drought .
• Similar high yield under irrigated situation.
• Similar cooking quality• Release: Oct. 2013, Jharkhand, India• Release: Nov. 2013, Nepal• ....
A. Kumar & drought team
VARIETY DEVELOPMENT
TRAIT DISCOVERY
GENE DISCOVERY
MARKER APPLICATIONS
Traits
QTLs, Genes, DNA-sequencesDNA-markers, marker applications
Product profiles - trait packages Varieties, Variety portfoliosBreeding lines, Parental linesBreeder / Foundation seeds
TRAIT D
EVELOPM
ENT
E. Nissilae
Breeding product pipelines
IRRI’s new breeding structure
E. Nissilae
Hyderabad, India
Los Banos,Philippines
IndonesiaMyanmarBangladesh
Sri Lanka
Cambodia, Laos
Vietnam
NepalPakistan
HQ & Hub SEA
HubSA
HubESA
India
TanzaniaMozambique
UgandaBurundi
KenyaMadagascar
Philippines
Others
Other world regions (W-C Africa, E Asia, W-C Asia, LAC, Europe,...)
Bujumbura, Burundi
Africa Rice Breeding Task Force
Rwanda
Malawi
Future cropping systems
Rice-Rice RiceRice
Maize-Rice RiceMaize
Maize-Rice-Rice RiceMaize Rice
Rice Rice
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov Jan
How to manage them?How sustainable?Implications for wider range of ecosystem services?
Others
Future mechanized cropping systems
CEIRS – Consortium for Ecological Intensification of Rice Systems (IRRI, Yara, Bayer, Lindsay, Kellogg’s)
ICALRD
TRD
CTU
IMHEN
CARDI
PhilRice
TNAU
www.riice.org
GRiSP Product 5.3.1. Global rice monitoring and forecasting system
Remote sensing-based information and insurance for crops in emerging economies
Monitoring the stages of growth and planting dates - Mekong
End of ADB
project
HRDCFormed
38 members
HRDC with 68 public & private members
Hybrid Rice Development Consortium (HRDC)
Increased impact through licensing breeding lines to local companies
IRRI Company
Contract growers
(Farmers) CompanyRetail
Company Retail
CompanyRetail
Customers(Farmers)
Customers(Farmers)
Customers(Farmers)
Customers(Farmers)
Customers(Farmers)
Informal seed
exchange
Customers(Farmers)
Customers(Farmers)
NARES Customers(Farmers)
Seed sector
Wide access to traits through trait platforms and market segmentation
IRRI Customers(Farmers)
Customers(Farmers)
Customers(Farmers)
Customers(Farmers)
Customers(Farmers)
Directed access to
new improved
technology
Customers(Farmers)
Customers(Farmers)
Companies
Companies
NARES
• Development of new improved technology
• IP protection• Other crops
Industrialized Nations
Developing Nations
3000 new rice genomes
BGI, CAAS, IRRI
indica
aus/boro
basmati/sadri
intermediate
japonica
tropical japonicatemperate japonica
Phylogenetic tree for 200,000 random SNPs
• Global portal for public and private sector• Sequences and analysis of 3,000 genomes• Other rice genome sequences, diversity panels,
GBS data• Sequences of rice microorganisms• Sequences of other grasses (e.g. for C4 project)• Phenotypic data• Gene expression data, gene functions and
networks• Analysis tools• Access to seed, links to other databases
International Rice Informatics Consortium(IRIC)
ACI Ltd. company model in BangladeshFull service provision or farmer capture
Technology Development•Hybrid Rice•Niche rice varieties•Veg, pulse, oil seeds•Farmer machinery•Pesticides
Technology transfer•On-farm trials•Promotion•Product sales
Farmer service provision•Input supply•Finance services•Farmer machines services – laser levelers, planting,
transplanters, herbicide spray, harvesting, storage
Crop purchases- Contracts to buy all crops in cropping system
Processing & Marketing through supermarket chain
INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTELos Baños, Philippines
Established 1960
• Product and outcome oriented research strategy – many new initiatives
• ~1400 Staff, 35 nationalities (+500 new since 2007)
• ~700 R&D partners in >60 countries; expanded private sector collaboration
• Increased regional & country presence
• More efficient management• Annual budget of >US$ 95
million; 80 different donors
IRRI’s new regional hub for East and Southern Africa
Bujumbura, Burundi, October 2013
IRRI’s new Plant Growth Facility
Thank you Australia.
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