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ACRPAirport Cooperative Research Program

Enhancing Airport Land Use

Compatibility

Thursday, September 2, 2010

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Today’s Moderator

Mike Salamone, C.M.

Transportation Research Board

Airport Cooperative Research

Program (ACRP)

Msalamone@nas.edu

ACRPAirport Cooperative Research Program

Enhancing Airport Land Use

Compatibility

Thursday, September 2, 2010

Today’s Moderator

Mike Salamone, C.M.

Transportation Research Board

Airport Cooperative Research

Program (ACRP)

Msalamone@nas.edu

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For More Information

ACRP Report 27 - Enhancing Airport Land Use Compatibility

Presenters

Mead & Hunt, Inc.Stephanie Ward, AICP

HMMH, Inc.Nicholas Miller

Clarion AssociatesChristopher Duerksen

2

Presentation Outline Project Team Project Volumes Study Highlights Project Elements Importance of Land Use

Compatibility Common Concerns Roles & Responsibilities

Federal Land Use Regs &Guidance Economic Costs Noise Aircraft Accidents Tools & Techniques Templates Case Studies Questions

3

Project TeamMead & Hunt, Inc. – Principal Investigator

Stephanie Ward, AICPRegan Massey

Clarion Associates, Inc.Christopher DuerksenErica Heller, AICP

Harris Miller Miller Hanson, Inc.Nicholas MillerRobin Gardner

Aviation System Consulting, LLC Dr. Geoffrey Gosling, Ph.D.

Unison Consulting, Inc.Sharon Sarmiento

Dr. Richard Lee, Ph.D. 4

Project Volumes

Volume 1 (print)Land Use Fundamentals & Implementation Resources

Volume 2 (print)Land Use Survey & Case Study Summaries

Volume 3 (online)Additional Resources

Aircraft Accident Data/3rd Party RiskEconomic MethodologyAnnotated Bibliography

5

Study Highlights

Literature Review (Volume 3)Over 300 documents/sources

Over 120 Airport Surveys (Volume 2)19 Case Studies (Volume 2)

General AviationCommercial ServiceMilitary

6

Case Studies

Buckley AFBBaltimore/Washington Int’l AirportCentennial Public AirportCollin County Regional AirportDenver International AirportFort Bragg AFBFt. Lauderdale Executive AirportIndependence State AirportIndianapolis International AirportNaples Municipal AirportNAS PensacolaO’Hare International AirportRandall AirportSacramento County Airport SystemWillmar Municipal Airport

7

Primary Areas of Research

Common ConcernsSafety Related Issues

Characteristics Hazardous to Airspace and OverflightCharacteristics that Affect Accident Severity

Noise Related Issues

Economic Costs Tools & Techniques

8

History 1952 – The Doolittle Report

Value Airports create $507 billion annually in economic activities nationwide 6.7 million airport-related jobs $33.5 billion generated in local, state, and federal taxes

- The Economic Impact of U.S. Airports, Airports Council Int’l (ACI)

Consequences Economic Costs Safety Limited Airport Development Hindered Airport Services Impact to National Aviation System

Importance of Land Use Compatibility(Chapter 1)

9

US Airways Airbus A320 (flight 1549) struck a flock of migrating Canada geese at 3,100 feet

Four Common Concerns Population Density Tall Structures Visual ObstructionsWildlife Attractants

Land Use Types Residential Commercial Industrial/Manufacturing Institutional Infrastructure Agricultural/Open Space Parks & Recreational

Land Use Concerns & Types(Chapter 2)

10

Population Density

11

Tall Structures

12

Visual Obstructions

13

Wildlife Attractants

14

Noise

15

16

Land Use Compatibility Chart – Residential Example

Roles & Responsibilities (Chapter 3)

Federal StakeholdersFederal Aviation Administration (FAA)Other Federal Agencies

State StakeholdersState Aviation AgenciesAdditional State Agency Stakeholders

Regional StakeholdersLocal Stakeholders

Planning & Zoning AuthoritiesAirport Related

Airport SponsorsAirport ManagersAirport Master Plan

17

Federal Land Use Regulations & Guidance (Chapter 4)

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Design Airspace Noise Environmental

Other Agencies

18

Economic Costs(Chapter 5)

Various Methods to Determine Economic Cost Numerous Variables such as:Cost of travel delaysValue of travel timeValue of statistical lifeAircraft replacement & restoration costsAnd more…

Aviation Aviation

ProvisionProvision

Aviation Aviation

UseUse

Capital Capital

OutlaysOutlays

MultiplierMultiplier

ImpactImpact

Initial Initial

Changes Changes

in Final in Final

DemandDemand

+ =TOTAL TOTAL

ECONOMICECONOMIC

IMPACTIMPACT

Business spending

Household spending

19

Sample Litigation Costs from Case StudiesSix airports ( 3 General Aviation, 3 Commercial Service)

Attorney fees ranging from $2,500- $4 millionStaff time ranging from $2, 734 - $500,000Settlements ranging from $8,500 - $130 million

Duration ranging from 30 months to over 9 years

Economic Costs(Chapter 5)

20

Noise remains a primary constraint on aviation capacityWhy? Airports and residential land uses are too close to each otherHistorical reasons – airports in citiesLack of coordinated planningMisunderstood assumptions about noise and land use compatibility

Noise(Chapter 6)

21

DNL 65 selected in early 1970’sBased on limiting effects of noiseAnnoyanceSpeech interferenceSleep disturbanceComplaints

Aircraft were 10 to 20 dB louder and noise contours much largerReview of DNL 65 was recommended

Noise(Chapter 6)

22

Noise(Chapter 6)

23

Land use planningAirports and communities generally have different objectives, but both want to growPlanning with DNL 65 has helped, but may not work for all airport / community situationsBetter understanding of DNL might help communities / airports to address land use compatibility

Noise(Chapter 6)

24

Different types of operations yield DNL 65

Maximum

Aircraft Sound

Level

Required No. of

Operations in

24 Hrs

(none at night)

~Time Above

60 dB (A), Each

(speech

interference)

~Total Time

Above 60 dB (A)

95 dB (A) 10 50 Seconds 8 Minutes

85 dB (A) 100 35 Seconds 1 Hour

75 dB (A) 1000 20 Seconds 6 Hours

Noise(Chapter 6)

25

What’s an airport to do?Nothing – continue with DNL 65 for purposes of Part 150 and NEPA as need arisesEstablish on-going outreach to communities; keep them informedWork with communities to establish more effective land use compatibility by-laws

Noise(Chapter 6)

26

A Land Use Ordinance to Address NoiseMust be cooperative effortBoth airport and community need long-term master plansChoosing compatibility criteriaUse FAA’s DNL 65?Explore an alternative level?

Noise(Chapter 6)

27

Exploring an alternative levelFirst, understand the airport’s DNLUse supplemental / additional metricsnumber of operations above a levelPercent use of various corridors

See Australia’s approach:(http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/aviati

on/environmental/transparent_noise/index.aspx)

Noise(Chapter 6)

28

Exploring an alternative level

DNL Range

(dB)

Percent of Population Number of Aircraft Events that:

Awakened at

least once by

aircraft

noise

Annoyed

Interfere with

Conversation

Indoors

(windows open)

Cause Feelable

House

Vibration

>70 > 40% > 40% > 250 >200

65 - 70 35% - 40% 30% - 40% 100 - 250 50 - 200

60 - 65 30% - 35% 20% - 30% 50 - 100 <50

55 - 60 20% - 30% 10% - 20% < 50 negligible

Noise(Chapter 6)

29

Case Study – Naples FLLong-term effort to control aircraft noise (1970’s)Had no noise sensitive land in ≥ DNL 65 (1996 )Complaints from areas outside DNL 65Identified “High Noise Impact Area” as within DNL 60, 1997Since then, no residential land development permitted within DNL 60 30

Case Study – Naples FLStage 2 jets (<75,000 lbs) primary source of complaints (25 times more likely than Stage 3, 250 times more likely than propeller)

Part 161 recommended complete ban on Stage 2 jets

U.S. Court of Appeals agreed that DNL 60 is a significant threshold for Naples and complaints feature in this determination 31

Noise Summary

Aircraft noise continues as a source of conflict between airports and communities

Solutions, if any, will likely require efforts on both open dialog and mutual understanding of the details of aircraft noise exposure

32

67%

7%

26%

Commercial Aviation

On Airport

En Route

Airport Vicinity

66%3%

29%

General Aviation

On Airport

En Route

Airport Vicinity

Aircraft Accidents(Chapter 7)

33Source: California Airport Land Use Planning Handbook 2002

Primary Findings:Need for Additional Parameters in Accident Reporting

Terrain Phase of Flight Type of Aircraft Cause of Accident Time of Accident

Aircraft Accidents(Chapter 7)

34

Planning & ZoningComprehensive Plans, Master Plans, Compatibility Plans

Natural FeaturesWildlife Management Plan & Inventory

Acquisition & NotificationFee Simple, Avigation Easements, Real Estate Disclosure

Noise MitigationSound Insulation, Sound Barriers

Tools & Techniques(Chapter 8)

35

Case Study - NAS Pensacola, FL

36

Location—Florida Panhandle

Airport Operations Military Operations

History and Development Built in early 1900s through the Naval

Appropriation Act 3 runways (8,002’, 8,001’, 7,137’) Home to the Blue Angels Initial civilian growth surrounding was slow Today, encroachment is a concern

37

Governance Joint responsibility between

Escambia County and the U.S. Navy

Land Use Compatibility Conducted a Joint Land Use

Study (JLUS) which works with local comprehensive plans to protect the military installation and civilian community from incompatible land uses. It also works to minimize operational impacts on adjacent land.

Case Study - NAS Pensacola, FL

Templates

Model State Zoning LegislationModel Local Zoning Ordinance

38

Local Zoning: Primary local tool to control potentially incompatible land uses around airports

FAA Advisory Circulars 150/5190-4A: A Model Zoning Ordinance to Limit Heights Around Airports150/5020-1: Noise Control and Compatibility Planning for Airports150-5190-4B: Compatible Airspace and Land Use (forthcoming)

State Airport Zoning Enabling LegislationGeneral Zoning Enabling LegislationSpecial Airport Zoning Legislation

Airport Zoning Background

39

Role of State Legislation: Encourage, Enable, Require Adoption of Protective Zoning

Case Studies:Clear State Guidance And Minimum Standards = Improve Compatibility

Target Audience: State/Regional Officials

Based On Most Effective State Airport Zoning Laws and Case Studies Provides Minimum Standards and Best Practice Options

Model State Legislation(Appendix B)

40

Model State Zoning Legislation

41

Enable or Require Local Protective ZoningMinimum Local Standards Required or State Adopts Model Guidelines

Residential/Assembly UsesStructure height controlsNoiseOther (smoke, lighting, landfills, etc.)

Non-Conforming Uses Airport Land Use Compatibility Zones Review Procedures and Enforcement

Model State LegislationKey Provisions

42

Primary Concerns: Incompatible land uses/densities Flight hazards that interfere with aircraft operations Noise Airport runway approach and departure zones

Target Audience:Local Elected/Appointed Officials, Staff, and Legal Counsel

Based On Effective Local Airport Zoning Laws, Case Studies, Interviews, Research Provides Suggested Minimum Standards Plus Best Practice Options

Model Local Airport Zoning Ordinance(Appendix C)

43

Model Local Zoning Ordinance

44

Airspace Obstruction/Height Limit Zone Airport Land Use Compatibility Zones Land Use Compatibility Standards

Option 1: Performance standards re density, lighting, etc. Option 2: Detailed airport zone use tables

Airport Noise Impact Zone Nonconforming Uses Administration: Who Decides and How

Decision-making authority, airport zoning permits, variances

Avigation Easements/Real Estate Disclosure

Model Local LegislationKey Provisions

45

Model Local Zoning Ordinance

46

Case Study - Willmar, MN

47

Location 2 hours west of Minneapolis

Airport Operations General aviation—no

commercial flights 25,000 operations annually

History and Development Built in 1930s 2 runways (5,700 asphalt;

3,500 turf) Substantial

commercial/industrial development in city

Located next to industrial/business park

History and Development 1997 expansion thwarted by incompatible

land uses Lighted sports field 130-foot high grain elevator Single-family homes Nursing home

Relocation cost ($16.2 million) comparable to buy-out costs (city share = $2.7 million)

City can redevelop old airport site and use to finance move

New airport is two miles west of city in county

5,500-foot runway, improved instrument approaches, larger hangar area, modern terminal

48

Case Study - Willmar, MN

New Airport Land Use Compatibility

City purchased all Safety Zone A lands around new airport

City/county form joint airport zoning board (AZB) per state law

City staff acts as staff to AZB AZB applies state-recommended

height and land use regulations AZB has rejected several proposals for

potentially incompatible land uses Factory with 300-foot smokestack Large 400-foot wind turbines

49

Case Study - Willmar, MN

Areas of Additional Research

Analysis of More Current Accident Data

– Review additional data and additional parameters

Avigation Easements

Value/impact of easements on a property?

Development Density

What are acceptable levels?

Development of a Third-Party Risk Model

Economic Implications of Incompatible Use

Noise Impacts and the 65 DNL Contour

Public Education/Involvement Methods

50

Additional Studies

Legal Research Digest 5, Responsibility for Implementation of Airport Land Use Zoning Restrictions

ACRP Project 02-05 – Aircraft Noise: A Toolkit for Managing Community Expectations

Mineta Transportation Institute Report 06-05

51

Additional Information

Please refer to the entire guidebook (Volumes 1-3) for additional information and guidance.

www.TRB.org/ACRP

Contact Information:Stephanie Ward, AICPMead & Hunt, Inc,Stephanie.ward@meadhunt.com(517) 321-8334

52

Question and Answer Session

Please type your

questions into this

box

We will answer as

many questions as

time allows

Today’s Moderator

Mike Salamone, C.M.

Transportation Research Board

Airport Cooperative Research

Program (ACRP)

Msalamone@nas.edu

Presenters

Mead & Hunt, Inc.Stephanie Ward, AICP

HMMH, Inc.Nicholas Miller

Clarion AssociatesChristopher Duerksen

2

Enhancing Airport Land Use Compatibility

Volume 1 (print)Land Use Fundamentals & Implementation Resources

Volume 2 (print)Land Use Survey & Case Study Summaries

Volume 3 (online)Additional Resources

Aircraft Accident Data/3rd Party RiskEconomic MethodologyAnnotated Bibliography

www.trb.org/ACRP5

Additional Information

Please refer to the entire guidebook (Volumes 1-3) for additional information and guidance.

www.TRB.org/ACRP

Contact Information:Stephanie Ward, AICPMead & Hunt, Inc,Stephanie.ward@meadhunt.com(517) 321-8334

52

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