access modifiers - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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3/18/2015 AccessmodifiersWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_modifiers 1/3
AccessmodifiersFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Accessmodifiers(oraccessspecifiers)arekeywordsinobjectorientedlanguagesthatsettheaccessibilityofclasses,methods,andothermembers.Accessmodifiersareaspecificpartofprogramminglanguagesyntaxusedtofacilitatetheencapsulationofcomponents.[1]
InC++,thereareonlythreeaccessmodifiers.C#extendsthenumberofthemtofive,whileJavahasfouraccessmodifiers,[2]butthreekeywordsforthispurpose.InJava,havingnokeywordbeforedefaultstothepackageprivatemodifier.Accessspecifiersforclasses:Whenaclassisdeclaredaspublic,itisaccessibletootherclassesdefinedinthesamepackageaswellasthosedefinedinotherpackages.Thisisthemostcommonlyusedspecifierforclasses.Aclasscannotbedeclaredasprivate.Ifnoaccessspecifierisstated,thedefaultaccessrestrictionswillbeapplied.Theclasswillbeaccessibletootherclassesinthesamepackagebutwillbeinaccessibletoclassesoutsidethepackage.Whenwesaythataclassisinaccessible,itsimplymeansthatwecannotcreateanobjectofthatclassordeclareavariableofthatclasstype.Theprotectedaccessspecifiertoocannotbeappliedtoaclass.
Contents
1Namesofkeywords2ExampleinC++3References
3.1Notes3.2Bibliography
Namesofkeywords
C++usesthethreemodifierscalledpublic,protected,andprivate.C#hasthemodifierspublic,protected,internal,private,andprotectedinternal.Javahaspublic,package,protected,andprivate.Theaccessmodifierpackageisthedefaultandused,ifanyotheraccessmodifierkeywordismissing.ThisisnotthecaseinC++,whereanabsencemeansthattheobjectisaccessedprivately.Themeaningofthesemodifiersmaydifferfromonelanguagetoanother.Acomparisonofthekeywords,orderedfromthemostrestrictivetothemostopen,andtheirmeaninginthesethreelanguagesfollows.Theirvisibilityrangesfromthesameclasstothepackagewheretheclassisdefinedtoageneralaccesspermission.Below,themaximalaccessiswrittenintothetable.
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3/18/2015 AccessmodifiersWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_modifiers 2/3
Keyword C# C++ Javaprivate class class class
protectedinternalsameassemblyandderivedclasses
protected derivedclasses derivedclassesderivedclassesand/orwithinsamepackage
package withinitspackagepublicinternal sameassembly public everybody everybody everybody
ExampleinC++
#includeusingstd::cout;usingstd::endl;structB{//defaultaccessmodifierinsidestructispublicvoidset_n(intv){n=v;}voidf(){cout
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3/18/2015 AccessmodifiersWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_modifiers 3/3
References
Notes
1. Mayo2002,pp.199.2. http://javapapers.com/corejava/accessmodifiersinjavaexplain/
Bibliography
Mayo,Joseph(2002),CSharpUnleashed(http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XdHYaEIl9gC),Samspublishing,ISBN9780672321221
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