action plan 2012
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i
PROGRESS REPORT 2011
and
ACTION PLAN 2012
Ministry of Environment
ii
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT
Hon. Anura Priyadarshana Yapa, M. P.
Minister of Environment
Hon. Al Haj. A R M Abdul Cader, M. P.
Deputy Minister of Environment
PRINCIPAL OFFICERS OF THE MINISTRY
Dr. R H S Samaratunga Secretary to the Ministry of Environment
Mr. R A R R Rupasinghe
Additional Secretary (Administration and Promotion)
Mr. N K G K Nammawatta Additional Secretary (Natural Resources)
Mr. Gamini Gamage
Additional Secretary (Environment and Policy)
Mr. Hemal Kasthuriarachchi Senior Assistant Secretary
Mr.G B E Tudor Silva
Chief Accountant
Mr. D P Wimalasena Chief Internal Auditor
iii
Heads of Divisions
Establishment Division
Ms. U P L D Pathirana - Director
Policy and Planning Division
Mr. Ajith Silva - Director
Biodiversity Division
Mr. Ajith Silva - Actg Director
Air Resource Management and International Affairs Division
Mr. Anura Jayathilake - Director
Sustainable Development Division
Dr. R D S Jayathunga - Director
Climate Change Division
Dr. R D S Jayathunga - Actg Director
Natural Resource Management Division
Mr. L K S U Dharmakeerthi - Director
Environment Education and Promotion Division
Mr. G M J K Gunawardana - Director
Legal Division
Ms. Lumbini Kiriella - Legal Officer
iv
Heads of Agencies
Forest Department
Mr. H M P Hitisekara - Conservator General of Forests
Central Environmental Authority
Mr. Charitha Herath - Chairman Mrs. R R Ellepola - Director General
Marine Environment Protection Authority
Mr. R S Ariyapperuma - Chairman Rear Admiral S R Samarathunga - General Manager
National Gem & Jewellery Authority
Gen. Rohan Daluwatte - Chairman Mr.W H M Nimal Bandara - Director General
State Timber Corporation
Mr. S Amarasinghe - Chairman Mr. P G Kumarasingha - General Manager
Geological Survey & Mines Bureau
Dr. N P Wijayananda - Chairman Mr. B A Peiris - Director General Gem & Jewellery Research & Training Institute
Mr. Fizal Razeen - Chairman Mr. Tilak Dharmaratne - Director General
v
VISION
A healthy and pleasant environment
sustaining nature for the wellbeing of the
people and the economy
MISSSION
Provide leadership to manage the
environment and natural resources in order
to ensure national commitment for
sustainable development for the benefit of
the present and future generations
vi
Message from the Hon. Minister of Environment
It gives me a great pleasure to present this report titled ‘ Progress Report 2011 and
Action Plan 2012’ at the committee stage of the Budget - 2012 on activities relating to
the Ministry of Environment. It describes the services rendered to conserve and
safeguard the environment and natural resources of Sri Lanka during the last year by the
Ministry and the establishments under it.
The attention of the world has been drawn to the natural disasters faced by all the
countries in the recent past. The main factor behind them has been identified as global
warming. In the race to achieve industrial development, countries tried only to
overcome one another and hence did not give due attention to environmental concerns.
The result of this was the over-exploitation of natural resources and the pollution of air,
water and soil that have resulted in a breakdown of the essential processes of the earth.
The world started paying attention to the nation only when hundreds of thousands of
people lost their lives due to calamities such as hurricanes, tsunamis, floods, droughts
and earth slips, etc.
Activities of the Ministry of Environment are based on policies aiming at conserving and
preserving the environment locally and globally for the present and future generations.
As mentioned in the Mahinda Chintana – Vision for the Future, the Ministry of
Environment has started to formulate policies, strategies and programmes in respect of
environment protection and management and implement such policies and
programmes through a strategic approach.
During this period the Ministry was able to formulate a National Climate Change
Adaptation Strategy based on five sector vulnerability profiles to address climate change
adaptation to ensure that the country’s economic development process to continue
without disruption or setbacks, and investments in poverty reduction, food and water
security and public health will not be undone. The absence of a national overarching
policy on climate change is a major barrier in the country in implementing activities
relating to climate change in Sri Lanka. In view of overcoming this issue, the Ministry has
prepared National Climate Change Policy aiming at adaptation to and mitigation of
climate change impacts within the framework of sustainable development.
Collaborative action at all levels is an imperative to transform this policy into meaningful
action and achieve the expected outcomes.
While socio-economic development is of utmost importance, it is equally necessary that
we protect our natural resources, safeguard the environment and are prudent in the use
of the assets that the nature has bestowed upon our land. This requires emphasis on
sustainable development by the judicious use of resources today which will protect and
even enhance them for the future. With this commitment, National Action Plan for
Haritha Lanka Programme was launched by the Ministry in the year 2009. Recognizing
vii
the gaps of implementation process of this programme, the Ministry has taken
initiatives to revisit it in order to ensure the sustainable development of the country.
The “Deyata Sevana” National Tree Planting Programme by planting 11,00,000 trees
island wide was launched in the year 2010 with a view to extend the nations’ salutation
and gratitude to His Excellency the President for bringing freedom for the whole nation
after a 30 years war. This national programme highlights the commitment towards a
“Green Country” theme outlined in the Mahinda Chinthana – Vision for the Future
policy of Government. Inadequate forest cover of the hill tops in the country poses a
threat to the economy because Sri Lanka is an agricultural economy while considerable
portion of electricity comes through hydroelectricity. Although, Sri Lanka is fortunate to
have rain from monsoons, dry weather flow is affected due to inadequate tree cover in
hilly areas. Necessary steps have been taken to restore the vegetation cover on
degraded hilly areas by applying suitable technical methods.
The urban solid waste management programme which was launched with the objective
of creating a country free from garbage by 2012 is being implemented progressively to
minimization of urban solid waste. An Integrated Strategic Environment Assessment for
the Northern Province was carried out by the Ministry and Central Environmental
Authority with active participation of all other relevant agencies to develop an
opportunity map for the rapid development activities in the province after ending of 30
years conflict.
In addition, as the National Focal Point for major environment and sustainable
development related international conventions in Sri Lanka , the Ministry of
Environment participated in several international conferences. The Ministry of
Environment had facilitated to host 12th SACEP Governing Council Meeting on 1st -3rd
November 2010, Regional Workshop on Stockholm & Rotterdam Conventions (CRC-
POPRC), 19th -21st January 2011, 16th Inter-Governmental Meeting(IGM)/Scientific
Planning Group (SPG) Meeting and associated Committee Meetings-(APN), 4th -9th April
2011 and 5th GEF South Asia Constituency Meeting on 16th -17th May 2011 in Sri Lanka
in order to strengthen the regional partnership.
I hope that the Ministry of Environment together with the agencies functioning under
the Ministry can continue and enhance its work to facilitate sustainable development of
the country for the benefit of present and future generation.
Anura Priyadarshana Yapa, M.P. Minister of Environment
viii
Message from the
Hon. Deputy Minister of Environment
As the Deputy Minister of Environment, I am very much pleased to issue a message for the
publication of “ Progress Report 2011 and Action Plan 2012” which is prepared to present at the
committee stage of the budget discussion in the year 2012.
The country’s development policy framework “ Mahinda Chintana – Vision for the Future” has
clearly indicated the guidelines in preparation of all policies to achieve its goals for sustainable
development. In line with this national policy framework, several important projects and
programmes have been implemented during this period by the Ministry of Environment and the
agencies under its purview to address the key challenges in the field of environment and natural
resources in Sri Lanka. Also, the Ministry of Environment is now in the process of updating its
National Environment Policy and Strategy which is called “Haritha Lanka” programme to align it
with “Mahinda Chintana – Vision for the Future”
The designated functions of the Ministry are not confined to deal only with national and local
needs. We have been working with global partners by way of meeting Sri Lanka’s obligations
and commitments towards international conventions to which Sri Lanka has been a signatory.
I invite all of you to work in dedication to create a new Sri Lanka by rendering massive service
for the benefit of people and environment under the guidance of Hon. Anura Priyadarshana
Yapa, Minister of Environment and under the leadership of His Excellency, Mahinda Rajapaksha,
President of Sri Lanka.
Al Haj A R M Abdul Cader, M.P. Deputy Minister of Environment
ix
Preamble
It is a responsibility of all government agencies to submit an annual report on the
progress achieved by the respective agencies during the current year to the committee
stage of the next year budget discussion at the Parliament. The Ministry of Environment
as a major policy making body in respect of environment management and natural
resource conservation presents this report named “ Progress Report 2011 and Action
Plan 2012” for that purpose. The Ministry of Environment intends to present this annual
report in a novel way. The objective of preparing a this report is to present the state of
environment in addition to present the current year progress and the next year Action
Plan.
The whole report consists of two major parts, Part I and Part II. Part I of the report
includes ten chapters which provides some information and analysis on ten Missions of
the National Action Plan for Haritha Lanka Programme. All partner agencies of the
Haritha Lanka Programme have implemented their programmes realizing the “Mahinda
Chintana- Vision for the Future” which is the National Development Policy Framework of
the country. The information of Part I was basically collected from the various reports
launched by various institutions.
Part II of the report with two chapters provides data and information about the
performance of the Ministry and agencies under its purview during the period from July
2010 to June 2011 and a summery on programme of action for the year 2012. This part
indicates an account of the achievements in respect of environment management and
natural resource conservation in different parts of the island under various projects
carried out during the period under preview. It is very clearly recognized that there is a
lack of environment database in the country. Hence, at the end of the report an
appendix on some statistics of environment and natural resources is provided and it is
expected to improve these statistics further annually.
x
CONTENTS
Major Functions of the Ministry of Environment
Functional Divisions of the Ministry of Environment
Agencies of the Ministry of Environment
PART I
Page
Chapter 1 Clean Air – Everywhere 02
Chapter 2 Saving the Fauna, Flora and Ecosystems 10
Chapter 3 Meeting the Challenges of Climate Change 18
Chapter 4 Wise Use of the Coastal Resources and Sea Around 25
Chapter 5 Responsible Use of the Land Resources 33
Chapter 6 Doing Away with the Dumps 41
Chapter 7 Water for All and Always 51
Chapter 8 Green Cities for Health and Prosperity 60
Chapter 9 Greening the industries 67
Chapter 10 Knowledge for Right Choice 75
PART II
Chapter 11 Major Achievements of the Ministry and Action Plan 2012
Policy Formulation Planning and Monitoring 83
Natural Resource Management and Biodiversity Conservation 90
Prevention, Mitigation and Control of Pollution and
Environmental Damage 93
Environment Education, Training and Awareness 98
International Cooperation 103
Chapter 12 Achievements of the agencies of the Ministry and Action Plan 2012
Forest Department 110
Central Environmental Authority 116
Marine Environment Protection Authority 138
Geological Survey and Mines Bureau 145
State Timber Corporation 152
National Gem and Jewelry Authority 156
Gem and Jewelry Research and Training Institute 163
Appendix Environment and Natural Resource Statistics 172
xi
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 1.1 - Emission Regulations 7
Table 2.1 - Summary of Threatened Inland Indigenous Invertebrate 12
Fauna in Sri Lanka
Table 2.2 - Endangered and Threatened Species Worldwide 14
Table 2.3 - Faunal and Floral species diversity in Sri Lanka 15
Table 2.4 - Living Species by Taxonomic Group 17
Table 3.1 - Impacts of Climate Change 19
Table 3.2 - Coefficient of Variation of Seasonal Rainfall in Sri Lanka 22
Table 4.1 - Implementation of Demolishing Orders 28
Table 5.1 - General Statistics -2010 34
Table 5.2 - Impacts on Land Changes 36
Table 5.3 - Extent of Natural Forest – 2010 38
Table 6.1 - Composition of Municipal Solid Waste collection in Sri
Lanka 42
Table 6.2 - Advantages/Disadvantage of Waste Disposal Methods 46
Table 7.1 - Distribution of Water Resources 51
Table 7.2 - Key Agencies Involved to Irrigation and Drinking Water
Management 54
Table 8.1 - Standards of the Parks 63
Table 8.2 - Dengue Fever Incidence 64
Table 12.1 - Declared and to be Declared EPAs 120
Table 12.2 - Water Quality Monitoring 123
Table 12.3 - Environmental Impact Assessment Projects 126
Table 12.4 - Environment Protection Licensing Scheme 128
Table 12.5 – School Pioneer Awards 130
Table 12.6 - Performance of the Legal Enforcement 131
Table 12.7 - Market Opportunities for Gem and Jewellery 158
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure 1.1 - Annual Vehicle Registration 3
Figure 1.2 - Power generation in Sri Lanka 5
Figure 1.3 - Annual Averages of PM-10 at Colombo Fort 9
Figure 3.1 - Change in Mean Annual Temperature in Sri Lanka
1930 to 2000 22
Figure 4.1 - Administrative Boundary of Coastal Area 25
Figure 4.2 - Thematic Analysis of small grant projects 30
Figure 5.1 - Land use Pattern within Agricultural Holdings 35
Figure 5.2 - Per Capita Land Availability 35
Figure 5.3 - Declining of Forest Cover 38
Figure 12.1 - Kalu Ganga Gemming Area 166
xiii
ABBREVIATIONS
ADPC - Asian Disaster Preparedness Center AirMAC - Air Resource Management Centre AML - Artisanal Mining License ANR - Assisted Natural Regeneration APN - Asia Pacific Network BAQ - Better Air Quality BOI - Board of Investment CAPP - Chemical Accident Prevention and Preparedness programme CBO - Community Based Organization CCS - Climate Change Secretariat CDM - Clean Development Mechanism CEA - Central Environmental Authority CEB - Ceylon Electricity Board CECB - Central Engineering Consultancy Bureau CEOs - Chief Executive Officers CII - Confederation of Indian Industry CMR - Colombo Metropolitan Region Cr - Chromium DA - Designated Authority DHS - Demographic and Health Survey DMC - National Disaster Management Center DMT - Department of Motor Traffic DO - Dissolved Oxygen DR - Deposit Refund DS - Divisional Secretariat ECL - Environmental Conservation Levy EEZ - Exclusive Economic Zone EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment EL - Exploration Licences EPAs - Environmental Protection Areas EPL - Environment Protection License ESM - Environmental Sound Management FD - Forest Department FO - Forest Ordinance GDP - Gross Domestic Products GJRTI - Gem and Jewellery Research and Training Institute GLASOD - Global Assessment of Soil Degradation GNP - Gross National Production GOSL - Government of Sri Lanka GSMB - Geological Survey and Mines Bureau GSSL - Geological Society of Sri Lanka IEE - Initial Environmental Examination IGM - Inter-Governmental Meeting IML - Industrial Mining License ITI - Industrial Technology Institute
xiv
LEI&CDP - Lunawa Environment Improvement and Community Development Project LRC - Land Reform Commission MAB - Man and Biosphere reserves MCED - Ministerial Conference on Environment and Development MEA - Multilateral Environment Agreements MEPA - Marine Environment Protection Authority MFF - Mangroves for the Future NARA - National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency NBRO - National Building and Research Organization NCC - National Coordinating Committee NEA - National Environmental Act NEP - National Environmental Policy NGIA - National Gem and Jewerllary Authority NGOs - Non Governmental Organizations NOSCP - National Oil Spill Contingency Plan NOU - National Ozone Unit NVQ - National vocational Qualified stranded ODSs - Ozone Deleted substances PA - Protected Area PAAs - Project Approving Agencies Pb - Lead PM - Particulate Matter POPs - Persistent Organic Pollution PPM - Parts Per Million REDD - Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation SAARC - South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SACEP - South Asian Corporative Environment Programme SAICM - Strategic Approach to International Chemical Management SAM - Special Area Management SEA - Strategic Environmental Assessment SEEA - System of Environmental and Economic Accounting SLCF - Sri Lanka Carbon Fund SPG - Scientific Planning Group STP - Sustainable Township Programme SVP - Sector Vulnerable Profiles TDL - Trading License TPL - Transport License UDA - Urban Development Authority UN - United Nation UNCED - United Nations Conference on Environment and Development UNESCO - United Nation Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNFCCC - United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change VET - Vehicle Emission Testing WEEE - Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipments
xv
MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF THE MINISTRY
Identification /analysis of problems in environment and natural resources sector through stakeholder consultation to enable policy formulation.
Development of environment and natural resources policies, policy dissemination and ensuring implementation.
Undertake Strategic Impact Assessment of environment and natural resources related policies.
Take measures to ensure harmonization of environmental policies with other sector policies so that environmental sustainability is ensured in development process.
Take measures to ensure compliance with international commitments arising out of MEAs for which Sri Lanka is party.
Development of strategies, master plans and action plans to implement the environment and natural resources related policies.
Execute pilot projects related to new sector policy initiatives.
Develop and formalize environment and natural resources sector wide monitoring system, comply with monitoring requirements, reporting and take remedial actions.
Carry out policy research, analysis and dissemination of results of policy implementation and evaluation to the general public.
Create enabling environment for public and political commitment towards sound environmental management.
Create environmental education and awareness at national level in relation to the environment and natural resources policy reforms and other major environmental initiatives.
Capacity building for environment and natural resources related policy implementers and other stakeholders.
xvi
FUNCTIONAL DIVISIONS OF THE MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT
Functions and responsibilities of the Ministry are shared among eleven functional Divisions, namely;
Natural Resources Management Division (NRMD) mainly focuses on the formulation of natural resources related policies and coordination of their implementation
Biodiversity Division (BD) provides policy directions towards conservation of biodiversity
Sustainable Development Division (SDD) Facilitates the implementation of the National Sustainable Development Strategy and function as a Secretariat for National Sustainable Development Council which will be chaired by H.E the President.
Policy and Planning Division (PPD) facilitates the implementation of the National Environmental Policy through policy and planning efforts with partners in environmental and natural resources management.
Air Resources Management and International Relations Division (ARM&IRD) provides directions in addressing issues pertaining to air quality and international environmental affairs.
Climate Change Division (CCD) provides directions in addressing issues pertaining to climate change.
Promotion and Environmental Education Division (P&EED) creates necessary awareness on environment and natural resources management issues so that participation can be obtained at all levels
Human Resources Development Division (HRDD) develops human resources in the Ministry and its agencies in order to build the necessary capacity for environment management.
Sustainable Environment Division (SED) provides the policy directives and support to implement the special environmental management and natural resources conservation projects undertaken by the Ministry
Legal Division (LD) provides the necessary legal support to the Ministry and also to the line agencies to achieve their mandate in environmental management in the country.
Finance Division (FD) and the Administrative Division (AD) provide support services in financial, institutional and administrative matters to assist the Ministry and its agencies in performing their roles effectively.
xvii
AGENCIES COMING UNDER THE PURVIEW OF THE MINISTRY OF
ENVIRONMNET
Forest Department
Central Environmental Authority
Marine Environment Protection Authority
State Timber Corporation
Geological Survey and Mines Bureau
National Gem & Jewellery Authority
Gem & Jewellery Research & Training Institute
1
PART I
2
Chapter 1
Clean Air Every Where
Air is an essential basic need of all of living beings. Since air is abundantly available, in
the past it was not treated as a resource in the same manner as land and water.
However, air pollution has now been identified as a growing problem in Sri Lanka as in
most other countries in the world.
Should we care about............?
Air pollution occurs when air contains substances in quantities that could harm the comfort
or health of humans and animals, or could damage plants or materials. Air pollution can be
defined as natural or artificial introduction of chemicals, particulates, or biological materials
into the atmosphere that cause harm
or discomfort to humans or other
living organisms, or damage the
environment, i.e. natural or human-
induced emissions that degrade the
quality of the atmosphere. Air is the
life of all living creatures.
Deterioration of the human health by poor air quality indirectly affects productivity of
people and hence national economic growth. Air pollutants affect primarily the respiratory
system, and may affect skin, eyes, and other body systems. Both gases and particulate air
pollutants can have negative effects on the lungs. Respiratory diseases are the second
most leading cause of hospitalization in Sri Lanka (Annual Health Bulletin). Apart from
health effects, there are many effects of air pollution. These include the effects on
vegetations, soil, water, man-made materials, climate and visibility (formation of smog).
Unlike in many of its Asian neighbors, Sri Lanka is fortunate that it has not yet experienced
acute air quality problems as a result of industrial expansion, increasing vehicular traffic and
thermal power generation and rapid urbanization. Emissions from motor vehicles which
contribute around 55-60 percent of total emissions and it is the most significant contributor
3
to air pollution in Sri-Lanka. Other emission sources are emissions from industries around
20-25 percent and household emissions which is around 20 percent.
The transport sector accounts for about 60 percent total fuel consumption in Sri Lanka. The
Western Province in Sri Lanka (area including the districts of Colombo, Kalutara and
Gampaha) commonly refers to Colombo Metropolitan Region (CMR) was identified as an
area of higher air pollution. Kandy town area, Galle, Kurunegala, and Puttlam have also
been identified as other relatively higher air pollution areas in Sri Lanka.
Key drivers and pressures
Transport Sector Figure 1.1: Annual Vehicle Registration
Vehicles are been identified as
the primary emitter of air
pollutions in the urban areas of
Sri Lanka. In Sri Lanka, air
pollution problem in the
transport sector causes due to
the following reasons along
with sharp increase of vehicle
population.
Poor maintenance of vehicles increases the air pollution by air-borne particles from
diesel vehicles and carbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds from petrol
vehicles.
High traffic congestion because of not having a proper road network, traffic control
system and poor maintenance of roads (especially in urban areas).
Absence of a proper and well-planned public transport system (example, engines of
most of the passenger transport buses are kept running and idling at the bus stops).
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Veh
icle
Po
pu
lati
on
Year
Motor Cycles
Motor Cars
Three Wheelers
Dual Purpose
Buses
Lorries
Land Vehicles
4
Industrial Sector
Within the last decade, industrial activities in Sri
Lanka have grown at a relatively rapid pace. Air
pollution due to industrial sources has increased
in proportion to industrial expansion. Air
pollution problem arises in Sri Lanka from
industrial activities mainly due to unavailability
of air pollution control measures and
disregarding of environmental concerns at the planning stage. Although Sri Lanka does
not have a lot of heavy industries as in other countries, it has a large number of small
and medium-scale enterprises interspersed with residential areas. Most industries,
which were established prior to 1980's use outdated technology without proper
pollution control measures being incorporated.
Commonly used fuels in the Industrial sector include electricity, furnace oil, diesel, and
firewood. Emission of Carbon dioxide occurs in various industrial processes including
cement and lime manufacture, petroleum refining and handling and activated carbon
manufacture. Therefore the air pollutants from industries can be categorized into two
types -emissions associated with processing of raw materials (eg cement dust, lead
particulates from lead smelting furnaces, acid fumes and mist from acid processing
plants) and emissions from energy generation processes (i.e. in furnaces and boilers).
While urban industries are mostly confined to fossil fuel, agro-industry and certain
manufacturing industries in rural areas mostly use biomass based sources of energy.
Indoor Air Pollution
The use of biomass for cooking in poorly
ventilated kitchens continues to be a major factor
in indoor air pollution. Majority of Sri Lankan
households, main energy resource for cooking is
biomass fuel and it is the major source of Indoor Air
Pollution. Firewood is the predominant biomass fuel,
used by more than 78percent of households nationwide, as measured by the Demographic and
5
Health Survey (DHS) in 2000 and 2007). Animal dung and crop residue serve as alternative fuel
sources. In 2007, 34percent of the population in urban areas, 84percent of the rural population,
and 96percent of the estate population used firewood as their primary fuel source. More than
80percent of Sri Lankan households have electricity, but it is only used for lighting due to cost.
Combustion of biomass fuels for cooking produces a range of substances harmful to human
health, including particulates, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, formaldehyde,
and polycyclic organic matter, which includes such carcinogens as benzopyrene. Exposure to
indoor air pollution from solid fuels has been linked to acute and chronic diseases, such as
pneumonia, acute respiratory infections, tuberculosis, asthma, cardiovascular disease, cataracts,
and adverse perinatal health outcomes indoor air pollution also is suspected to be responsible
for a range of cancers from long-term exposures.
Power Plants Figure 1.2: Power Generation in Sri-Lanka
Source: Sri Lanka Socio-Economic Data 2011, Central Bank of Sri Lanka.
Furnace and diesel used for thermal power generation in Sri Lanka and emissions from
thermal power generation significantly contribute to air pollution. The fuel mix for
electricity generation in the country has undergone a very dramatic change. Over the 95
percent of the country’s electricity requirements in 1995 were obtained from
hydroelectric schemes. The scenario has rapidly changed during the last decade due to
increasing demand and limited hydropower resources. Thermal power plants have
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Year
Hydro 3450 4635 3947 4128 3881 5636
Thermal & Other 5316 4753 5866 5772 6000 5078
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Un
its
Ge
ne
rate
d (
GW
h)
6
taken over the generation of around 40-50 percent of the national electricity
requirement.
In Sri Lanka, in addition to the above-mentioned air pollution sources, emissions from
slash and burn (chena) cultivation and forest fires also contribute to air pollution to
some extent. However this problem has been on the decline.
Responses at the National Level
Air Pollution Control Regulations in Sri Lanka
The National Environmental Act (NEA) No 47 of 1980 (amended in 1988 and 2000) was
enacted primarily focusing on environmental protection and management. The emission
of pollutants into the atmosphere is prohibited under section 23 of the National
Environmental Act and the National Environmental (Protection and Quality) Regulations
of 1990.
Motor Traffic (emission control) Regulation Number 817/6 dated 3rd May 1994.
Ozone Depleting substances and National Environmental (Ambient Air Quality) Regulations 1994. Gazette Notification Number 850/4 dated 20th December 1994.
Amended Regulations (Air Emission, Fuel and Vehicle Importation standards) Gazette Notification Number 1137/35 dated 23rd June 2000.
Amendment to Gazette Notification Number 1295/11 dated 30th June 2003.
National Environmental (Air Emissions, Fuel & Vehicle Importation standards) Amended Regulations. Gazette Notification Number 1295/11 dated 30th June 2003.
Extra Ordinary Gazette No 1557/14 dated
09th July 2008.
National Environmental (Ambient Air Quality) Regulations 850/4 dated 20.12.1994 is
amended by extra ordinary Gazette No 1562/22 dated 15.08..2008.
National Action Plan for
Haritha Lanka Programme -
Strategies
1. Develop environmentally
viable transport and
infrastructure systems.
2. Shift towards cleaner fuels.
3. Prepare and maintain
emissions inventory.
4. Monitor emissions of power
plants and high polluting
industries.
5. Monitor & reduce vehicle
emissions.
6. Establish a system for the
surveillance of ambient air
quality.
7. Manage indoor air pollution
through technical and social
interventions.
7
Table 1.1 : Emission Regulations
It should be noted that, it is mandatory to control source emissions as well as non
source emissions in Sri Lanka. As a strategy for source emission control, Central
Environmental Authority (CEA) is in the process of formulating Source Emission
Standards.
Preparation of policy related to the air
pollution as
o National Policy on Air Quality
Management -2000
o Energy Policy of Sri Lanka - 1997
o National Transport Policy - 2008
The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
regulation of 1993 ensures that any new
project undertaken under the prescribed list
undergoes a complete EIA or an Initial
Environmental Examination (IEE) before a license is issued for implementation.
EMISSION REGULATIONS As per the Gazette No. 1557/ 14, dated 09
July 2008 the followings are the emission regulations which
are coming under the National Environmental Act No.47 of 1980 for Air Emission, Fuel and Vehicle Importation Standards for both Petrol and Diesel Vehicles.
a) Petrol Vehicles
With effect from 1
st April 2008
Remarks
Carbon monoxide
CO % v/v
Hydrocarbon HC
(PPM v/v)
Petrol Vehicles other than motor
cycles and motor tricycles
4.5 1200 Both idling and 2500
RPM no load
Motor Cycles
Motor Tricycles (Three Wheelers)
6 9000 Both idling and 2500
RPM no load
b) Diesel Vehicles
Type of Vehicles Smoke opacity on snap acceleration, k factor (1 m
-1)
Diesel Vehicles 8.0
Air Quality Management
Public transport and related infrastructure systems will be improved using green technologies. Cleaner fuels will be promoted to reduce health hazards.
An environmentally friendly transport system will be established throughout the country with the improvement of vehicle emission standards.
Mahinda Chintana – p158
Mahinda Chintana – 2005 p156
8
Clean Air 2000 Action Plan in 1997 was introduced to restore the gradually
deteriorating air quality of
Colombo Metropolitan Area
through various control
measures and Clean Air 2015
Action Plan in 2007 was
introduced to reduce air
pollution related diseases by maintaining air quality at desirable levels minimising
emission of harmful air pollutants resulting from all human activities.
The Air Resource Management Centre (AirMAC) was established in 2001 jointly by the
then Ministry of Forestry and Environment and the Central Environmental Authority in
partnership with all stakeholders of air resource management to develop, co-ordinate
and integrate programs and mechanisms to mitigate air pollution. It also included
strengthening institutions, capacity building, developing air resource research
programmes and establishing air resource information centre for dissemination of air
resource information.
Implementation of Vehicle Emission Standards through "Vehicle Emission Testing (VET)
Programme" to make operate cleaner vehicles, reduced levels of vehicle emissions and
thereby improve ambient air quality, reduce health risk and improve living conditions. It
was mandated for all the vehicles of the country to have VET Certificate to obtain
annual revenue license. At present the program is implemented in all provinces other
than Northern and Eastern provinces. The implementing agency of the program is the
Department of Motor Traffic (DMT) and the Monitoring and Evaluation is coordinated
by the AirMAC of the Ministry of Environment.
Under this VET programme the "Vehicle Emission Test Fund' was established to credit
income received by the Department of Motor Traffic from vehicle emission testing and
all other income resources related to the vehicle emission testing and to incur
expenditure for the VET programme administration, infrastructure, machines and
equipment, capacity building, research, development, training, awareness and skill
development of all the stake holders and allied activities.
9
Introduction of unleaded gasoline from 2003 to stop emission of particulate lead into
the atmosphere from gasoline powered vehicles.
During the period 2001-2005 actions were taken to provide low sulfur diesel to minimize
the Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) emission to atmosphere from diesel vehicles, diesel power
plants and industries using auto diesel. In this regard the Sulfur content in diesel was
reduced from 15000 PPM to 3000 PPM. It is further envisaged to further reduce sulfur
content in diesel to 500 PPM within next couple of years.
The government has banned the import of two stroke three wheelers with effect from
January 2008.
Figure 1.3: Annual Averages of PM-10 at Colombo Fort
There is only one air quality
monitoring station, located at
the Colombo Fort. This
station has monitored
ambient air quality on a
continuous basis since 1997.
It has shown that the average
annual ambient PM10 levels
in Colombo have remained relatively stable, ranging from 69 to 82 μg/m3, which is
above the maximum permissible level specified in the national ambient air quality
standard of 50 μg/m3. Further, the annual average PM10 concentration in 2009
showed a marked decrease from 70 μg/m3 to 60 μg/m3 and 64 μg/m3 in 2010.
10
Chapter 2
Saving the Fauna, Flora and Ecosystems
Sri Lanka is blessed with a rich biological diversity and has been identified as one of the
top 34 biological hotspots in the world. Biodiversity is getting eroded at a rapid pace at
present and it is well recognized that the current loss of biodiversity is a result of both
direct and indirect influences, such as habitat loss and fragmentation, deforestation,
encroachment, excess use of agro-chemicals, climate change impacts etc…. The
percentage forest cover, which is the major biodiversity indicator of the country, has
been shrinking 1.86 to 0.27(average annual depletion) in 1992 and 2010. Encroachment
of forest land, a causal factor that determines the trend of deforestation, is also another
major constraint. On species conservation, the most crucial information recorded in the
recent past is the extinction of 19 endemic amphibians. Wild elephants is an umbrella
species. Therefore if measures have been taken to conserve wild elephants, the same
effort automatically have the way to conserve other species as well. Therefore country’s
wild elephants will be very important in Biodiversity conservation. But currently many
measures have aggravated the human elephant conflict and accordingly Department of
Wildlife Conservation statistic, it had lost 131 human lives and 227 elephants in Sri
Lanka in the year 2010.
Today the country’s biodiversity is endangered due to various threats. Therefore the
Biodiversity Secretariat of the Ministry has taken steps to conserve threatened plant
and animal species through in-situ and ex-situ conservation as on the Biodiversity
Conservation Action Plan and the updated Red Data List of Threatened Fauna and Flora
in Sri Lanka. The Red Data List of Threatened Fauna and Flora is updated periodically
and the latest updating has begun in this year (2011) and will be completed by next
year. In the year 2007 only one third of the floral species in the country was evaluated
and assessed for the red listing programme and this time, the entire floral species found
in Sri Lanka will be evaluated and their status will be assessed for better conservation.
The rich biodiversity has a tremendous value of bio-prospecting. As such, many internal
and external individuals and institutions tend to exploit the country’s biological
resources in an unfair and unlawful manner. Having understood the very, fact the Bio-
11
diversity Secretariat of the
Ministry is now engaged in the
process to preparing a law
relating to access to Genetic
Resources and Benefit Sharing
for the purpose of wise use of
country`s Biological resources.
The two major state
institutions responsible for the
conservation of the natural
ecosystems of the country the
Forest Department and
Department of Wild Life
Conservation have undertaken
many important measures for
biodiversity conservation and
this action will continue into
the next decade.
Also the protected area
network has been assessed
through an island-wide
scientific gap analysis to
incorporate most important
biodiversity areas into the
formal protected area network of the country. This activity is paving the way to increase
the land area under legal protection and also there by meeting requirements under the
Millennium Development Goal 7. The Ministry of Environment in collaboration with the
Department of Forest Conservation through systematic and scientific approach are in
the process making arrangement to declare important biodiversity areas to bridge the
gaps/pockets created by irrational forest clearance taking place in important faunal and
floral areas.
National Action Plan for Haritha Lanka
Programme - Strategies
1. Strengthen policy, legal and institutional
framework for biodiversity conservation, including
information sharing & networking aspects
2. Establish optimum Protected Area network and
ensure recovery of important threatened species
3. Conserve and sustainable use flora and fauna
outside the protected area network.
4. Establish biodiversity conservation financing
mechanism through biodiversity valuation and
economics of conservation
5. Wise use of genetic resources for agriculture in
sustainable manner
6. Limit access to genetic resources
7. Preserve traditional knowledge and practices
relevant to biodiversity conservation
8. Integrate and promote research and
development on biodiversity conservation in all
sectors
9. Facilitate sustainable use of biodiversity through
benefit sharing mechanisms
10. Integrate agenda on biodiversity into
education and agenda of other related sectors
12
Declaration of Horton Plains National Park, Peak Wilderness Protected Area and
Knuckles Conservation Forest as a world heritage could be considered as a remarkable
milestone that the country passed in 2010 for the conservation of natural resources, the
benefits of which spread all over the country. The declared area has been described by
UNESCO as a “Super Biodiversity Hotspot”.
Table 2.1: Summary of Threatened Inland Indigenous Invertebrate Fauna in Sri Lanka
(2007)
Taxon Total
Species
CR EN VU Total
Threatened
Mammals 91(16) 9(2) 20(8) 12(4) 41(14)
Birds 227(33) 10 15(6) 21(10) 46(16)
Reptiles 171(101) 16(12) 23(16) 17(9) 56(37)
Amphibians 106(90) 12(12) 34(34) 6 (5) 52(51)
Freshwater
Fishes
82(44) 10(8) 7(4) 11(8) 28(20)
Total 677(284) 57(34) 99(68) 67(36) 223(138)
Source –Ministry of Environment Note: (The total species number under different taxa excludes marine forms, and migratory species whose
breeding populations have not been recorded in Sri Lanka. The numbers of endemic species is in
parenthesis)
(Endemic) CR-Critically VU- Vulnerable EN-Endanger
How do we benefit from Biodiversity?
A country can benefit from Biodiversity in many ways though it`s importance is not duly
valued, most of the time there is tendency to neglect or do not appreciate biological
resources until a particular species or community disappears. Even seemingly obscure
and insignificant organisms can play irreplaceable roles in ecological systems or be the
source or genes or drugs that may be indispensable.
13
What Threats Biodiversity?
Natural Causes of extinction
Human-caused Reductions in
Biodiversity
- Habitat destruction
- Fragmentation
- Invasive Species
- Pollution
- Overharvesting
- Commercial products &
Live Specimens
- Industrial Agriculture,
Forestry
- Global Climate Change
Food
All of our food comes from other organisms. Many wild plant species could make
important contributions to human food supplies either as they are or as a source of
genetic material to improve domestic crops.
Drugs and Medicines
Living organisms provide us with many useful drugs and medicines. More than half
of all prescriptions contain product of some natural elements. The United Nations
Development Programme estimates the value of pharmaceutical products derived
from developing world plants, animals and microbes to be more than $ 30 billion per
year.
Ecological Benefits
Human life is inextricably linked to ecological services provided by other organisms.
Soil formation, sinking waste, air and water purification, nutrient cycling, solar
energy absorption and food production are depended on biodiversity.
Aesthetic and Cultural Benefits
Millions of people enjoy hunting, fishing,
camping, hiking, wildlife watching and other
nature based activities. These activities
provide invigorating physical exercise and
contact with nature can be psychologically
and emotionally restorative.
Threats to Biodiversity in Sri Lanka
Habitat destruction and Fragmentation.
Poaching, illicit timber extraction and
encroachment into forest lands are the major
concerns, although due to more concerted
law enforcement, there has now been a
decline in these activities.
14
Over exploitation of species for commercial purpose.
Degradation of terrestrial and aquatic natural eco system due to threat of invasive
species.
Degradation of forest resources due to encroachment, illicit felling of trees, illegal
mining, Forest die back (in Horton Plains) due to natural and anthropogenic reasons.
Degradation of grassland habitats results from over grazing. Eg. Udawalawa,
Bundala and Wasgamuwa National Park
Irrational Reclamation of wetlands in urban areas is under pressure due to
reclamation activities and landfills for housing purpose and dumping waste into
wetlands.
Unsustainable harvesting of medicine plants and other forest collections including
non-timber forest products.
Natural Phenomenon such as global warming, climate change, desertification and
land degradation etc…
Use of chemicals in the environment specially Agro chemicals.
Table 2.2 : Endangered and Threatened Species Worldwide
Species Number
Mammals 2,123
Birds 2,123
Reptiles 454
Amphibians 231
Fish 1,159
Insects and other invertebrates 3,374
Total fauna 9,474
Plants 7,022
Source –Global red list
15
Table 2.3 : Faunal and Floral species diversity in Sri Lanka-2007
Species Endemics
Number of Faunal Species
Invertebrate fauna 1,601 355
Vertebrate fauna 932 284
Floral species
Angiosperm (Flowering
plants)
3,771 926
Pterdophyta (Ferns) 348 48
Mosses 566 63
Liverworts 222
Lichens 661
Source :IUCN Red List of Threatened Fauna and Flora of Sri Lanka (2007)
Actions for Biodiversity Conservation
Since the biodiversity is cross sectoral in nature, most of the projects and programmes
on natural resources management have addressed different aspects of biodiversity
conservation.
About 10 projects and programmes on natural resources management have
addressed different aspects of biodiversity conservation.
A framework for action on the conservation of Biological Diversity in Sri Lanka has
been prepared with the approval of the cabinet of ministers.
The Forestry Sector Master Plan and National Coastal Zone Management Plan were
prepared with the special emphasis on the conservation of biological diversity in
forest, coastal and marine subsectors.
The draft new law on Access to Genetic Resources and code of Ethics on Biodiversity
Research was published and also the Material Transfer Agreement has been
finalized by the Biodiversity Secretariat.
The National List of Invasive Plants and Data Book have been completed by
the Bio-diversity Secretariat and IUCN-Sri Lanka.
A Network of Biodiversity parks and Bird sanctuaries were established.
16
The Ministry of Environment has taken steps to establish a permanent exhibition on
Bio-diversity at the Natural Science Museum in the National Museum Department in
1997 as a tool to educate 50,000 visitors who visit the museum every year.
At present Bio-diversity aspects are included in the advance level biological science
and geography curricula and also in the university basic degree curricula. At
postgraduate level, many universities have introduced postgraduate degrees /
diplomas in biodiversity and in areas closely related to Bio-diversity.
Research on bio-diversity covers a broad spectrum. A large number of short and long
term research programmes are carried out by the concerned organizations such as
universities, research institutes, government departments, NGOs.
Ministry is planning to establish a clearinghouse mechanism to receive process and
disseminate information on biological diversity on the national and international
level.
Government’s commitment to international conventions and agreements
The government is very keen on conservation and promotion of country`s environment
and is committed to honoring the international conventions and agreements on
biodiversity and conservation. This includes the UNESCO Man and Biosphere Programme
(1970), Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and
Fauna (CITES) - (1979), Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and
Natural Heritage (1980), Ramsar Wetland Convention (1990), Convention on Climate
Change (1992), Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change (2002), Convention on Biological
Diversity (1992) and many others.
Issues related to the loss of biodiversity in Sri Lanka
Increasing pressure due to the demand for land, removal of species from the wild,
and competition between invasive species and indigenous species.
Climate change and increasing levels of pollution
Lack of understanding of scientific management
Undervaluation of biodiversity
17
Lack of awareness and absence of inter-institutional coordination with regard to
biodiversity.
The capacity of existing institutions for promotion of a holistic and integrated policy
in biodiversity conservation has not been considered.
Strategies and policies are not in place to establish conditions needed for
compatibility between present use and the conservation of biodiversity, and
sustainable use of its components.
Inadequate attention on national policies on specific issues such as germplasm
conservation, information management, ex-situ conservation, bio safety and access
to genetic resources and benefit sharing.
Table 2.4: Living Species by Taxonomic Group
Bacteria and Cyanobacteria 4,000
Protozoa (Single celled animals) 31,000
Algae (Single celled plants) 40,000
Fungi (molds, mushrooms) 72,000
Multicellular plants 270,000
Sponges 5,000
Jellyfish,corals,anemones 10,000
Flatworms (tapeworms, flukes) 12,000
Roundworms(nematodes, earthworms) 25,000
Clams, snails, slugs, squids, octopuses 70,000
Insects 1,025,000
Mites, ticks, spiders, crabs, shrimp, centepedes, other non-
insect arthropods
110,000
Starfish, Sea urchins 6,000
Fish and sharks 27,000
Amphibians 4,000
Reptiles 7,150
Birds 9,700
Mammals 4,650
Total 1,733,000
Source: Biodiversity hotspot for conservation priorities nature 403:853-858,(2000)
18
Chapter- 3
Meeting the Challenges of Climate Change
Climate change is the fundamental human development challengers of the 21st century.
It is a growing crisis with economic, health and safety, food production, security, and
other dimensions.
Should we care about.........?
For over the past 200 years, the burning of
fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, and
deforestation has caused the
concentrations of heat-trapping
"greenhouse gases" to increase
significantly in our atmosphere.
Greenhouse gases are required for life,
because they keep the planet's surface
warmer. But, as the concentrations of
these gases continue to increase in the
atmosphere, the earth's temperature is
climbing above past year’s levels. Most of
the warming in recent decades is very
likely the result of human activities.
Global warming is expected to lead to a
rise in sea level, higher temperatures,
more frequent and prolonged droughts,
high intensity rainfalls and increased
thunder activity. These anticipated
changes represent a significant threat to
the coastal areas, the different sectors of
the national economy and human health.
As a developing county and an island nation, Sri Lanka is especially vulnerable to these impacts.
Climate change would produce major impacts on Sri Lanka’s natural resources, economic
activity and people’s well-being. The full extent of climate change impacts on Sri Lanka is still
being studied, but there is a growing recognition that climate change could threaten the
Time for Change
The term “carbon footprint” refers to the
amount of carbon (C02) we emit
individually in any one-year period. C02 is
produced from many sources and is the
primary gas responsible for global warming
and the results in alarming changes in our
climate. The carbon footprint is a very
powerful tool for understanding the impact
of individual behavior on global warming.
Do You Know
Each of the following activities add 1 kg of
CO2 to your personal carbon footprint
Travel by public transportation (train or
bus) a distance of 10 to 12 km (6.5 to 7
miles)
Drive with your car a distance of 6 km
or 3.75 miles (assuming 7.3 liters petrol
per 100 km)
Fly with a plane a distance of 2.2 km or
1.375 miles.
Operate your computer for 32 hours (60
Watt consumption assumed)
Box 3.1-Carbon Footprint
19
significant achievements the country has made in the last 20 years in increasing incomes and
reducing poverty. Preliminary research and projection being undertaken has shown that Sri
Lanka is highly vulnerable and could be affected in different ways.
Table 3.1: Impacts of Climate Change
Impacts in the wider context
Phenomena/hazards/activities/industries affected
Sea level rise
Inundation of low lying coastal settlements and coastal wetlands
Coastal Erosion
Flooding and Storm Damage
Salt Water Intrusion affecting low lying agriculture and fresh water intakes
Fishery Industry
Coast Protection and Port Structures
Nearshore Infrastructure – Land based infrastructure and Land reclamation
Tourist Industry
Temperature rise
Power Generation
Agriculture output
Human Health
Transport Infrastructure
Droughts
Ground and Surface Water Supply
Power Generation
Forest Resources
Agricultural Output
Human Health
Transport Infrastructure
High intensity Rainfall
Floods
Land Degradation
Agricultural Output
Human Health
Transport Infrastructure
Power Generation
Increased thunder activity
Damages to Infrastructure
Human Health
Key drivers and pressures
There are two main responses to climate change:
• Climate mitigation is reduction of the green house gas emission;
• Climate adaptation is preparing for the impacts of climate change.
Sri Lanka is a negligible contributor to global warming. However, as a nation, we are
highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, which include:
20
Increases in the frequency and intensity of disasters such as droughts, floods
and landslides;
variability and unpredictability of rainfall patterns;
increase in temperature; and
sea level rise, among others.
Increases in the frequency and intensity of disasters such as floods,
landslides and droughts;
The incidence of flooding seems to be most frequent in the latter years, with the
most flooding occurring in the year 2006. Further, the floods in Sri Lanka are most
likely to occur in the months of May in the first cycle and in December in the second
cycle. With respect to spatial distribution floods are most frequent in the districts of
Jaffna, Kalutara, Rathnapura, Gampaha and Ampara.
People have become increasingly affected by floods with the highest number
recorded in 2008. Further, people located in the districts of Gampaha, Kalutara,
Batticaloa, Rathnapura and Ampara have been most affected by floods. However,
the occurrence of deaths due to floods is quite low except for the year 2003 where
it reached nearly 180 persons. Destruction and damage to houses and buildings also
appear to follow a similar pattern with most damage occurring in the districts of
Rathnapura, Ampara, Batticaloa, Polonnaruwa, and Jaffna. Damage to paddy has
taken place mostly in the earlier years with the highest impact recorded in 1984,
while spatially the highest damage has incurred in the districts of Kurunegala,
Polonnaruwa, Ampara and Batticaloa. (http://www.desinventar.lk)
Until the year 2002, the annual average number of landslide records did not exceed
50. However, according to the disaster data shows a sudden increase in the
occurrence of landslides during the years 2003-2008. Further, landslides are most
prone to occur in the months of November, December and January. With respect to
spatial distribution, most landslides appear to occur in the districts of Badulla,
Ratnapura, Nuwara Eliya and Kegalle. People affected, loss of life, damage to houses
and crop loss also appear to take the same trend with only the above mentioned
districts being most affected. . (http://www.desinventar.lk)
21
On average Sri Lanka faces drought conditions every 3-4 years. However in the
recent few decades more droughts are experienced. It is also important to note
that major droughts occurred in 1992 and 2001. The seasonal distribution shows
that droughts occur largely in the month of August. With respect to the spatial
distribution, areas most affected appear to be the districts of Kurunegala, Putlam,
Hambantota, Moneragala and Ampara. People were most affected by severe
droughts that occurred in the years of 2001 and 2004. The spatial impacts of
agricultural loss from droughts followed a similar pattern as people affected.
However, high agricultural losses were reported in the years 2001 and 2004, while
large losses were also recorded in the year 1987. (http://www.desinventar.lk)
Variability and unpredictability of rainfall patterns;
The unpredictability and the extreme nature of rainfall event can be seen in recent
rainfall events in Sri Lanka. Since end-December 2010, the country has experienced
its highest level of rainfall in almost 100 years. There has been heavy rainfall over
the last three months of 2010, with consequent flooding in many areas of the
country. The worst case of flooding occurred around mid-January 2011 in the
Eastern Province, with Batticaloa experiencing its third highest ever level of rainfall
in a single day (312.3mm); the highest-ever level was in December 1967
(330.7mm).Overall, the flooding in the Eastern Province was the worst since 1913.
Meanwhile, parts of the Northern, North Central, North Western, Central, Uva and
Sabaragamuwa Provinces were also affected by flooding. Colombo, recorded its
highest level of rainfall in 18 years in November 2010.
22
Table 3.2 : Coefficient of Variation of Seasonal Rainfall in Sri Lanka (Percentage)
Season 1931-1960 1961-1990
First Inter Monsoon Season 23 27
South West Monsoon Season 21 16
Second Inter Monsoon Season 22 23
North East Monsoon Season 31 42
Annual 11 14
Source -Department of Meteorology
Increase in temperature;
Figure 3.1: Change in Mean Annual Temperature in Sri Lanka 1930 to 2000
Source –Chandrapala 2000
According to Chandrapala (2010), since 1960, the temperature rise in Sri Lanka is in the
order of 0.16oC per decade (Figure 3.1). Seasonal mean temperatures for the Yala
(April–September) and the Maha (October–March) agricultural seasons also display
similar warming. Mean (annual and seasonal) daytime maximum and mean (annual and
seasonal) nighttime minimum air temperatures have both increased during the period
1960-2001 with trends of 0.026 °C and 0.017 °C per year, respectively.
23
Sea level rise
Sri Lanka is presently experiencing an erosion rate of 0.30 – 0.35 m per year in 45
percent to 55 percent of coasts. Chandrapala 2010) Coastal area in Sri Lanka consists of
24 percent of land area, 32 percents of population, 65 percent of urbanized land area
and a significant extent of agricultural land. Sea level rise together with increased wave
heights due to climate change can further increased coastal erosion.
Therefore Sri Lanka needs climate change adaptation to ensure its continues
economic development, food and water security and public health.
Responses at the national level
Sri Lanka’s participation in UNFCCC
Sri Lanka is an active
participant in the global and
inter-governmental responses
to climate change. It was
among the first 50 countries
to sign and ratify the UNFCCC
(in 1993), and later joined the
convention’s Kyoto Protocol
(which commits developed
countries to reduce their
collective emissions of
greenhouse gases). A Climate
Change Secretariat (CCS) was
established within the
Ministry of Environment to
facilitate, formulate and
implement projects and
following are the key
initiatives taken by the
....National Action Plan for Haritha Lanka Programme-
Strategies
Establish country specific policies and action
plans to counter adverse climate change impacts.
Promote the use of economically viable,
environment friendly, renewable energy
resources, with emphasis on non-conventional
energy resources.
Optimize energy consumption through energy
efficiency in enterprises and promoting
substitution of fossil fuels by renewable energies
in economic and production sectors.
Promote supply side & end use energy
efficiency.
Promote carbon sequestration.
Promote integrated waste management.
Identify infrastructure vulnerability to climate
change.
Ensure that land use zoning reduces vulnerability
to adverse impacts of climate change.
Make rain water harvesting at site level
mandatory.
Take adaptive measures expecting an increase of
vectors.
Establish Food Security in the face of climate
change threats.
Develop and adopt energy saving technologies in
agriculture.
24
Climate Change Secretariat in order to tackle the issues of climate change.
Establishment of Sri Lanka Carbon Fund for promoting carbon trading.
Development of national policies on Climate Change and clean development
mechanism
Formulation of the Second National Communication on Climate Change
In order to Promote Clean Development Mechanism a project on capacity
development of CDM in Sri Lanka was carried out with the financial assessment
of JICA
Preparation of SAARC Action Plan on Climate Change from year 2009-2011 and
periodically reporting to SAARC Secretariat.
Government has appointed Ministry as a Designated Authority (DA) for
Adaptation Fund
Developed a National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy for year 2011 – 2016
and the sector vulnerable profiles (SVPs) were prepared for the following key
groupings of sectors based on the consultation of stakeholders; Agriculture and
Fisheries, Water, Human Health, Urban Development Human Settlements and
Economic Infrastructure, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.
Information, Education and Communication Strategy for Climate Change
Adaptation in Sri Lanka was prepared.
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) attempts
to create financial value for the carbon stored in forests, offering incentives for
developing countries to reduce emissions from forested lands and invest in low-
carbon paths to sustainable development. REDD goes beyond deforestation and
forest degradation, and includes the role of conservation, sustainable
management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks hence called
REDD+.
Sri Lanka has entered to the UN-REDD+ Programme in October 2009, as an
observer and has been required to submit the National Programme Document to
the 8th Policy Board Meeting to be held in March 2012.
25
Chapter- 4
Wise Use of the Coastal Belt and the Sea Around
Should we care about ………….?
With an available 1,150 km sand beaches out of 1,700 km long coast line in Sri Lanka,
some of the island’s richest biodiversity
ecosystems are found in the coastal zone including
other numerous ecosystems such as coral reefs,
estuaries, lagoons, mangrove forests, sandy
beaches and sea grass beds. These ecosystems are
very important in providing essential habitats for
many rare and valuable species and vital goods
and services for the people. Substantial reserves of
mineral resources and almost 100 sites with
special historical, cultural or religious importance as well as stretches of aesthetic and
recreational value can be found in this zone. The country has sovereign rights over an
area of about 517,000 km2 of the sea with the declaration of the Exclusive Economic
“Coastal area” in the context of the Coast Conservation
Act , is defined as the Coastal Zone, a 2km wide band of
ocean and an adjoining strip of land extending 300m
inland. In the event a water body connected to the sea
occurs the zone extends 2 km inland from the mouth of
the water body. The coastal zone is significant not only for
its natural resources but also as a development
infrastructure. It may consist of habitats critical for
sustained production of fisheries, coral reefs and brackish
wetlands and these habitats will be rich in biodiversity
reserves. A large number of river basins, estuaries and
lagoons, many of which are lined with mangroves covering
about 16,037 ha (2010). Sri Lanka’s coasts and beaches
are among most scenic in the world and are an aesthetic
resource. The coastal region functions as an important
sink to most waste generated in the country. The
mandatory/regulatory body in coast conservation/ coastal
zone management is Coast Conservation Department and
it has been authorized by the Coast Conservation Act of
1981.
After the 2004 tsunami devastation,
not only the Sri Lankans but also the
people at the global end realized the
importance of strong link between
natural coastal ecosystems and
human livelihoods since the damage
to the brown and green environment
due to tsunami was very less in the
places where coastal ecosystems in
place than the other places in the
affected countries.
Figure 4.1: Administrative Boundary
of Coastal Area
26
Zone (EEZ) in 1976 and the same law designates an area up to 12 nautical miles as the
Territorial Sea and a further stretch of 12 nautical miles as the Contagious Zone.
With the unique qualities/values of the Sri Lankan coastal zone provides its facilitation
for tourism, agriculture, industrial and commercial (ports and fishery harbors) activities,
human settlements etc while the marine environment provides income generation for
fishing community. The coastal region accommodates 70 percent of registered tourist
hotels, contains 70 percent of agricultural lands and includes the 05 major ports with 12
fishery harbors in operation. The coastal sector provides 150,000 direct employment
and contributes about 2.7 percent to the GNP (year). Coastal region population is
around 25percent of the total population.
Degradation of coastal and marine environment has been recognized as one of major
environmental issues currently being faced by Sri Lanka and it has emerged because of
improper application of fishing technologies, improper establishment of industries,
lagoons and estuaries’ water contamination with agricultural chemicals, disposal of
wastes, coastal erosion etc.
The impacts on Sri Lankan sea and coasts are driven by human activities and land-based
activities. Concentration of population in coastal areas, the tiger prawn export industry,
particularly in the north-western coast, has caused severe damage to mangrove and
other ecosystems and collection of non-edible aquarium species harvested for export
purposes mainly from inshore coral reef areas has affected the coral reef ecosystems.
Apart from these pressures, coral mining and dynamite blast fishing impact on coastal
ecosystems, mechanized fishing techniques have drastically reduced the fish stock,
expansion of tourism, development of urban infrastructure, waste disposal shipping and
transport, are some activities that causes coasts and coastal resources depletion.
The adverse impacts on the coastal resources include erosion of coastal area, resource
over exploitation, destructive harvesting techniques, habitat clearance and conversion
and land-based and marine source of pollution. Degradation of coastal and marine
resources/environment is occurring continuously because of the under-
valuation/estimation of goods and services provided by it. This problem may be at least
partially resolved if the coastal and marine environment is accounted as an economic
part of the development infrastructure of the country.
27
National Action Plan For Haritha Lanka
Programme- Strategies
1. Develop marine and inland fisheries in an ecologically sustainable manner
2. Develop and rehabilitate the coastal belt conserving its natural resources and minimize vulnerability to natural hazards
3. Stabilize eroding coastal stretches using soft solutions such as coastal resources and habitat rehabilitation to the maximum level
4. Promote environmentally friendly fishing practices in place of harmful fishing practices
5. Prevent coastal and marine pollution through appropriate measures.
Existing and planned responses
Being the National Development Policy in the country, “Vision for the Future, Sri Lanka-
The Emerging Wonder of Asia” clearly indicates that the aim of the Environment Sector
is to promote sustainable development in close liaison with the land, fauna and flora
and to bestow our natural heritage to future generation. When reaching this aim,
concerted efforts need to be made in order to overcome the issues of coastal
conservation and management of parallel to the other sub sectors. This policy
documents describes the priorities and targets of the coastal and marine protection in
the year 2010 that are i) national system of marine protected areas to be established ii)
watershed areas to be protected iii) rate of mangrove and wetland loss to be reduced by
10percent and 90percent respectively iv) off-shore fishing programme to be
implemented v) integrated coastal zone management implemented. The national
target by 2016 is to provide direct employments through development of coastal
resources.
National Action Plan for Haritha Lanka
Programme is the National Action
Programme of the Environment Sector
prepared in line with the “Mahinda
Chinthana- ”. It has given a platform to
coordinate with relevant stakeholders
and accordingly a number of
progrmmes have been implemented
by the agencies concerned. Ministry
of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources,
Department of Coast Conservation,
Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, National Aquatic Resources Research
and Development Agency and Marine Pollution Prevention Authority are the main
agencies being act in this sector.
28
The coast Conservation Department undertakes construction of revetment, breakwater
liners, groynes etc to protect the coast around
the Island. Apart from that, shore line
development, establishment of green belt,
beach access roads are being done to protect
the coast ensuring vegetation/greening on the
coast while increasing the resilience of the
coastal community. Six Special Area
Management (SAM) Plans (Rekawa,
Hikkaduwa, Negambo lagoon, Lunawa lagoon, Rekawa-Ussabgoda-Kalametiya, Madu
ganga) have already been adopted by the Coast Conservation Department under the
Coastal Zone Management Plan with a view to take actions for coastal zone
management in an effective manner. With the enforcement of law, demolishing orders
have been issued and human development activities within the unauthorized coastal
area have been demolished (Table 4.1).
A fish production enhancement plan was formed by the Department of Fisheries and
Aquatic Resources to increase the inland fish production by 100 percent before 2014.
Also, the special co-management plan unit was established and it is being functioned to
control harmful fishing practices. The National Aquatic Resources Research and
Development Agency has conducted fish stock assessments in five selected fisheries
areas in collaboration with the Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources.
Table1 4.1: Implementation of Demolishing Orders
District 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total
Hambanthota 09 36 02 11 06 09 05 78
Matara 10 28 07 11 07 16 08 87
Kaluthara - 82 - 05 08 03 02 100
Colombo 06 26 23 09 13 23 08 108
Gampaha 10 18 08 49 09 06 04 104
Puttalama - 04 16 14 14 - 10 58
Total 100 250 68 140 140 85 59 841
Source: Coast Conservation Department
Urgent interventions needed
To identify and relocate communities/activities incompatible with zoning plans
To introduce alternative livelihoods to reduce pressure on the coastal and marine environment.
29
Mangroves for the Future Initiative Programme
The Greater Indian Ocean region has an attractive coastal
line which encompasses various types of tropical and
marine ecosystems. Emphasizing the importance of such
ecosystems’ services provided in the 2004 tsunami time,
global experts gathered and made an extraordinary effort
to find an integrated solution with a view to increase the
resilience of the coastal communities in the Indian Ocean
region. As a result of this effort, a new approach named
“Mangroves for the Future (MFF) was initiated by IUCN and UNDP and it has coped to
get the service of other agencies such as FAO, UNEP, CARE, WI, Norad, Sida etc. MFF is a
partnership-led programme covering India, Indonesia, Maldives, Pakistan, Seychelles,
Sri Lanka, Thailand and Viet Nam.
Vision :- “A healthier, more prosperous and secure future for all Indian Ocean coastal
communities”
Goal:- “ To conserve and restore coastal ecosystems in the participating countries as key assets
that support human well-being and security in the Indian Ocean Region”
Objectives:- To strengthen the environmental sustainability of coastal development ; and to
promote the investment of funds and efforts in coastal ecosystem management.
The programme was initiated in 2007 and currently four outreach countries (
Bangladesh, Cambodia, Myanmar and Timor-Leste) and three dialogue countries (
Kenya, Malaysia and Tanzania) have joined with the MFF forum ensuring exploration of
its service.
For more details www.mangrovesforthefuture.org
30
Sri Lankan achievements:
The Ministry of Environment is the national executing agency and the national focal
point of the Regional Steering Committee while the IUCN Sri Lanka Country Office is the
National Coordinator/ Secretariat. National Steering Committee comprising government
agencies, civil society organizations, NGOs, research institutions, academic institutions
etc. provides a multi-stakeholder forum for fostering dialogue and decision - making
among agencies, and promote harmonized management of coastal resources utilization.
National Strategy and Action Plan for MFF was prepared and published in 2010. 38
projects under small grant facility were funded and successfully completed. Second
phase of the small grant project implementation has already been commenced and
proposals are being evaluated.
Figure 4.2: Thematic Analysis of Small Grant Projects Two Large Grant Projects
were funded with the
total cost of US $
411,250. One project is
on increasing the
resilience of coastal and
reverine communities to
climate change and
other threats, by
conserving the
ecosystems of the Maha Oya
and associated coastal
wetlands in Sri Lanka. The
objectives are I) to empower
stakeholders to conserve river
basin and II) to support
advocacy, awareness and
capacity building on the
Coastal Planting - Batticaloa
Picture: Kumudini Ekaratne Barringtonia and Cassuarina after 6 months
Pictures: Kumudini Ekaratne Barringtonia and Cassuarina after 6
months
Source: IUCN Sri Lanka
16
8
14Ecosystem restoration
Awareness & Capacity
bulding
Livelihood enhancement
31
conservation of ecosystems and increasing resilience of coastal and reverine
communities (especially with regard to replicating). Expected major outputs of the
project are,
1) Nature, magnitude and distribution of current and future threats to ecosystem
services and human wellbeing, including those linked to climate change,
identified through integrated ecological-hydrological-livelihood assessment and
modeling,
2) Critical ecosystem services that benefit livelihoods are identified and valued,
3) Practical and policy relevant information will be disseminated for planning
management and conservation purposes of ecosystems, and issues arising on
loss of livelihoods and other conflicts will be addressed,
4) Degraded and sensitive reverine and coastal areas identified, restored and
conserved, with the active support and participation of local communities.
The second project is on promoting community participation in integrated coastal
management in the North Western Province of Sri Lanka. The objective of the project is
to institutionally, economically and technically empower representatives of 90 primary
stakeholders groups (i.e. fisherman, women in coastal communities, eco-tour operators,
eco-tour guides and home stay owners) and 20 secondary stakeholders groups (i.e. local
NGOs, entrepreneurs and local businesses), through the Sri Lanka Nature Forum, to
engage more effectively in local and regional decision making processes affecting the
co-management and future development of the coastal ecosystem in the North Western
Province.
Lunawa Environment Improvement and Community Development Project (LEI
and CDP)
Lunawa Lake and the network of canals in
the catchment had been one of the finest
water bodies which provided recreational
facilities to people in the catchment and also
served as a means of Livelihood for
fishermen in the neighborhood. Rapid and
Details of the Project area
Catchment - 6.15 km2
Lunawa North - 3.15 km2
Lunawa South - 2.62 km2
Ground Elevation - 1-6 m MSL
Annual Rainfall - 2,400 mm
Affected Population - 18,000 families
Lake Area - 20 ha (WL =
0.5 m MSL)
32
Situation before the project Situation after the project
unplanned urbanization and industrialization has contributed immensely for the
deterioration of the ecological balance of Lunawa Lake and the connecting network of
canals. It was necessitated for the Government to intervene and arrest further
environmental degradation and prevent flash flood damages and rescue the
economically vibrant urban residential areas.
LEI&CDP which is a 8 year project has been executed by the Ministry of Water Supply
and Drainage with the financial assistance from Japan International Corporation Agency
(JICA) with a view to improve the living condition of people in Lunawa North (Dehiwala-
Mt.Lavinia Municipal Council area) and in Lunawa South (Moratuwa Municipal Council
area) by mitigating flood damage through an integrated programme of improvement of
urban drainage and canal system including social and community development.
Specific Objectives
1. Alleviating flood, through improvement of storm water drainage systems,
including the rehabilitation of existing canals and streams.
2. Creating a hygienic and pleasant environment through improvement of storm
water drainage systems.
3. Upgrading living conditions of the (a) communities identified for resettlement
(870 HHs) and (b) Under-served communities in the inundated area and
communities along new canal and Lake Front.
Status before project intervention
Biologically dead lake
Environmentally degraded area
Habitual flooding – 4-6 times annually about 18,000 HHs – Unhygienic surroundings with water stagnation, polluted water, Mosquitoes etc. – a health hazard due to indiscriminate human activities (Industrial and Domestic pollution) taken place during last three decades.
33
Chapter- 5
Responsible use of the Land Resources
Importance of land
Land is a delineable area of the earth's
terrestrial surface, encompassing all
attributes of the biosphere immediately
above or below this surface including
those of the near-surface climate the
soil and terrain forms, the surface
hydrology (including shallow lakes,
rivers, marshes, and swamps), the near-
surface sedimentary layers and
associated groundwater reserve, the
plant and animal populations, the
human settlement pattern and physical
results of past and present human
activity (terracing, water storage or
drainage structures, roads, buildings,
etc(United Nations).
Our farmers undergo severe suffering
due to the scarcity of water, non
availability of land, crop losses and
poor markets for their produce and
lack of access to technology. (Mahinda Chintana-2005,)
Sri Lanka has a total land area of 6,552,500 hectares (excluding inland water bodies) and a
population of about 20.6 million with a population density of 329 sq km by 2010. The high
population density and improve living standards have created terrific pressure on the natural
resources of the country. After many years of conflict the country it is opening up for rapid
development process.
Green Lanka Programme
Strategies
1. Reduce land degradation in agricultural areas
2. Rehabilitate deteriorated lands
3. Develop and implement programmes for the use of non –cultivated agricultural lands
4. Optimize soil conservation through mandatory & other measures.
5. Promote precision farming, traditional varieties of crops to fit agro-ecological condition.
6. Conserve, resorting and improve important representative landscapes
7. Integrate a system to restore, reclaim and rehabilitate mined areas
8. Carry out assessment on forest cover of Sri Lanka including different categories of forests.
9. Improve Management of Commercial Plantations.
10. Promote the integrated management of upper watersheds.
11. Mitigate and Adaptation to drought.
12. Review land related Laws.
10. Mitigate and adaptation to drought
1.
34
This new era of development is up against the issue of scares natural resources which are
precious as well as essential for the developmental process itself. Out of which land is
considered to be the mostly threatened natural resource in Sri Lanka.
Table 5.1- General Statistics (2010)
Item Unit Extent
Total Area Sq.km 65 610
Annual average rainfall mm 1,992
Population million 20.6
Agricultural Population Percentage 33
Paddy Hectares’ 000 978
Tea Hectares ‘000 222
Rubber Hectares ‘000 126
Coconut Hectares ‘000 395
Total forest Cover Hectares ‘000 Percentage
1,883 28.74
Close canopy forest cover Hectares ‘000 1,455
Open and Sparse forest Hectares ‘000 428
Forest plantations Hectares ‘000 80
Built up lands Hectares ‘000 77
Reforestation in hill country (5000 ft above)
Hectares 163.5
Extent of natural forests under the forest Department (5000 ft above) 2010
hectares 33,255
Source: Department of Census and Statistics
Present status of Land use
Land is one of the most important and highly dwindling natural resource in the country.
Land is considered as the prime natural resource for environmental needs. Nearly
40percent of the people are still dependent on land based activities and the government
controls about 80percent of all land in the country.
Sri Lanka’s society has been Agrarian based for over 2500 years, and paddy cultivation
which provides the staple diet of the population, has received the highest attention in
the agriculture sector. Over the years there has been an expansion of agricultural lands
resulting in an increase in the total agriculture land area and at present it accounts to
35
over 1.8 million hectares. The land area under agriculture in Sri Lanka include mainly the
forest lands, pasture lands, cultivated area, uncultivated area and roads and buildings.
Figure 5.1: Land Use Pattern within Agricultural Holdings 2002
Source: Department of Census and Statistics
Land use pattern indicates that most of the forest, range lands and paddy lands are
located in dry zone and wet zone is almost exclusively devoted to the agriculture. The
most important change in agriculture after independence of Sri Lanka has been an
increase in the production the diversion of forest land for cultivation. The diversion of
additional land to agriculture has adversely affected the forest cover.
Sri Lanka has total of 1,859,494 ha of agricultural lands and about 29,910 ha about
uncultivable lands which represent 2 percent of the total land Area. According to the
estimates 49 percent of the total agricultural lands are allocated for the permanent
crops and 7percent of the lands under roads, buildings etc (Figure 5.1).
Figure 5.2-: Per Capita Land Availability
Rapid rate of urbanization,
industrialization, increase rate of
population, have led to over
exploitation of vital land
resource and leading to land
degradation. It has also been
estimated that with increasing
population, the land/ man ratio
of the island has declined from 0.44 ha/head in 1981 to 0.29ha /person in 2011. It has
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
1981 1991 2001 2011 2021 2031 2041
Lan
d m
an r
atio
Percapita land Availabilty
Permanent Crops49%
Asweddumized crops
27%Temporary
crops8%
Forest Land7%
Land Under Roads and Buildings
4%
Lands not classified
elsewhere 3%
Lands not suitable for culticvation
2%
Land Use Patern within Agricultural Holdings 2002
36
been also predicted that by 2041 land man ratio would be further shrinked to 0.23 /
person (Figure: 5.2).
Impact on Land use changes
Land use changes have had both negative and positive impact on human well being and
more secure life standard for the people. But it occurs often at the cost of land
degradation, biodiversity loss and disruption of water and nutrient cycle.
Table 5.2 : Impacts on Land Changes
Change in land Environmental impact Socio economic
Expansion of croplands Negative effect on biodiversity
and loss of habitats,
disturbance of biological cycle,
increase of soil erosion ,
nutrient depletion, heavy use
of chemicals lead to
Eutrophication
Increase of agricultural
production, More secure
livelihood
Loss of forest, Grassland
and wetlands
Loss of habitat and biodiversity,
disturbances of biological cycle
and food webs depletion of soil
water retention
Loss of forest products, and
grazing, Loss of livelihood and
cultural values of the local
communities, support for
traditional lifestyles of
indigenous and local
community.
Urban expansion Loss of natural habitats and
biodiversity, increased
pollutants solid and organic
wastes, Depletion of biological
and hydrological cycles.
Increase life standards of the
people, increased opportunity
for social and economic
interaction and access to
services. Increased competition
for financial resources.
Lan
d D
egra
dat
ion
Chemical
Contamination
Polluted soil and water Loss of productivity due to ill
health diminished productivity
of contaminated systems.
Soil Erosion
Nutrient depletion
Loss of soil, nutrients, habitat
and property. Siltation of
reservoirs.
Loss of property, and
infrastructure, Decreasing
hydropower generation due to
siltation of reservoirs
Impoverished soils Lack of development in farm
sector
Source: Global Environment Outlook 2007
37
Forest cover
The world’s total forest area in 2010 is estimated to be just over 4 billion hectares,
which represents the 31 percent of the total land area, corresponding to an average of
0.6 ha of forest per capita. However, the area of forest is unevenly distributed.
According to the Global Forest Assessment more than one- third of all forest is identified
as primary forests 1 and it accounts for 36 percent of total forest area in the world. But
have decreased by more than 40 million hectares since 2000. The rate of deforestation
shows signs of decreasing, but is still alarmingly high around 13 million hectares of
forest were converted to other uses – largely agriculture or lost through natural causes
each year in the last decade.
Forests are indispensible mainly because of vast storage of carbon dioxide emissions
and estimates made in the Forest Resource Assessment 2010 shows that worlds forest
store 289 gigatonnes of Carbon in their biomass alone.
Globally carbon stocks in forest biomass decreased by an estimated 0.5 Gigatonnes
annually during the period of 2005-2020, mainly because of deforestation. The area of
planted forest is increasing and now accounts for 7 percent of total forest area or 264
million hectares. Between 2000 and 2010, the area of planted forest increased by
about 5 million hectares per year.
According to the Annual Report of the Central Bank of Sri Lanka quoting the Forest
Department sources the total forest cover has continued to decline from 2,119,000
hectares in 2001 to 1,934 000 ha in 2010.
Sri Lanka has lost its dense forest cover remarkably from about 84 percent in 1881 to
27 percent in 1982, and to 22.5. Percent in 1999. Approximately 85 percent of the
natural forests are concentrated in the Dry and Intermediate zone. The total extent of
forest plantation is estimated as 95,037 ha.
Almost all natural forests and forest plantations in Sri Lanka are administered by the
state. The Forest Department and the Department of Wildlife Conservation are the two
state agencies responsible for forest administration and management. In addition, State
1primary forest, i.e. forest of native species where there are no clearly visible indications of human
activities and theecological processes have not been significantly disturbed
38
Plantation Corporation and Land Reform Commission (LRC) are responsible for
administration of less than 5 percent of state forests in Sri Lanka.
Table 5.3- * Extent of Natural Forest - 2010
Area/ha Percentage
Close canopy forests
Montane 44,787 0.68
Sub Montane 28,990 0.44
Lowland 123,889 1.89
Moist monsoon 117,736 1.80
Dry monsoon 1,121,589 17.11
Riverine 2,425 0.04
Mangrove 16,037 0.24
Open and Sparse 427,857 6.53
Total 1,883,310 28.74
Source: Department of Forest * Provisional
Figure. 5.3 Decline of Forest Cover
These figure shows that growing
pressure is being placed by
people on land resources.
Intensive development process
in the industries, urbanization
and further expansion of
population growth have been attributed to the declining of the extent under natural
ecosystems.
Land degradation
Land degradation causes the lowering of productive capacity of land temporally or
permanently. Land degradation is widely prevalent and mainly induced by people. Large
scale land degradation in Sri Lanka began with the introduction of commercial
plantations in the hill country. Presently the productive land is being increasingly
0
20
40
60
1956 1983 1992 1999 2010% f
ore
st c
ove
r
Declining forest cover
39
degraded and more lands are becoming unproductive or marginal. Land degradation is
widely considered as one of the most critical environment problem affecting in
particular the field of agriculture sector in Sri Lanka. It is the result of improper land
management and misuse of land.
According to the Global Assessment of Soil Degradation (GLASOD), about 50 percent of
land in Sri Lanka is degraded. 61 percent of the total agricultural land area is degraded
mainly due to the declining of soil fertility.
Country itself does not contain desert areas as defined by the United Nations
Convention to Combat Desertification. It is however predicted that desertification may
occur in some parts of the arid in the future, which is receiving less than 1900 mm of
rainfall annually. This is due to accelerated land degradation, mainly through salinization
resulting from human activities such as deforestation. It is likely that desertification may
emerge as a problem in the Dry Zone in the future. It is estimated that about 30 percent
of the land in dry zone is degraded and unsuitable for agriculture; and it is paramount to
notice that some form of land degradation occurs in almost all land categories in varying
degrees of intensity.
Soil erosion
Even though there are several causes of land degradation Soil erosion is considered the
main cause of land degradation. Soil erosion is prevalent mainly in the hilly and
mountainous areas of the country which erodes 15 t/ha /year of top soil.
It is estimated that in general, 46 percent of the agricultural land is affected by soil
erosion and 60 percent by declining soil fertility. Although Sri Lanka has relatively fertile
soils, an estimate indicates that nearly one third of the land in Sri Lanka is subjected to
soil erosion at present.
Hap hazard gem mining, cultivation, lack of adequate land management practices in
agricultural lands, deforestation and inadequate land use planning are also causes of
human induced soil erosion in the country. Chena or slash and burning cultivation is also
a major problem affecting land degradation in the Dry Zone.
40
Loss of soil fertility
Depletion of soil fertility has led to a loss of productivity of agricultural lands in the
country. Some of the most serious impacts of soil fertility loss are declining crop yields,
increased production costs and lowered incomes from agriculture.
Natural Hazards.
Even though country is free of serious hazard resulting from climatic extremes, there are
impacts of many natural disasters, such as landslides, flood and drought. The landslides
have been a frequent problem in Sri Lanka for many years Badulla, Ratnapura,
Nuwara-Eliya and Kegalle districts have been identified as the landslide prone areas.
Summary
At present the agriculture sector faces a number of problems including low agricultural
productivity per hectare. This is mainly co-related with the land degradation and it is
widely spread and critically important environment problem in Sri Lanka.
So rehabilitate degraded and marginal agricultural lands by adopting soil conservation
measures and improving the soil fertility and nutrient content. Further Chena cultivation
engaged in Dry Zone causes continuing land degradation and natural forest continues to
be felled for Chena, has to be replaced with the more productive and stable system of
agriculture. In spite of the efforts being made to safeguard the remaining natural
forests deforestation is continuing and the forest cover is dwindling, mainly due to
encroachments. It is important to notice that forests are renewable resource and need
to take necessary measures to enhance the forest cover on degraded and neglected
forest lands and agricultural lands.
Finally it is paramount to review the divers land related laws and regulations existing at
present should be reviewed and new legal framework for land use planning need to be
introduced.
41
Chapter- 6 Doing Away with the Dumps
Solid Wastes and environment hazards related to the wastes have been a critical
environment concern particularly in the more urbanized areas in Sri Lanka. It is further
provoked due to the absence of proper waste management system in the country. With
the increase of population and
changing consumption patterns, the
quantity of solid waste has
increased over the years.
Waste Generation
The rate of generation of solid
waste in the society is increasing
with the increase of population,
changes of the life style of the
people, industrialization, and the
development activities connected
with improvement of Sri Lanka.
The current population in Sri Lanka
2010 is close to 20.6 million of
which 72 percent is rural (Central
Bank, 2010). Due to the inadequate
data within the country, the total
quantity of Municipal waste
collected or generated in the
country is not entirely accurate.
However, an analysis of available
"Wastes are materials that are not prime products (that is products produced for the market)
for which the generator has no further use in terms of his/her own purposes of production,
transformation or consumption, and of which he/she wants to dispose. Wastes may be
generated during the extraction of raw materials, the processing of raw materials into
intermediate and final products, the consumption of final products, and other human
activities. Residuals recycled or reused at the place of generation are excluded.
United Nations Statistic Division
National Action Plan For Haritha Lanka
Strategies
Promote life cycle management of wastes.
Strengthen the institutional mechanism for
solid waste management in every local
Authority.
Establish necessary infrastructure for solid
waste management in each local Authority or
adopt appropriate alternative methods.
Prevent accumulation of Hazardous wastes in
to the non-hazardous wastes streams.
Apply polluter pay principle and
environmentally sound treatment and disposal
of industrial solid waste.
Apply zero waste concepts in agricultural
farms.
42
data has revealed that the total waste generation in Sri Lanka is around 6,400 tons per
day and the daily waste collection by local Authorities is estimated at 2700 tons. Further
the per capita per day waste generation on the average is 0.85 kg in Colombo Municipal
Council, 0.75 kg in other Municipal Councils, 0.60 kg in Urban Councils and 0.40 kg in
Pradeshiya Sabhas. (Solid waste generation policy 2007, Ministry of Environment)) Colombo
is the most affected area facing a severe crisis with respect to the disposal waste
materials. it is revealed that Municipal waste in Sri Lanka consists of a large proportion
of compostable materials and over 80percent of domestic and commercial waste is
organic and biodegradable (Table 6.1).
Table 6.1 : Composition of Municipal Solid Waste Collection in Sri Lanka
Type of Waste Percentage
Biodegradable (Short term) 56.57
Paper 6.47
Wooden 6.35
Saw dust/ paddy husk and cloth/ garment wastes 6.04
Biodegradable (Long term) 5.94
Polythene and Plastics 5.91
Building 3.89
Glass 2.03
Metal 2.76
slaughter house 2.34
Other 1.68
Source: Ministry of Environment and natural Resources 2004
Waste generation is low in rural areas and the little waste generated is mainly
biodegradable. In most rural areas,
management of solid waste is undertaken at
individual or community level and is within the
carrying capacity of the local environment.
By contrast, the urban areas are densely
populated and generate larger quantities of
waste, which contain a higher amount of non-
biodegradable components than in rural areas.
Ever growing quantities of solid waste impose increasing pressures on individual LAs
which are responsible for the management of waste:
43
Waste Collection and disposal
Municipal Solid Waste collection
At present solid waste generation has become a critical environment issue mainly due to
the uncontrolled disposal practices of wastes rather than the increase rate of waste
generation. Solid waste collection and disposal of solid wastes is an obligatory function
of all the Local Authorities. But performances of local Authorities are at very low level
mainly due to institutional weaknesses, Inadequate financial resources, limited suitable
lands for waste disposal, lack of social responsibility etc and poor performances of local
Authorities has resulted the tremendous negative environmental consequence and
health hazards and sanitation problems.
Generation of solid wastes
residential and commercial (including market waste)
hospital waste (clinical and non-clinical)
industrial waste
slaughter house waste
drain clearings and street sweepings
Hazardous Waste
Industries and hospital waste are considered hazardous as they may contain toxic
substances. Municipal waste collected from domestic and commercial sources also
includes small quantities of hazardous waste, such as lead batteries.
Hazardous wastes could be highly toxic to humans, animals and Plants; are
corrosive, highly inflammable or explosive and react when exposed to certain things
such as gases. Direct exposure to chemicals in hazardous waste such as mercury,
Cyanide can be fatal. The main disposal route for hazardous waste is land filling,
incineration, and physical or chemical treatment. On the recovery side, a significant
proportion of hazardous waste is recycled or burnt as a fuel.
44
Although the amount of Hazardous waste generated is not considered to be
excessive at the moment its safe disposal and management are matters for serious
concern. The waste generated from industrial and hospital premises comprises
hazardous and non-hazardous materials. Hospitals in Sri Lanka do not have proper
disposal fasciitis for these hazardous wastes.
Sri Lanka has signed and ratified the controlling Trans-boundary movements of
hazardous wastes and their disposal in 1992(BASEL Convention) and by that Sri
Lanka has been obliged to control the trans-boundary movement of hazardous
wastes. Regulations with respect to hazardous waste management were gazetted
on 23rd of May 1996 by the extra ordinary gazette no 924/13. Having identified the
difficulties and draw backs and to facilitate the easy implementation, this regulation
was further amended as National Environment and Environmental Regulation No 1
of 2008 by the extra ordinary gazetted notification no. 1534/18 dated 01.02.2009.
Hospital Wastes Hospital waste is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of
human beings, or animals also in the research activities in these fields as well as
production and testing in biological. This in the form of disposable syringes, swabs,
bandages body fluids human excreta etc. This waste is highly infectious and can be
serious threat to human health, if not managed in scientific and discriminate
manner. It has been roughly estimated that four kilograms of waste generated in a
hospital, at least I kilogram would be infected.
Electronic Waste (E- Waste) E- Waste is one of the fastest growing streams in the world. In developed countries
currently it equals one percent of the total waste generation. The increase of
electronic products, changers of consumption patterns and higher obsolescence
rates of electronic waste leads to higher generation of electronic wastes. Many of
these products can be reused, refurbished, or recycled.
45
Waste Disposal Methods
There are five major methods waste disposal currently in operation and they are
land filling, open dumping, recycling composting and incinerators and it depends
on national requirement and facilities available.
Waste disposal in Sri Lanka is the most crucial problem faced by Local Authorities
mainly due to lack of suitable land for disposal or central waste treatment
facilities in the urban areas.
As waste collected by local Authorities is mostly disposed in unsanitary open
dumps, it results in environmental impacts including offensive odour, pollution of
ground water etc. Further, the open dumps of solid wastes are ideal places for
breeding of disease vectors like mosquitoes and the haphazard disposal and
dumping of solid waste reduces aesthetic value and scenic beauty of the
environment thereby creating negative visible impacts to human beings and badly
affects tourism.
In addition to the dumpsites operated by the relevant Local Authorities, dumping
of waste is carried out haphazardly by private individuals along streets in marshes
or abandoned paddy fields.
In Sri Lanka the most popular method of waste disposal is land filling, but in order
to minimize the after effects of this method, it should be best coupled with
recycling and composting. The problem is most severe in the densely populated
areas of the Western Province.
Finding suitable sites for garbage disposal is a major problem for Municipal
Councils in urban areas and in rural areas due to lower population densities and
greater availability of land, disposal of solid waste is not as serious an issue.
A sanitary landfill site is designed for the final disposal of waste in an
environmentally sound manner. There is a clear distinction between open
dumping which is a common disposal practice at present in Sri Lanka and a
sanitary Landfill site. Therefore, potential sites which could be used as solid waste
disposal sites should be identified on a countrywide basis and the financial
support is urgently needed to construct sanitary landfill sites in island wide. At the
46
same time land filling need to be limited to non-recyclable, non-compostable and
inert material generated through waste treatment process.
One of the most adverse problems with regard to waste disposal is the lack of
facilities for safe disposal of industrial hazardous wastes and some of the
industries that generate hazardous waste have on site dumping facilities, but
these are often poorly managed, and give rise to pollution problems in the area.
Dumping of hazardous waste in a haphazard manner is a serious concern and
which causes severe environment degradation.
At the same time due to the absence of a system for disposal of clinical hazardous
waste, they are often disposed of with other wastes in open dumps operated by
Local Authorities. A few hospitals are equipped with incinerators to burn clinical
wastes, in others where segregation of wastes takes place, clinical wastes are
burnt within hospital premises.
Due to non-availability of clinical wastes disposal systems, majority of clinical
wastes are burned in a pit or on open dumps within the hospital premises which
causes health hazards and adverse environmental impacts. A few hospitals are
equipped with incinerators where all clinical wastes are burnt.
Table 6.2-- Advantages/Disadvantage of Waste Disposal Methods
LANDFILLING
Advantages:
Most Municipal wastes are land filled without treatment or with little treatment.
Co- disposal of small quantities of hazardous materials with Municipal wastes is widely practiced and considered safe.
Disadvantages:
Main environmental problems associated with land filling is pollution of ground water
completed landfill areas can settle and requires maintenance, proper planning, design, and operation
INCINERATION
47
Advantages:
requires minimum land
can be operated in any weather
produces stable odor-free residue
refuse volume is reduced by half
Disadvantages:
expensive to build and operate
high energy requirement
requires skilled personnel and continuous maintenance
OPEN DUMPING
Advantages:
Inexpensive and most of them are small and less than one ha in size.
Most of them are located in low- lying marshy lands and abandoned paddy lands.
Disadvantages:
Causes various environmental impacts such as offensive odour, pollution of ground water and run off pollution, air pollution and health hazards.
Finding suitable site for garbage disposal is a serious matter of concern for in urban areas.
Composting
Excellent method of recycling biodegradable wastes
Keeps organic wastes out of land filling.
Provides nutrients to the soil
Increase beneficial soil organisms(Warms)
Reduce the need for fertilizer and Pesticides
Protect soils from erosion
Environmental problems may rise when waste is composted without non compostable matter like metals and plastics being removed.
RECYCLING
Advantages:
Conserve resources for our children’s future
Prevent emission of many green house gases and water pollutants
Save Energy
Supplies valuble raw materials to industry
Create jobs
Stimulates the development of greater technologies
Reduce the need for new landfills and incinerations.
Disadvantages:
expensive
some wastes cannot be recycled
technological push needed
separation of useful material from waste difficult
48
Effects of Solid Waste
Large quantities of solid waste are subjected to uncontrolled, unscientific,
and incomplete combustion which in turn results in release of number of
pollutants, in atmosphere which cause air pollution.
Large quantities of chemicals are quickly pushed into drains rivers causing
immense damage to human health and ecology.
Pollution of ground water which takes place when leachate from refuse
dump enters into surface or ground water.
Mining solid wastes is also dangerous particularly for the mine workers. They
suffer from toxic reactions in the physiological process of human body.
Waste prevention and Minimization
Prevention means eliminating or reducing the quantity of wastes which is
produced in the first place, Thus reducing the quantity of waste which must be
managed. Prevention can take the form of reducing the quantities of materials,
used in a process or reducing the quantity of harmful materials which may be
contained in the products.
Prevention is the most desirable waste management option as it eliminates the
need for handling transporting, recycling or disposal of waste. It provides the
highest level of environmental protection by optimizing the use of resources and
by removing a potential source of pollution.
Minimization includes any process or activity that avoids or reduces or waste at it
sources or result in reducing or recycling. Waste prevention and minimization
measures can be applied to all stages of the lifecycle of the product including the
production process, the marketing, utilization stages up to discarding the product
at the end of life stage.
By examining the each stage in a life cycle of a product, it may be possible that
the quantities of waste produced at each stage can be reduced. During the design
stage of a product consideration can be given to the type of materials to be used,
quantity of materials and the recyclability of the product once it reaches the its
end of the life.
49
Summary
One of the fundamental problems in Solid Waste Management is the lack of proper
waste disposal facilities. At present nearly all of the solid wastes collected by the local
Authorities is unloaded at open dumping or used for land filling. Institutional
strengthening and capacity building with special emphasize on local Authorities need to
be addressed to effective solid waste management.
Solid waste need to be
managed in accordance with
the “3R “principal to
minimize the wastes with
special emphasize on reduce,
reuse and recycle, wastes
which are waste preventive
approaches. As an Initial step
measures should be taken to
reduce waste generation and
to encourage recycling at
domestic point sources.
Sorting out of the waste at
the domestic point itself is
the key prerequisite to
ensure successful recycling of
material.
It is important to carry out
necessary awareness
programs to encourage the
minimization of waste
generation at sources. These
programmes should include
waste minimization and
recycling possibilities as well
as emphasize health impacts of haphazard waste disposal.
At the same time it is important to develop alternative methods for waste management
depending on the waste quantities and characteristics.
There is no clear single solution for the entire country since solutions suitable for urban
areas may not necessarily be the best option for rural areas.
Plisaru Waste Management Project
The Pilisaru Project was established in the Central
Environmental Authority (CEA) with effect from 1st January
2008. The total estimated cost of the project Is Rs 5.6 Billion
for the three year period and it has been further extended
for a period of 3 years from 2011.The project aim is to
address the issue of improper solid waste management in a
nationally coordinated approach.
Objectives:
There are five main objectives in the “Pilisaru Program”:
Development of a National Policy on Solid Waste Management
Development of a National Strategy on SWM
Effective education & awareness for all stakeholders on SWM including training & capacity building
Facilitation for LAS for implementation of SWM projects / programs
Legal reforms to strengthen effective law enforcement
By September the project has been implemented around 80
Local Authorities and provision of Infrastructure,
Equipments, Trainings and Capacity Building of Solid Waste
management for Local Authorities.
50
It is expected that the Pilisaru programme developed in line with the national policy on
solid waste management is accelerating the integrated waste Management System.
The improvement of open dumping to sanitary land filling is the key issue for Solid
Waste Management in Sri Lanka.
The waste management strategy which emphasize on “Polluter Pays Principle” should
be enforced to ensure environmentally sound treatment and disposal.
As in many other developing countries, in waste disposal in Sri Lanka has been given
relatively low priority as a result, the law enforcement is weak. As a prerequisite
efficient law enforcement should be recognized as an essential means of effective solid
waste management.
Firm commitment and active involvement of local Authorities is paramount to achieve
Sound waste management in the country and the proactive involvement attitudinal
changes of the public is equally important to achieve the above objectives.
51
Chapter- 7 Water for all and Always
Introduction Sri Lanka has one of the world's oldest hydro based civilizations with greater emphasis on
irrigation and water management beginning two and a half millennium ago. The ancient kings
build hundreds of major reservoirs and thousands of minor reservoirs all over the country to
harvest rain water and conserve water inter alia for agriculture development. As a country with
rich water resources, Sri Lanka is blessed with 103 river basins, more than 20 major wetlands,
exceptionally designed minor and major irrigation systems and significant groundwater
resources. There are 2905 km2 of inland water bodies spread all over the country. Sri Lanka
receives a mean annual rainfall of around 2080 mm to feed these water resources. Water being
an important resource in every sector, is conserved and managed in the country by several
organizations. The key issues relating to the water sector is the rapid deterioration of water
quality owning to pollution of water bodies by the industrial and domestic activities.
The provincial distribution of water bodies is given in Table 7.1
Table 7.1-: Distribution of Water Resources
Province Total Area
(km2)
Population
Density / km2
Inland Water
Bodies (km2) *
Western 3684 1588.37 91
Central 5674 466.18 99
Southern 5554 449.01 161
Northern 8884 139.81 594
Eastern 9996 159.49 635
North Western 7888 303.22 382
North Central 10472 122.78 731
Uva 8500 152.97 165
Sabaragamuwa 4968 238.35 47
Total 65610 2905
Source- Ministry of Environment
Note: * Inland Water Bodies- Manmade reservoirs, Wetlands, and major and minor irrigation
systems
52
Should we care about this …………?
Water is essential for life and human wellbeing.
It is used in both productive and consumptive
activities and contributes to rural and urban
livelihoods in myriad ways. Adequate access to
water is a prerequisite for realizing the right to
development. Water is a vital resource for all
sectors of the national economy of Sri Lanka
and for maintaining a clean and healthy
environment. Enabling unimpaired access to
freshwater for human consumption and
domestic needs and irrigated agriculture are
high priorities for national development, and
are recognized as such in the Mahinda
Chintana and the Action Plan for the Haritha
Lanka Programme. Major infrastructure
programmes to provide drinking water for all by 2016 and to provide adequate irrigation
water to optimize agriculture are presented in detail in the Randora National Integrated
Development Programme.
Sri Lanka's water resources have always been a critically important factor in all spheres
of its development. It is also an essential commodity to ensure livelihood of all
communities including human, animal and/or trees. Water resources indeed ensured
the sustainability of agriculture, which produces mainly rice, the staple food of Sri
Lankans, while supporting the cash crops production, a key sector of the economy. In
addition, water resources make key contributions such as domestic uses, agriculture,
health and sanitation, inland fisheries, hydropower generation, industrial and
commercial uses, recreational and functioning of the many industries such as tourism.
Inland Water Pollution
Sri Lanka’s inland waters include man-
made reservoirs, rivers, streams, ponds
and marshes, constituting one of the
highest densities in the world. Water
pollution in the country arises from
unwise agricultural practices with
extensive use of agro-chemical and
fertilizers, urbanization and
industrialization resulting in;
Eutrophication and blooming in stagnant water bodies
Nitrate pollution in groundwater
Spread of disease due to organic pollution,
Reduction of land values near water ways
Economic loss to the country
53
The state and impact
Water scarcity is not currently matter of greater concern in Sri Lanka, even though
regional shortages caused by low groundwater supplies have to be compensated for by
piping water from areas with a surplus.
The major pressures on water resources are agriculture, urbanization and
industrialization that change land use patterns. Excessive use of agrochemicals and
chemical fertilizers, release of industrial effluents, domestic waste and sewage and
dumping of solid waste into waterways cause unintentional (indirect) pressures. These
pressures collectively interact resulting in complex impacts on water resources.
Sri Lanka is frequently subjected to several natural hazards, mainly floods, landslides,
coastal erosion and droughts. Cyclones are less felt in the island than in the Indian
subcontinent as Sri Lanka is situated outside the cyclone belt, although the impacts of
several serious cyclones have been experienced periodically. The frequency and
intensity of these hazards are expected to increase with the outcomes of climate change
such as sea level rise and coastal flooding, changes in rainfall regimes and the rise in
ambient temperature. These factors are expected to be exacerbated by various
anthropogenic factors that already threaten freshwater resources in the island and have
resulted in many socio-economic and environmental problems.
Management/ Conservation
Water being an important
resource in every sector, is
conserved and managed by
several organizations such as
the Water Resources Board, the
National Water Supply and
Drainage Board, the Ceylon
Electricity Board, the Irrigation
Department, the Department of
Agriculture and the Ministry of Environment. The National Water Supply and Drainage
Watershed Management
The problems of catchment area of major rivers
which are being largely degraded by forest
encroachment and agricultural exploitation are now
the serious situation of the country. The effects have
caused severe erosion and sediment transportation
downstream as well as many other changes in
hydrological characteristics. The crisis has become
more serious in this decade from consequent effects
of flash flood alternate with water shortage. Then the
need of watershed management becomes more
imperative and should be taken into consideration
54
Board (NWSDB) through stakeholder consultation has prepared its corporate Plan 2007-
2011 and overall action plans on one aspect of water management, i.e. the pipe-born
water supply and wastewater disposal. This Corporate Plan consists of directly or
indirectly related conservation- oriented recommendations for water resources
development and management.
The key agencies actively involved in management of irrigation and drinking water are
given below. More than 40 agencies have a stake in the water sector, and a large
number of institutions are mandated to the management of water for public use and
irrigation.
Table 7.2- Key Agencies Involved to Irrigation and Drinking Water Management.
Key Ministries Key Agencies Other agencies /groups with
impact
Ministry of Irrigation and Water Resources Management
Water Resources Board
Central Environmental Authority
Ministry of Water Supply and Drainage
National Water Supply and Drainage Board
National Planning Department
Ministry of Land and Land Development
The Irrigation Department
Department of Agriculture
Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development
Mahaweli Authority of Sri Lanka
Department of Agrarian Development
Ministry of Environment Pradeshiya Sabha Forest Department
Ministry of Disaster Management
Ceylon Electricity Board
Department of Wildlife Conservation
NARA
National Building and Research Organization (NBRO)
National Disaster Management Centre (DMC)
Provincial Councils /LA
Plantation Human Development Trust
Board of Investment of Sri Lanka (BOI)
Farmers’ organizations
55
National policies relate in the water sector
The implementation of the National Environmental Policy (NEP) in 2003 has to
recognize the impact of human activity on the natural resources individually and on
the environment as a whole in Sri Lanka at the present time. In relation to water, the
NEP has focused on achieving the outcomes set out below.
An uninterrupted and adequate supply of water while maintaining the minimum
quality for a specified use in order to meet national needs
The catchment areas of rivers that are important sources of water, are
effectively managed to ensure good infiltration leading to groundwater recharge
and sediment-free runoff
Adequate protection given to streams and stream banks, irrigation and drainage
canals, reservoirs, tanks and other water bodies
Irrigation water is managed in order to eliminate wastage and ensure optimum
use, while ensuring that water bodies used by the public and ecologically
sensitive areas are not adversely affected by the run-off
Productivity of water use is optimized by the selection of appropriate agricultural
crops under irrigation, while giving due consideration to the need for
maintaining food security
Varieties of agricultural crops that use water economically are developed and
their use is promoted
Groundwater exploitation and contamination is regulated to ensure long term
sustainability with respect to both the quantity and quality
Wastage of water from water supply schemes is minimized.
Agricultural and aquaculture practices that minimizes the use of chemicals and
other substances are promoted while maintaining the high productivity
Industries that practice correct solid waste disposal, wastewater treatment and
disposal mechanisms, and recycling of water are promoted in order to avoid
discharging harmful effluents to the environment
Consideration given to drainage patterns, locations of water bodies, water
sensitive areas, etc., to ensure that the quality and quantity of existing ground
and surface water resources will not be adversely affected when carrying out
development activities.
56
Polluted water bodies are restored to their original (clean) condition and
maintained accordingly
Pollution of surface and ground water by human and domestic wastes (both
solid waste and wastewater) prevented through improved sanitation and
through correct treatment and disposal mechanisms
Both surface and groundwater resources are protected in terms of physical,
chemical and biological quality by avoiding improper living and livelihood. Future
development activities are planned to avoid encroachments with respect to both
living and livelihood in water sensitive areas.
The Government recognized the importance of a National Policy on Water and hence
developed an explicit National Water
Policy, which is approved by the Cabinet..
The policy states that the planning for
water management measures is done at
national, multi-basin and basin aquifer
level.
Of the important ecosystem services that
the wetlands provide are the sources of
water and groundwater replenishment.
However, these wetlands are threatened
by human activities including
reclamation, waste disposal, industrial
and domestic effluent discharges, etc.
Having identified these specific threats
that the wetlands face, the Ministry of
Environment with the participation of all
the stakeholders, formulated the
National Wetland Policy of 2004 to
protect and conserve wetland
ecosystems thus enhancing the ecosystem services from wetland habitats. The National
National Action Plan for Haritha Lanka
Programme - Strategies
1. Establish a systematic water allocation
system and improve efficiency and
equity in water distribution for various
purposes
2. Organize a rehabilitation scheme for
small tanks and revitalize the tank
cascade system developed
3. Transform the irrigation system to meet
new challenges
4. Keep drinking water sources free from
contamination through proper zoning
and control measures.
5. Integrate conservation, re-use and
recycling practices at all levels of water
use.
6. Strictly enforce the Polluter Pays
Principle for water polluting
industries/activities
7. Strengthen implementation of integrated water resource management system
8. Reduce fertilizer leaching and eutrophication.
57
Watershed Management Policy was developed in the year 2004 aiming at conservation,
rehabilitation and sustainable usage of watersheds while maintaining their
environmental characteristics with the involvement of people.
Water Shortage in Deduru Oya
Recent changes in land use activities and land cover, which took place during the last few decades, are easily observable, while inadequate water for agriculture and domestic use account for a large part of this change. Forest felling in the bank reservations and surrounding areas, sand and clay mining and encroachment of forest lands have been instrumental in fluctuating the water level and in eroding the banks of the Deduru Oya.. As a result, annual frequency and intensity of floods decreased, and the continuous flow of the stream has been hampered.The traditional water source for surface irrigation was water collected in depressions (locally known as ebas).
Once ebas have no water, farmers used to dig open ponds (agro-wells, named as Gala Linda) within their farmlands to provide water for cultivation. Using these open ponds, farmers cultivated coconuts, paddy as well as leafy vegetables. The open water ponds dried up gradually due to the reduction in the volume of water flow in the Deduru Oya, and lowering the water table because of excessive sand mining in the river bed and at the banks. Consequently, farmers who faced water scarcities for their cultivations were compelled to use tubewells. At the beginning these wells were 8-12 meters deep and now some wells are deep as 20 – 30 meters or more from the surface level
Status of Water Quality in Kelani River
The Kelani River, having the total length of 145 km and 2292 sq km of river basin is the second largest watershed and it is consider the most polluted river in Sri Lanka due to rapid growth of industries located in the close vicinity of the river and passes through the country through most populated capital city.
The main sources of water pollution in the Kelani river are land based sources such as treated and untreated industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, domestic and municipal effluents. The gravity of water pollution is apparent when examining water quality measurements of the Kelani River which meets a major part of the demand for pipe borne drinking water supplies of Colombo. The Kelani River is an important source of drinking water for the District of Colombo and there is a water supply intake point at Ambatale, 14 kilometers from the river mouth. However, sewage from low-income settlements and industrial effluents from a large number of industries are discharged conveniently to the Kelani River. In addition to organic waste, the river is also polluted with heavy metals.
Furthermore, the lower reach of the river has been subject to saline water intrusion. sand mining is particularly severe with the salt wedge has extended inwards to Ambatale.
59
Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) and Environmental Protection
License (EPL)
In terms of the National Environmental Act, all new industries which fall into the
category of “prescribed projects” are required to undergo the EIA process. Relevant
standards for effluent discharge have been laid down in Gazette No 596/16 of 2nd
February 1990.
The CEA is responsible for the control of industrial pollution. Local and Provincial
Authorities began issuing EPLs to small and medium scale enterprises from January
1994. An EPL is required for a ‘prescribed’ activity in terms of regulation. 1159/22 of
22nd November 2000. General standards have been laid down for the discharge of
effluents into inland surface waters.
60
Chapter- 8
Green Cities for Health and Prosperity
Introduction
Although the country has a relatively low rate of urbanization, most urban areas
have specific problems associated with high population densities and inadequate per
capita land, housing and sanitation facilities. Issues related to urbanization are
mostly common in large cities and more relevant to Colombo Metropolitan Area.
Rapid urbanization of the world's population over the twentieth century is described
in the 2005 Revision of the UN World Urbanization Prospects report. The global
proportion of urban population rose dramatically from 13 percent (220 million) in
1900, to 29 percent (732 million) in 1950, to 49 percent (3.2 billion) in 2005. The
same report projected that the figure is likely to rise to 60 percent (4.9 billion) by
2030. In the Sri Lankan context, the current total population is approximately 20.6
million and out of that about 4 million is considered as urban population which is
about 21 percent, out of the country’s urban population that 20 percent live in
Colombo District. In general the urban population is distributed throughout 134
cities and towns. Urban population are expected to grow from present 4 million to
6.5 million by 2030 and 30 percent of the population is expected to be living in urban
centers.
Many serious environmental and social issues are arising with this rapid
urbanization. Some of them are air pollution due to vehicular traffic and noise
pollution especially in vicinity of industrialized areas and roads with heavy traffic,
lack of proper drainage facilities and poor maintenance of canals and outfalls,
increased flooding due to filling of wetlands, pollution from industrial and domestic
wastes.
Several surveys have revealed that the proportion of households with access to safe
drinking water is about 89 percent and only about 32.5 percent have access to pipe
borne water.
61
Water could also be a
source of human health
hazard due to its association
in transmitting vector-borne
diseases, particularly in
cases where the vector life
cycle is completed in a water
medium. Malaria, Filaria,
Japanese encephalitis and
Dengue fever are some of
such diseases associate with
water. Malaria and dengue
continues to be major
health problems despite
continuous efforts made by
the Department of Health to
control the diseases.
Future development
activities in industries,
transport, communication, and power sectors have the potential for causing adverse
environmental impacts. For example, the increased infrastructure facilities for power
generation would cause increased air pollution. The action for promoting renewable
energy provides positive benefits to the environment. Similarly, in the transport
sector, the construction of highways could cause considerable environmental issues
at the development stage and air pollution when in operation. The action for
improvement of mass transports and attracting the general public to use mass
transport instead of cars is a positive aspect. It is important that these projects,
when implemented, include an environmental element to ensure minimal
environmental impact.
The National Action Plan for the Haritha Lanka Programme - Strategies:
• Develop integrated urbanization plans
to meet future environmental challenges
• Introduce state-of-the-art integrated
solid waste management and hazardous
waste management for all urban areas
• Manage urban sewage beneficially,
without causing pollution
• Develop healthy and efficient transport
networks in urban areas
• Conserve urban wetlands to maintain
ecological stability
• Institutionalize actions related to
landscape design and promoting
establishment of green cities
62
Green Cities
Features of Green Cities
"Green" describes as earth – friendly,
less-toxic, less- waste, and work more
with nature rather than against it.
Green city concept consist with several
important features in order to make
sustainable cities and some of them are:
having rooftop garden, availability of
home gardens, use of renewable (solar/
wind) energy, energy efficient building,
green buffer zone along the roads,
pedestrian pavements, availability of
bike lanes, rainwater harvesting system,
free from waste haphazard dumps, etc.
Benefit of Green Cities
Contribution to Climate Change Solutions: - through combined strategies/activities
that reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gasses.
Natural Resources Conservation: - through wise use of materials that are renewable,
recycled/recyclable and durable.
Water and Energy Efficiency: - through the use of water saving fixtures, energy
conserving appliances and building techniques, and proximity to schools,
employment, services and public transportation.
Reduced pollution:- green building, through intelligent, environment sensitive site
design and construction methods.
Less Waste: - recycling of materials and use of durable, sustainable products.
Green Transport helps to create green
cities, for which it is required:
Introduction of more and more fuel efficient vehicles
Improvement of proper road network system
Strengthening public transport system.
Encouraging non-motorized transport (cycling, walking, etc)
Changing urban design, land use policies and settlement pattern to reduce the dependency on motorized transport systems.
Continuous air quality monitoring and introduction of new levies / program (VET Prog).
63
Positive Strength for Green Cities for Health and Prosperity
Some of the positive steps have been taken to fulfil the above said mission as
follows;
Implementation of large number of projects related to water supply, air quality
improvement, low-income housing and sanitation, and pollution abatement in
industries.
Steps taken to implement the Vehicle Emission Control Programme effectively.
Investments by many large-scale companies on environmental pollution control
methods such as water treatment plants, sewerage systems and recycling of
waste to minimize pollution and to increase the efficient management of waste
generation.
Creating awareness among the community and industrial sectors on water
pollution with the assistance of “Pavithra Ganga Programme, a regular water
quality reporting system in the Kelani River, in order to obtain the desired
behavioral change among these groups.
Adopting measures to ensure water quality through the Environment Protection
License (EPL) procedure of the CEA for polluting industries, preparation of
pollution control guidelines, and water quality monitoring in certain water
bodies.
Introduction of schemes such as the Sustainable Township Programme (STP) by
the government to provide housing for mid and low-income families, especially
those living in slums and shanties.
Enforcement of rules and regulations in the health and sanitation
According to the master plan prepared by the Urban Development Authority,
contemporary health city ideals stress the importance of a Green Lung for city-
dwellers, made up of greenery in both public and private open space, including
balcony and roof gardens. Furthermore UDA proposed and practicing to develop
parks to create the green cities with the following standards per 1000 persons area.
(table 8.1)
Table 8.1 -: Standards of the Parks
Type of Park Acres per 1000 persons
Local Park 2.0 - 2.5
District Parks 2.5 - 3.5
City Parks 1.75 - 2.0
Source: Urban Development Authority
64
The suggested guideline based on
population was that 5 to 7 acres of
land per 1000 population unit
should be devoted to recreational
facilities of which 2.0 to 2.5 acres
per 1000 people may be committed
to local/neighborhood (Micro-level)
parks and playgrounds, while the
remaining recreational land may be
allocated to city parks, playing field
and picnic grounds, etc. at the city
level. Using the above minimum
standards of 5 acres per 1000
persons, 2 acres would be for
localized and 3 acres for more
centralized facilities.
Table 8.2-: Dengue Fever Incidence
(2000-2011)
Year
Number of
cases
Number of deaths
fatality
rate
Incidence per
100,000 Population
2000 5,203 37 0.7 275
2001 5,986 54 0.9 313
2002 8,931 41 0.5 469
2003 4,749 28 0.6 250
2004 15,463 88 0.6 813
2005 5,994 28 0.5 304
2006 11,980 48 0.4 602
2007 7,332 28 0.3 368
2008 6,607 28 0.4 321
2009 35,004 346 0.9 1,420
2010 34,054 241 0.7
2011 19,372 140
(up to October)
0.7
Source: Ministry of Health
Green Jobs Promotion
The Ministry of Environment organized and
conducted Green Job Awards programme to
recognize and honor the persons and
organizations that are engaging in green jobs. The
major themes considered in green jobs awarding
are;
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Conservation,
Agriculture, Climate change and Disaster
Management, Transport, Power & Energy,
Industrial and Enterprise development, Waste
management and pollution Control, Water
Resources Management, Soil Conservation and
land improvement, Urban development and
Spatial Planning, Environmental Education and
Campaigns
65
The Ministry of Environment has taken number of steps to establish the green cities. Some of them are as follows;
Vehicle Emission Testing (VET) programme In order to control the air pollution caused by fuel emissions comes from vehicles, the VET system has been introduced. The programme is based on “Polluter pays principle” to cover the cost of pollution. This programme has been implemented since 2008. There is however only one air quality monitoring station, located at the Colombo Fort that has monitored ambient air quality on a continuous basis since 1997. Based on data from this station, the average annual ambient PM10 levels in Colombo have remained relatively stable, ranging from 69 to 82 μg/m3, which is above the maximum permissible level specified in the national ambient air quality standard of 50 μg/m3. However, the annual average PM10 concentration in 2010 showed a marked decrease with compare to the 2008. It showed 70 μg/m3 in 2008 and 64 μg/m3 in 2010. Although not proven yet, this could be attributed to the implementation of the Vehicle Emission Testing Program from 2008 by the ministry of Environment.
Pavithra Ganga programme
The objective of this programme is to keep the water bodies clean in the country and
one of the major objectives of the Pavithra Ganga Programme is to assist relevant
local authorities to keep the water quality of the main water bodies of the country in
an acceptable condition for human use. This programme for the Kelani River in the
Western Province is implemented as a pilot project and 26 water quality information
display boards have been established along the river to disseminate information of
the water quality among the general public.
Dayata Sevana- National Tree Planting programme
2,902,851 trees were planted on 15th of November 2010 being part of a Green Country theme outlined in the Mahinda Chinthana – Vision for the Future Policy of the Government. This programme was conducted with multiple benefits in mind such as conservation of micro catchments, support for the maintenance for the water levels of the rivers, canals, streams, ponds and reservoirs and the programme in turn will ensure water availability for agricultural purposes in time.
66
Best practices in green city concept
Denzil Kobbekaduwa Mawatha,
Battaramulla
67
Chapter- 9
Greening the Industries
Should we care about …………………….?
Sri Lanka’s industrial sector, driven by private enterprise, is a major contributor to
the country’s economy. Its contribution to the GDP has progressively increased over
the years and now stands at 28.7 percent (2010), second only to the services sector.
Expectations are that it will continue to gain in importance in its capacity for
providing employment and its potential for earning foreign exchange.
Industrialization may also be a major partner in increasing global warming resulting
in climate change impacts. In the current debates on climate change and its impacts,
worldwide experts are engaged in to discussion on possibilities for greening
economies and as a part of greening economies, the greening modalities are going
to be applied for the industries too. Under the obligations of UNFCCC, Viena
Green Growth
Green growth was adopted at the 2005 Ministerial Conference on Environment and
Development in Asia and the Pacific (MCED) as a key strategy for achieving sustainable
development and for achieving Millennium Development Goals 1 (poverty reduction)
and 7 (environmental sustainability). Green growth can be defined as economic
progress that fosters environmentally sustainable, low-carbon and socially inclusive
development. Pursuing green growth involves outlining a path to achieving economic
growth and well-being while using fewer resources and generating fewer emissions in
meeting demands for food production, transport, construction and housing and energy.
Policies and investments that promote green growth seek to improve the “eco-efficiency
of growth”, which involves minimizing resource use and negative environmental impacts
per unit of benefit generated by the economy. Green growth is a pre-requisite for
building a green economy. A green economy is characterized by substantially increased
investments in economic activities that build on and enhance the earth’s natural capital
or reduce ecological scarcities and environmental risks – activities such as renewable
energy, low-carbon transport, energy and water-efficient buildings, sustainable
agriculture and forest management and sustainable fisheries.
(“Preview Green Growth Resources and Resilience - 2010”)
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Convention, Kiyoto Protocol etc, Sri Lanka is also examing the possibilities of
introducing green practices for tourism, transport, energy, tea, rubber, hotel, bank
industries etc.
It is clear that environmental problems especially pollution and global warming, are
seriously affecting the world. With human vulnerability to environmental change
reaching unprecedented levels, environmental friendly development has now been
recognized as the key to the long term sustainability of any economic activity.
People’s livelihood as well as their health and well-being are inextricably linked to
the biological and physical properties and proper functioning of the natural
ecosystems. Incorporating environmental requirements into the overall business
programmes is probably the right thing to do, both from the business economic and
sustainability perspectives.
Existing and planned responses
The country’s development policy framework “Mahinda Chintana – Vision for the
Future” has clearly stated that what are the national policy interventions to be made
on greening the economy. According to the policy framework,
1. Public transport and related
infrastructure systems will be
improved using green technologies.
2. An environment friendly transport
system will be established
throughout the country with the
improvement of vehicle emission
standards.
3. Innovative methods will be
introduced to the agriculture sector development for preventing environmental
pollution.
4. Cleaner production technology will be introduced to all industries to exercise
environmental care and social responsibility.
National Action Plan for Haritha
Lanka Programme- Strategies
Consolidate Cleaner production in Industries
Establish Eco-industrial parks
Certification of industries
Greening the Supply Change
Closing the Loop and Industrial Ecology
Incentives for environmental friendly investments
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5. Renewable energy sources will be established to negate the effects of certain
forms of pollution.
6. An environment friendly sustainable tourism instead of relying only on leisure
seeking popular tourism.
7. All industries are encouraged to run as eco-friendly industries through
introduction of effective waste management systems.
Moving towards sustainable
development involves major changes
in the production and consumption
patterns in any country. The current
multiple global crises, both economic
and ecological, signal all of us to the
need for such transformation by
moving towards a green economy
which refers to the process of
configuring business and
infrastructure to deliver better
returns on natural, human and
physical capital investment while
reducing the adverse impacts on the
environment. Ministry of Environment has taken timely suitable several initiatives to
make promotions towards a green economy.
National Green Job Awards
Sri Lanka’s entrepreneurs, industrialists, and all stakeholders who contribute their
share for environmental conservation and anti-pollution are to be recognized for
their excellence in green practice, strategy and products by presenting them with
National Green Job Awards. Ministry of Environment has launched an awarding
scheme from 2009 to promote green employment in the country. Individuals,
teams, and organizations in relation to their contribution in initiating, promoting and
carrying out environmental friendly technologies/activities are invited for the award
scheme.
Fields for National Green Job Awards
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Conservation
Agriculture and Livestock Climate Change and Disaster
Management Transport, Power and Energy Industrial and Enterprise
Development Waste Management and Pollution
Control Water Resource Management Soil Conservation and Land
Improvement Urban Development and Spatial
Planning Environmental Education and
Campaigns
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Criteria used for assessing the Green Job Awards
Scale of the environmentally beneficial outcome
Extent to which the particular benefit (outcome) has been disseminated in
society
Reduction in resource depletion
Energy and water efficiency
Minimization of waste generation
Ability for replication
Impact on addressing environmental issues of particular importance in Sri
Lanka
Impact on improving the quality of life
Overall positive impact on human health
Initiatives taken and successfully carried out at the Local Government Level
Sustainability of the initiatives/activities
Contribution towards promotion of social values and attitudes in responsible
consumption of natural resources
Overall performance of the applicant (individual, group or organization) in
regard to maintaining a healthy environment
A Pioneer who has applied the concept of sustainability in hospitality setting
“The Kandalama Hotel in Sri Lanka represents a hotel that is located in the midst of some
of the most intact biodiversity of Asia. The hotel is designed in such a way that it genuinely
blends into the surroundings, for instance by means of pools and patios that are located in
and around the surrounding rock outcrops. Materials used are mainly natural materials,
and solar energy and energy efficient fluorescent lamps are applied. A state-of-the-art
recycling system ensures the elimination of wastes and the hotel (personnel) is involved in
a number of local community and sustainability programmes and projects, for instance
with respect to rehabilitating the rainforest surrounding the hotel. Kandalama the winner
of multiple Green Globe awards, has been awarded the LEED Pilot project Bronze medal
and numerous other awards linked to sustainability”.
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National Green Reporting System
Green Reporting System has been
recognized as a tool which would be able to
provide a vital role in achieving sustainable
development in a country. A sustainability
report of an organization will enable it to
measure, disclose and be accountable to
both internal and external stakeholders
with regard to its organizational
performance. The Ministry of Environment
has launched the National Green Reporting
System of Sri Lanka in 2011 in collaboration
with the key stakeholders to enhance the
environmental, social and economic
performance of industry and service sectors of the country. This intern will facilitate
industries and services of the country to improve their corporate sustainability
performance and stay in the global and local competitive market systems. The
Ministry of Environment has prepared guidelines for the green reporting system that
can be used as a framework for enabling organizations to become transparent
through sustainability reporting.
The National Green Reporting System comprises of fifty (50) indicators
encompassing twenty four (24) environmental, twenty (20) social and six (06)
economic indicators. There are five (05) reporting Tiers/Levels for entities who are
interested to be committed with the system.
The reporting system provides five Tiers that the industry/company/entity could
select one of those for reporting. 67 (Sixty Seven) companies have already
committed with the National Green Reporting System in Sri Lanka.
A two day training programme on green reporting for the entities which have
already associated under Tier 2, 3, 4 and 5 was held by the Ministry of Environment.
Benefits of Green Reporting System
Improved operational performance
Improved stakeholder relationship
Improved risk management
Improved investor relationships
Identification of new markets and/or business opportunities
Improved public value of organization
Ensured competition in the international market
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The objective of the training programme is to provide the required knowledge for
the entities to prepare reports and to identify performance indicators and
parameters for the preparation of the reports. Technical assistance will be provided
by the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) through the SWITCH Asia programme
funded by the European Union.
National Green Accounting System
System of Environmental and Economic Accounting (SEEA) popularly known as
“Green Accounting” is also one of catalysts for cleaner environment. Within the
conventional System of National Accounts, policy makers has neglected the value of
environmental goods and services because of the complexity of accounting/valuing
of those since are not exchanging in the market. However, in the current scenario,
the policy makers have well recognized the importance and necessity of
incorporation of the ecosystems values into the development process for sustainable
achievements.
Sri Lanka is endowed with a rich profile of natural resources, which is consisted of
numerous productive physical and biological assets. Recent attempts to achieve a
higher rate of economic growth have brought this heritage of environmental
resources under constant stress. Most of economic development activities are
completely depend on natural resources which have the environmental services to
the mankind as well as to the ecosystem itself. Further, it has a positive impact to
human development as well as, negative impacts to the human kind and the natural
ecosystems. Therefore, achieving the sustainable development goals of the nation’s
demands, green economy should be promoted and all the aspects of natural
resources utilized for socio-economic development in the country and the outcome
of them must be valued.
The country now faces a complex set of environmental issues that include various
forms of land degradation, deforestation, loss of bio diversity, indoor and outdoor air
pollution, pollution of water sources, and mismanagement of solid waste, and over-
exploitation of biological resources. Therefore, achieving the sustainable
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development goals of the nation demands formulation and implementation of wise
policies that can positively contribute to the economy as well as the environment of
the country. With the way the world is moving toward a more environmentally
sound future, it is time for accountants to go green as well.
The Ministry of Environment is responsible for providing leadership to manage the
environment in order to ensure the national commitment for sustainable
development for the benefit of present and future generations. Accordingly, the
Ministry of Environment has taken steps to develop a Green Accounting Mechanism
in Sri Lanka to evaluate the ecosystem services and their linkages with the economic
development and the real contribution of natural resources to the National
Economy.
Accordingly, Ministry has initiated to valuing forestry sector contribution to the
National Economy of the country based on the data availability. It is used Total
Economic valuation method. Ministry is planned to accounting for Timber, Fuel
Wood, Non Timber Forest products and carbon, accounting for Bio- diversity Values,
accounting for Ecosystem Services and accounting for non-use values. Data required
for accounting timber, fuel wood, non-timber forest products and carbon is being
collected from relevant agencies. Eco-tourism values and pharmaceutical values etc
will be considered for accounting bio-diversity values and soil conservation, water
augmentation, flood prevention etc will be considered for accounting ecosystem
services.
Cleaner Production Application
Unsustainable consumption patterns continue to result in increasing demand on
natural resources threatening to ecosystem stability in every sector in the country.
Therefore, developing cleaner production policies and strategies for different sectors
would be of vital importance today to improve the productivity thereby reduce the
depletion of natural resources, pollution and production cost. A National Cleaner
Production Policy and Strategy has been developed by the Ministry of Environment
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in 2005 in order to promote ecologically sustainable production and consumption
practices throughout the country. In line with this umbrella policy, sectoral cleaner
production policies for tourism, industry, health and agriculture have been prepared
in close collaboration with relevant sector lead agency and other stakeholder
institutions.
One of the significant improvements from the health sector in implementing the
cleaner production policy is that the health sector has taken many steps to train
medical staff on environment and occupational health. Cleaner production was
included in the curriculum of the postgraduate (M.Sc.) course on community
medicine. Cleaner production was also included in the Environmental Health Policy.
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Chapter -10
Knowledge for Right Choices
While socio-economic development is of utmost importance, it is equally necessary
so protect country’s natural resources by safeguarding the environment. This
requires emphasis on judicious use of natural resources and environmental services
today and saving for future as well. Therefore, there is an overwhelming need for all
countries and each and every citizen to make a concerted effort to meet the
challenge of balancing economic development with proper caring for environment,
and this message had to be accepted and acted upon by all countries at the highest
political level. Political will supported by a clear understanding of the need to
balance economic development with environmental protection is essential for
accomplishing sustainable development. The importance of sustainable
development was highlighted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development, dubbed the Earth Summit, which was held in 1992.
Sri Lanka’s strategy for sustainable development focuses on eradicating poverty,
ensuring competitiveness in the economy, improving social development, ensuring
good governance and maintaining a clean and healthy environment. Therefore the
state has to take measure to support economic development while ensuring while
such development does not degrade the environment and its natural resource base.
This indicates the very basis of Sustainable Development which emphasis the
requirement of meeting current human needs while preserving the environment and
natural resources needed by the future generations which ensure environmental
conservation, economic stability and social equity. Therefore, achieving sustainability
rests to a larger extent on national efforts but it is also equally important to
understand the vitally important place of global factors in influencing country’s
efforts aimed in achieving it.
This means that the state policy required aiming at balancing economic development
while ensuring environmental conservation guided through a strong political
leadership and commitment at every level such as international, regional, national,
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provincial and local authority. Not only the political leadership but also each and
every government, nongovernment and community members country wide should
adhered to a set of ethics and norms which influence the whole country that would
effectively nurture and protect the environment and fulfill the aspirations of the
society.
It recognizes that pursuit of sustainable development requires that all parties such as
legislators, policy makers, law enforcement officers, developers, professionals, and
all other players in civil society are well informed, sensitized on the issues, problems,
solutions, choices and alternatives. This can be achieved through information
management, proper research dissemination, formal education, environmental
training, media coverage and a comprehensive awareness creation programs.
Guidelines for Sustainable Development
To identify a knowledge base that will support sustainability goals, citizens must first
select goals.
Herman Daly, author of For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy toward
Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future, gives three conditions of a
sustainable society ie:
Rates of use of renewable resources do not exceed their rates of regeneration.
Rates of use of nonrenewable resources do not exceed the rate at which sustainable renewable substitutes are developed.
Rates of pollution emission do not exceed the assimilative capacity of the environment.
Donnella Meadows, author of Limits to Growth, has outlined the following general
guidelines for restructuring world systems toward sustainability:
Minimize the use of nonrenewable resources.
Prevent erosion of renewable resources.
Use all resources with maximum efficiency.
Slow the exponential growth of population and physical capital.
Monitor the condition of resources, the natural environment, and the welfare of humans.
Improve response time for environmental stress. Sustainability places great emphasis upon the need to ensure a better quality of life for
all, in a just and equitable manner, whilst living within the limits of supporting
ecosystems."
Therefore, communities must choose culturally appropriate and locally relevant
sustainability goals that reflect their current and future life conditions and needs.
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Therefore, Sustainability requires a population that is aware of the goals of a
sustainable society and has the knowledge and skills to contribute to those goals.
The need for an informed citizenry becomes ever more important. An informed
citizenry, which lends support to enlightened policies and government initiatives, can
help governments enact sustainable measures. Citizens also need to be
knowledgeable consumers as well. In today's world, people are surrounded by media
(e.g., television, radio, newspapers, magazines) and advertisements (e.g., bill boards,
banners on world wide web sites etc). As a result, people must become media
literate and able to analyze the messages of corporate advertisers. Therefore, media
should be sensitized and educated for responsible investigative reporting resulting
effective dissemination of information on current and future environmental affairs
leading to deviating from sustainable development goals. All in all it is emphasizing
the need for a well formulated, comprehensive Environment Education program to
reach and aware every strata of the society on sustainability.
Years of resource management has shown that people whom aware of and informed
about resource-management decisions and programs can help achieve sustainable
development goals. In contrast, an uninformed public can undermine resource-
management programs resulting environmental degradation restricting economic
development and increasing poverty.
The effectiveness of any education programs especially environmental education
programs could be re-enforced /improved to a greater extent by coupling them with
better training programs.
Every country needs and environmentally literate citizenry and work force to help
guide nations in implementing their sustainability plans. Plans have to be formulated
for all sectors - including business, industry, higher education, governments, non-
governmental organizations (NGOs), and community organizations to train their
leaders in environmental management and they should be encouraged to provide
training to their workers, membership etc.
Training informs people of accepted practices and procedures and gives them skills
to perform specific tasks. In contrast, education is a socially transforming process
that gives people knowledge, skills, perspectives, and values through which they can
participate in and contribute to their own well-being and that of their community
and nation.
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Educating the current school going population is more productive in achieving
environment sustainability than other groups due to the reason that it could create
a generation which is morally sensitive and ethically responsible in Environmental
conservation. Investing for such activities should be seen as an investment for a
better future.
Therefore, all these needs sending a message to administrators and educators that
there is a need for "reorienting education" at every level (i.e., nursery school through
university) in order to integrate environmental concerns into formal and informal
education systems to ensure environmental sustainability to achieve country’s
sustainable development goals. An appropriately reoriented basic education includes
more principles, skills, perspectives, and values related to sustainability than are
currently included in most education systems encompassing a vision that integrates
environment, economy, and society. Reorienting education also requires teaching
and learning knowledge, skills, perspectives, and values that will guide and motivate
people to pursue sustainable livelihoods, to participate in a democratic society, and
to live in a sustainable manner.
The need to reorient basic and secondary education to address sustainability is very
important and it is of paramount importance to reorient the tertiary and vocational
education for the same too. Society's future leaders and decision makers are
educated there. If these young people are expected to lead all sectors of society
(e.g., government, medicine, agriculture, forestry, law, business, industry,
engineering, education, communications, architecture, and arts) in a world striving
toward sustainability, then the current policy makers, administration and curriculum
developers must reorient university and vocational training institute curriculums to
include the many and complex facets of sustainability.
Especially under the post-war situation and peace prevailing in the whole island,
there is a great potential of using Police and security forces personnel for
environmental conservation activities which will enhance the environmental
sustainability and peace and reconciliation process. Therefore, a special attention
should be paid to utilize this useful human-resource by providing them with a
comprehensive education and training program on environment sustainability.
In reorienting education to address sustainability, program developers need to
capture the importance of traditional wisdom that lead our fore-fathers to live in
harmony with the environment through their traditional ecological knowledge.
Indigenous traditions often carry with them the values and practices that embody
sustainable resource use. Although returning to indigenous lifestyles would not be a
feasible an option today especially for current urban society, the values and major
tenets of indigenous traditions can be adapted to life in the 21st century.
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All these reiterate the need for reorienting education to address sustainability is
something that should occur throughout the formal education system - that includes
universities, professional schools (e.g., law and medicine), and technical schools as
well as in all appropriate sectors in addition to primary and secondary education.
Because education and training on sustainable development is a lifelong process, the
formal, non-formal, and informal educational sectors should work together to
accomplish local sustainability goals. In an ideal world, the three sectors would
divide the enormous task of education and training on sustainable development for
the entire population by identifying target audiences from the general public as well
as themes of sustainability. They would then work within their mutually agreed
fields. This division of effort would reach a broader spectrum of people and prevent
redundant efforts.
Environmental Pioneer Brigades Program
This is an innovative Environmental Conservation program designed for young
generation introduced through the primary and secondary school system by the
Central Environment Authority in collaboration with the Ministry of Education.
The program aims at training school children as key messengers of environmental
protection and conservation by creating environmental knowledge, developing
skills needed environmental management and promoting attitudes need for
environmental protection and conservation in them. It is envisaged that this
group through behavioral and attitudinal changes could be mobilized to develop
an environmentally sensitive and concerned society in the long run.
Under this program, children having an interest in environment are selected and
trained to provide leadership in environment management and conservation and
are expected to play catalytic role in changing attitude and behavior of citizens at
large.
The Environment Pioneer Brigade Program aims to achieve twin objectives of
conserving the environment as well as educating the citizens on environment
conservation
The goal of the program is “to create a group of citizens who are capable of
making environmentally sound decisions”.
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Strategies of Haritha Lanka Program on Knowledge for Right Choice
1. Disseminate information periodically on sustainable development to the
political sector
2. Promote behavior of students in support of the sustainable development
3. Integrate physical, ecological and other environmental sensitive policies and
practices within the school education system
4. Incorporate sustainable development aspects in the curricular of Universities
5. Incorporate sustainable development aspects in the curricular of Technical
Colleges
6. Promote behavioral changes amongst youth towards sustainable production
and consumption
7. Promote women to become change agents towards sustainable production
and consumption practices
8. Promote sustainable production and consumption practices amongst the
general public
9. Disseminate knowledge on Sustainable Development among the private sector
and other professional bodies
10. Ensure Environmental concerns are adequately incorporated at the project
planning stage of all projects
For a community or a nation, implementing Education and Training on Sustainable
Development is a huge task. It has been accepted that the formal education alone
could not carry this education and training responsibility. The non-formal education
sector (e.g., nature centers, nongovernmental organizations, public health
educators, and agricultural extension agents) and the informal educational sector
(e.g., local television, newspaper, and radio) of the community must work
cooperatively with the formal educational sector for the education of people in all
generations, sectors and communities to achieve sustainability and sustainability
goals of a country. If this is to be achieved successfully, the society needs to be
ethically and morally responsible for the sustenance of the environment and lead
their life styles in sustainable development pathway.
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EVALUATION OF THE CURRENT STATUS OF ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION IN SRI
LANKA
This study is the result of the decision of the Ministry of Environment concerning
the need for an Evaluation of the Current Status of Environmental Education in Sri
Lanka.
Objectives of the study (a) Identification of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and constraints of environmental education in the present Education Systems in Sri Lanka, (b) Develop a comprehensive National Strategy and an Action Plan to integrate environmental aspects into the education system in Sri Lanka, and
(c) Identification of priority programs to be implemented.
(d) Review the present status of Environmental Education, past experiences, lessons learned and identify future opportunities/strategies under the following systems: (a) School Education System - (i) General Awareness and (ii) Specific
subject areas covered
(b) Tertiary Education System
(i) University Education System -Individual universities and
system as a whole.
(ii) Technical Education System
(iii) Other Education Systems
(e) Review the present status of environmental education, past experience
and lessons learned among (indicated) target groups and identify future
opportunities/strategies:
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PART II
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Chapter 11
MAJOR ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE MINISTRY OF
ENVIRONMENT
Policy Formulation, Planning and Monitoring
National Action Plan for Haritha Lanka Programme
The National Action Plan for Haritha Lanka Programme was initiated with a view to
addressing the critical environmental issues that, if left unattended, would frustrate
our economic and social development programmes. The National Action Plan was
developed under the Haritha Lanka Programme covering ten broad thrust areas
namely; Clean Air – Everywhere, Saving the Fauna, Flora and Ecosystems, Meeting
the Challenges of Climate Change, Wise Use of Coastal Belt and the Sea Around,
Responsible Use of the Land Resources, Doing Away with the Dumps, Water for All
and Always, Green Cities for Health and Prosperity, Greening the Industries,
Knowledge for Right Choices.
This Action Plan is a product of the concerted efforts of all relevant ministries who
actively participated in its development. Making its preparation a high level
participatory process was intended to ensure that sustainability would not just
remain a concept but would translate into practical reality. The Action Plan includes
short term, medium term, and long term targets spanning from 2009 to 2016, with
comprehensive achievable and measurable 82 strategies and 375 actions. The Plan is
implemented by 36 Ministries and 70 governmental and non governmental
institutions.
The National Action Plan for Haritha Lanka Programme was launched at the 1st
meeting of NCSD held in July 2009 under the chairmanship of H.E. the President of
Sri Lanka.
Ten Coordinating Committee Meetings were held for each mission and discussed the
progress of those missions with line agencies. At the last coordinating committee
meetings of each mission, it was suggested to revise the National Action Plan for
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Haritha Lanka Programme, as the activities of the line agencies are changed and new
activities are introduced. Therefore, the Sustainable Development Division collected
the progress of activities implemented by line agencies and amendments to be done
and new activities to be incorporated to the 1st Edition of National Action Plan for
Haritha Lanka Programme.
Formulation of National Climate Change Policy (NCCP)
Climate change is one of the biggest environmental challenges which we face today.
The absence of a national overarching policy on climate change is a major barrier in
the country to tackle the problem related to climate change . Therefore, the
Ministry has taken steps to formulate National Climate Change Policy on Climate
Change with the financial support from the UN-Habitat. Now it is ready for obtaining
approval of the Cabinet of Ministers.
Research Studies on Climate Change
To facilitate climate change related research and distribution of research results to
trigger policy reforms and actions is one of the main objectives of the climate change
secretariat. A research study on on climate change trends in different agro-
ecological regions of the country was completed during this period.
Preparation of SAARC Action Plan on Climate Change from year 2009
-2011
Ministers of Environment of all the eight nations of the South Asian Association for
Regional Cooperation (SAARC) have adopted a three-year Action Plan on Climate
Change at the SAARC Ministerial Meeting on Climate Change, held in Dhaka from 1st
to 2nd July 2008. The Action Plan, covering 2009-2011, focuses on seven thematic
areas - from adaptation of climate change to regional stance for international
negotiations.
The Cabinet of Ministers has granted approval to implement national obligations
under the SAARC Action Plan on Climate Change in collaboration with relevant line
Ministries and other agencies. It is necessary to periodically report to the SAARC
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secretariat on the national obligations. Action Plan for the year 2009 was prepared
and submitted to the SAARC Secretariat and 2010 - 2011 Action Plans were prepared
in collaboration with the line Ministries and agencies. Commitments under the
Thimpu statement agreed to be implemented in the 10th SAARC summit were
communicate with relevant line agencies.
First meeting of the inter-governmental expert group on climate change was
conducted on 29th -30th June 2011 at Hotel Galadari.
Implementation of the activities under the Adaptation Fund
An Adaptation Fund was established under the KP to finance concrete adaptation
projects and programmes in developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to
the adverse effects of climate change.
A country can choose to submit project proposals for funding either through an
accredited National Implementing Entity (NIE) or through Multilateral Implementing
Entity (MIE). Ministry of Environment is the National Implementing Entity ( NIE) of
the Adaptation Fund of UNFCCC. The NIE will bear the full responsibility for the
overall management of the projects and programmes financed by the Adaptation
Fund, and will bear all financial, monitoring and reporting responsibilities. During the
reporting period, a project proposal on reducing vulnerability of communities and
ecosystems to the adverse impacts of climate change in critical river basins of Sri
Lanka was submitted to the Adaptation Fund Board through MIE.
National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is supporting the Government of Sri Lanka’s
initiative on climate change adaptation through the provision of a technical
assistance (TA) grant titled “Strengthening Capacity for Climate Change Adaptation.
The assistance is provided through the Climate Change Secretariat (CCS) of the
Ministry of Environment.
Five sector vulnerability profiles (SVPs) on i. Agriculture and Fisheries, ii. Water, iii.
Human Health,iv. Urban Development Human Settlements and Economic
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Infrastructure, v. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services were prepared in several
consultations of wider stakeholders. Based on these sector vulnerability profiles,
National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy (2011-2016) was adopted by the
Ministry of Environment with a view to address climate change adaptation to ensure
that its economic development can continue without disruption or setbacks, and
investments in poverty reduction, food and water security and public health will not
be undone. Information, Education and Communication Strategy for Climate Change
Adaptation in Sri Lanka was prepared and disseminated.
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
CDM is a mechanism defined under Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol. CDM
will assist Annex 1 parties in achieving compliance with their quantified
emission limitations and reduction commitment under the Kyoto Protocol
and Non Annex 1 parties in achieving sustainable development. Energy,
Transport, Waste Management, Forestry and Industry sectors are
identified potential areas to promote CDM projects in Sri Lanka as a party
in the non-annex 1. National Policy on Clean Development Mechanism
was finalized as an interim policy. This policy aims to establish the
institutional, financial, human resources and legislative frame work
necessary for Sri Lanka to participate in the CDM under the Kyoto
Protocol effectively.
-Seven projects were received CDM credits upto now. (Registered under UNFCCC)
-Fifteen projects are in the Validation Process
-Twenty projects were received the Host Country Approval
-124 projects were received in Principal Approval
-6 recommendations were granted for less than 5MW projects (Biomass and Mini
hydro)
-Necessary data has been requested from CEB to publish the Grid Emission Factors
for Sri Lanka.
-Forest definition was sent to the UNFCCC.
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Capacity Development of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
Financial assistance from Japan International Co-operation Agency (JICA) was
received to build the capacities of CDM promotion in Sri Lanka. The overall objective
of this assistance was to strengthen the institutional mechanism of CDM promotion
in Sri Lanka through capacity development of the Ministry of Environment and its
climate change secretariat and other relevant government agencies. In this context,
30 public sector officers were trained through two training programmes. 80 Private
sector officers were created awareness on CDM through two awareness
programmes. A web portal on CDM was prepared ( www.climatechange/dna ).
National Project Portfolio for CDM was prepared and ready to upload to the DNA
web. In addition, promotion materials on registered CDM projects in Sri Lanka and
CDM guide are being prepared.
Sri Lanka Carbon Fund (SLCF)
The SLCF was established on 09.04.2008 (Reg. no. PV63181) by a Cabinet decision as
a company registered under the Companies Act No. 7 of 2007. This is a State owned
private company-Government being the majority share holder with 51percent of the
equity. The balance share capital is to be raised from other sources including the
private sector.
Objectives of SLCF:
-To provide technical and financial assistance to the CDM Project developers for the
preparation of project documentations.
-To facilitate bundling of small CDM projects
-To facilitate access to capital funding for CDM projects through commercial banks.
-To provide investment capital for CDM projects
- To engage in Carbon trading through purchasing and subsequent sale for Carbon
credits
During the reporting period, a new business plan was drafted and possible CDM projects
were identified for Certified Emission Reduction (CER).
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Technology Needs Assessment
The Ministry of Environment is responsible for providing policy guidance to address
the cross sectoral nature of major environmental challenges caused by climate
change. Also it is required to fulfill the commitments under the UNFCCC and Kyoto
Protocol. In the context of the UNFCCC process, a Technology Needs Assessment
(TNA) is a country driven set of activities directed mainly at identification and
prioritization of climate change mitigation and adaptation technologies.
TNA is a means by which to track evolving needs in developing countries for new
equipment, techniques, practical knowledge and skills. The main objectives of this
TNA are to identify and prioritize technologies that can contribute to adaptation and
mitigation goals of climate change and to identify barriers hindering the acquisition,
development and diffusion of prioritized technologies, and to develop Technology
Action Plans (TAP) specifying activities and enabling frameworks to overcome the
barriers and facilitate the transfer, adaption and diffusion of selected technologies in
Sri Lanka.
The Ministry of Environment with assistance from UNEP/GEF is conducting TNA and
then going to prepare a Technology Action Plan for the selected sectors based on a
market and barrier analysis. In this process, TNA Committee has been appointed as a
policy level decision making body. Five sub sectors (food, water, coastal, health and
biodiversity for the adaptation sector and three sub sectors ( transport, energy and
industry ) for the mitigation sector have already been identified for the TNA. The
Ministry is working on selecting a team leader and sector specific experts to carry
out the assessment.
Adaptation Knowledge Platform
The Ministry of Environment has taken initiatives to establish an adaptation
knowledge platform to strengthen adaptive capacity and to facilitate climate change
adaptation in Asia at local, national and regional levels. It focuses on 3 pillars; i. -
Establishing a regional system for sharing knowledge on climate change adaptation,
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making it easy to understand and available to those who need it. Ii. -Generating new
knowledge about adaptation that national and regional policy makers can use as
they plan for climate change. Iii. -Promoting the application of new and existing
knowledge about climate change in Asia.
Second National Communication on Climate Change
Sri Lanka ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC) by a cabinet decision in November 1993 and is among the first 50
countries that have ratified it. As an obligation of the UNFCCC, Sri Lanka is required
to prepare the National Communication on Climate Change periodically. Accordingly,
the Initial National Communication on Climate Change has been prepared and
submitted to the UNFCCC in 2000.
In keeping with this convention’s obligations a project has been executed by the
Ministry of Environment to prepare the Second National Communication (SNC) .
Financial assistance for the project is provided by the Global Environmental Facility
(GEF) and United Nations Development Programme. This project inter alia is
expected to enhance the national capacities and raise general awareness on climate
change and its effects and prioritize climate change issues on the national agenda
through strengthened cooperation and increased involvement of all relevant
stakeholders.
SNC Project aims to strengthen the technical and institutional capacity of Sri Lanka in
mainstreaming climate change concerns into the country’s sectoral and national
development planning process. It is primarily for the purpose of preparing and
submitting its Second National Communication to the UNFCCC thereby meets its
obligations to said convention.
During the reporting period, the Ministry has completed the preparation of second
national communication and it is ready to submit to the UNFCCC secretariat by
November 30th of this year.
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Natural Resources Management and Biodiversity Conservation
Introduction
Biodiversity conservation related activities of the Ministry are implemented through
the Biodiversity Secretariat. National Experts Committee on Biological
Diversity(NECBD)provides guidance for the implementation of the National
Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plan and also assist in revising them periodically in
the light of experience gained through the implementation.
Strengthen policy, legal and institutional framework for biodiversity
conservation, including information sharing and networking aspects.
Launched the Uva Provincial Biodiversity Conservation Profile and Action plan
at Deyata Kirula Exhibition in Buttala. This profile and action plan targeted
over all conservation activities and biodiversity related issues were identified
within this province. This document launched by Hon. Minister of
Environment to the Chief Minister of Uva Province.
Action Plan on Palaeo Biodiversity was drafted. On going editing activities
have being done by the experts on Palaeo biodiversity. The first National
Action plan which relate to the conservation of palaeo ecosystems and
species was prepared
Taxonomical clue arose in regard to the National Flower i.e. Nil Manel flower.
This the legislative matter the taxonomist identified and corrected the actual
National Flower in scientifically. Prepared draft cabinet paper to get the
correct flower instead of the prevailing ‘Nil Manel Flower”.
Establish optimum Protected Area (PA) network and ensure recover of
important threaten species
Recovery Plan on ‘Puntiu Bandula” (Bandula Pethiya) implemented as an
insitu conservation of their niches. After some time looked after their habitat
enrichment and related monitoring activities for same. Conducted the
workshop to the general public who they were engaged with the activities
which were caused to their habitat. Printed calendar on 2011 and broacher
for awareness creation on Bandula Pethiya.
Funded and took part the field workshop conducted on Elephants and tuskers
in Udawalawe National Park under protected area network by Open
University of Sri Lanka. Carried out the population count, population
structure and identification various herds of naturally occurred habitats.
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Assisted a workshop on Human – Elephant Conflict to the researchers and
under graduates for issues arising of their conservation activities. Also
discussed about their biology, behavior and their captive breeding.
Facilitated to the research study on Shell midden to conserve fossils of fauna
and flora in prehistoric ears.
Conserve and sustainable use flora and fauna outside the protected
area network
Established 68 Atawisi Bodhi Vruksha tree planting under the ex-situ
conservation of important trees in national level and religious premises.
Under restoration program there were tree planting programmes conducted
at Navy Camp at Puttlam and 500 number of mangrove species planted at
Puttlam lagoon in collaboration with School Parisara Niyamaka societies.
Established Butterfly garden at Gampaha Base Hospital premises. Butterflies
refers as flag species and some of them are critically endangered, threaten
and vulnerable categories. This was an insitu conservation of butterflies and
also restored plants species which were attract by butterflies. Therefore
under this event to conserve fauna and flora within this park.
2nd stage of Butterfly garden at Colombo Lady Ridgeway Hospital. Planted
butterflies attractive floral species and its maintenance activities are being
undertaken.
Wise use of genetic resources for agriculture in sustainable manner
GEF/UNEP funded Project Preparatory Stage of ‘Mainstreaming Biodiversity
Conservation and Sustainable use for Improved Human Nutrition and Well-
being” documented completed submitted to the related foreign agency for
future project activities.
Carried out a survey on food items in the markets which were consuming by
general public. Tested at Genetec Institute for if their genetically modified or
not. As a result did not get any information from these food items were
genetically modified.
Limit access to genetic resources
Activities carried out prior to sign the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit sharing. Hold a meeting on related authorities and personnel and documented for the outcome of signing of the protocol. This outcome document discussed at the international meeting and edited. Before signing the protocol as a consultative process an advertisement published on it and call for the comments from general public.
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Preserve traditional knowledge and practices relevant to biodiversity
conservation
Identified and preserve traditionally important Stone artifacts and
documented.
Hold two days National Symposium at Ayurvedic Medical Institute theme on
”Indigenous Medical practices related to the food and nutrition”. There were
40 numbers of studies and surveys presented. Published a book those
research papers. Launched a Book on Uncultivated Food crops in Sri Lanka at
this symposium.
Participated the Helabodu Esala Exhibition at Anuradhapura and published
leaflet on same.
Surface exploration of prehistoric sites located within the protected area
network which were not identified by the Archeological Dept. and recorded
the information on prehistoric sites as well as the biodiversity within these
sites.
Integrate and promote research and development on bio diversity
conservation in all sectors
Preparing Red List 2011 on threatened fauna and flora in Sri Lanka. The
document to be implemented end of this year.
Carried out a research study on herpeto fauna at Sri Pada peak wilderness
sanctuary is the critically important biodiversity hotspots within the PA net
work. Studied the status and trends in herpeto fauna in wildlife areas.
Facilitate sustainable use of biodiversity through benefit sharing
mechanisms.
Developed a database on Marine shells and data updating due to the on-
going identification of marine shells activities.
Developed a database on faunal observation and the information input by
the island wide surveys.
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Prevention, Mitigation and Control of Pollution and
Environment Damage
Introduction
Prevention and minimization of pollution in all forms i.e. solid, liquid and gaseous
play a critical role in the management of environment and natural resources of the
country. Although steps were taken through different management practices still
this is a serious national problem and due recognition should be given to arrest the
situation.
Pavithra Ganga Programme
Pavithra Ganga Programme was commenced in 1998. The objective of this program
is to keep the water bodies clean in the country and one of the major components of
Pavithra Ganga Program is assisting relevant local authorities to keep the water
quality of the main water bodies of the country in acceptable conditions for human
use. In the face of increasing urbanization, the downstream areas of rivers are
getting seriously threatened. The river banks are being eroded and water quality is
deteriorating. A multi stakeholder approach has been taken in achieving this
objective and the owners of the project will be relevant local authorities.
Pavithra Ganga Program for the Western Province is implemented for Kelani river as
a pilot project. Kelani river being the major drinking water source for the Western
Province is getting high pollution loads making water unsustainable for human
consumption. 26 water quality information display boards have been established
along the river to disseminate information of the water quality among the general
public. It is expected that this approach will enable public participation in keeping
Kelani river away from being polluted.
The following activities were carried out during the reporting period.
Ministry of Environment in collaboration with the Central Environmental
Authority and the National Water Supply and Drainage Board monitor the
water quality of the river biweekly and water quality information display
boards are being updated through the relevant local authorities.
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13 Local Authorities has been facilitated to conduct Monitoring Committees
for decision making at Local Authority (LA) level to address the identified
environmental problems.
National Steering Committee meetings for Kelani River Pavithra Ganga
Programme were conducted quarterly and decisions were taken to address
issues that cannot be resolved by Local Authority level.
A field inspection was conducted on the project proposal submitted by
Biyagama Pradeshiya Sabha to establish an Eco-park in "Rajjuruwange
Thotupola" under the small scale project to minimize environmental impacts
along the Kelani River
Analysis of pesticides contaminations in the selected water bodies in Sri
Lanka is being done in collaboration with National Water Supply and
Drainage Board. Currently, the final report is being prepared.
A field inspection was done by the Sustainable Development Division with
Land Use Policy Planning Department to introduce the bio engineering
technology to prevent the highly eroded Kelani River Bank in Dompe
Pradeshiya Sabha.
Vehicular Emission Testing (VET) Programme
Vehicular emissions are the major source of rising air pollution in Colombo and other
urban areas. The Government of Sri Lanka gazetted Emission Control Regulations on
30th June 2003 under the National Environmental Act No. 47 of 1980. It was
amended by the Gazette No: 1557/14 dated 09.07.2008. These regulations set
standards for maximum permissible levels of emission for different vehicle
categories. Vehicle Emission Testing program is designed as a public-private
partnership and is a centralized system with two large private sector companies
(CleanCo Lanka (Pvt.) Ltd and Laughf Eco Sri (Pvt.) Ltd.) contracted to issue the
Vehicle Emission Testing (VET) certificates. It was mandated to have VET certificate
to obtain annual revenue license in all the provinces other than the North and East.
However, brand new vehicles were exempt from this regulation for a period of one
year from the date of registration.
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Major Achievements (January - June 2011)
20 Site Inspections were conducted on VET centres (Digana, Kegalle, Kundasale,
Gampola, Kandy, Welisara, Wattala, Negombo, Kochchikade, Seeduwa,
Wennappuwa, Pannala, Badulla, Nuwaraeliya, Bandarawela, Hawaeliya,
Monaragala and Sewanagala)
Pilot study was done on Indoor Air Pollution with University of Moratuwa and
Hongkong Polytechnical University
Participation for BAQ (Better Air Quality) 2010 in Singapore
15 VET centres inspected in UVA province, Kiribathgoda, Orogodawatta,
Kadawatha, Moratuwa, Koswatta, Kotikawatta, Gampaha, Miriswatta,
Warakapola, Walisara, Anuradhapura, Daladagama and Wariyapola
3 Road Side Testing Programmes conducted in Thalahena, Nittambuwa and
Kandy with University of Moratuwa and support With SL VET fund
VET Spotter programme held at Pittugala, Dematagoda and Kelaniya
Awareness Programmes on Air Pollution held at Monaragala District parallel to
the Deyata Kiruala January- February 2011
7 Stakeholders Coordination Meetings held at Department of Motor Traffic
(DMT) and AirMAC
Initial Activities of the health effects of Air pollution Exposure on Children
Campaign was completed in 10 schools in Colombo district
Participated for Male declaration meeting held in India, June 2011
Reviewing present emission standards with the VET data to establish new vehicle
emission standards. New standards to be gazetted within 2011
Preparation of National Action Plan for Electronic and Electrical Waste
Management
The Ministry of Environment being the focal point to the Basal
Convention and Stockholm Convention is planning to develop a policy
framework and implement a comprehensive National Action plan for e-
waste management in the country. In Sri Lanka with the rapid economic
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growth, there is a possibility to increasing growth in consumption of
electric and electronic equipment in future and there by potential
increases of related e-waste in the country. To create sustainable
capacity for the country to fulfil the objectives of the Basel Convention,
in e-waste management and to develop a national action plan for e -waste
management is the main objective of this activity. The project pr oposal
has been submitted to Basel Secretariat for obtain the funding.
Major Achievements
Joint workshop of the Stockholm and Rotterdam Conventions for effective
participation of Parties in the work of the Persistent Organic Pollution (POPs)
Review Committees and Chemicals was held and more than 40 foreign
delegates including 17 countries were participated to the meeting. Technical
issues, decision making process and the synergies between two conventions
were discussed at the workshop on 19th January 2011.
Project proposal on National Action Plan for Electronic and Electrical Waste
Management submitted and fund is yet to be received.
Funds received from the SAICM Secretariat to start the project on Capacity
Strengthening and Information Exchange on PCBs Management in Selected
Asia Countries in June 2011. Selection of National Coordinator and National
Consultant are in progress.
Safe Disposal of Mobile Communication and Associated Waste
The rapid advancement of mobile communications and associated waste
have created a rapid pace of electrical and electronic equipment
becoming obsolete and disposal of these items is becoming more
problematic. The major objective of the Environmental Conservation Levy
was to establish a stakeholder mechanism for disposal of such items.
Environmental Conservation Levy (ECL) is charged from all the mobile
phone users, to address and solve environmental problems cause due to
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the equipments in the industry to the environment. The mai n objective of
this project is to create sustainable capacity for the country to fulfil the
inputs of the ECL and for safe disposal of mobile and associated waste.
Develop an environmental sound disposal system of mobile and
associated waste in Sri Lanka, information dissemination and awareness
creation and capacity development of relevant Sri Lankan stakeholders
are among the major activities of the project.
Major Achievements
Project stated in 2011 and it is jointly implemented by Central Environment
Authority (CEA) and the Ministry. The initial activity of the project has already
completed. The project action plan developed with following activities.
- Listing out targeted e waste categories
- Identify the mode of collection and develop the collection system
- Develop infrastructure for the collection system
- Target based public awareness and outreach campaigns
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Environment Education, Training and Awareness
Introduction
The National Environment Policy stresses the need of long-term, comprehensive
environmental education, training and awareness program for better environmental
management. Environmentally responsible society is the key for sustainable
environmental management. Therefore, environmental education, awareness
should be planned and targeted at all ages, levels of the society in order to change
their attitude to adhere to simple life styles. This had to be done across one
generation throughout in order to observe a change of their attitudes and behavior
that does degrade the environment but nurturing it.
Therefore, the Promotion Division of the Ministry of Environment together with
other divisions and institutes had carried out various programs to enhance
knowledge and capacity of the society on environment conservation. The Promotion
Division has prepared number of print and electronic documentations for
environment education, awareness and training. It has printed and distributed
number of magazines, newsletters and leaflets etc.., free of charge in various
functions.
Two issues of SOBA biannual environmental magazine was printed and
distributed. 5000 copies of the magazine were distributed among the
National Libraries. The target group is general public, school children,
university students, and environmental activists of Community Based
Organization (CBO) and Non Governmental Organization (NGO) network.
Biodiversity Conservation, Climate Change Adaptation and Waste
Management are some of the topics covered in SOBA articles. SOBA is the
common platform to facilitate the discourse vital for making development
more sustainable.
Commemorated the World Environment day on 5th June 2011 under the
theme of “Forests: Nature at Your Service". Major national function was
celebrated in Rambukkana Pinnawala National School and a simultaneous
tree planting campaign was held in Namalgamuwa forest reserve. To achieve
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the target, there were held an exhibition, Eco march (Parisara Pagamana)
with the participation of 1000 school children, tree planting campaign and
green jobs awards presented to committed individuals and organizations for
sustainable development etc. Five school environmental education and
awareness programmes were conducted during this time to promote
environmentally friendly lifestyles among school children. Ozone layer
protection, Biodiversity conservation and sustainable utilization and climate
change and adaptation to climate change were the topics covered in the
lectures.
Environmental Diary
Delivering knowledge, skills and values and teaching early, how to be friendly
and live in harmony with the environment to school children enabling
attitudes and behavioral changes of them, are vital today. Accordingly, as a
tool, an Environmental Diary for school children in year 3 was developed by
the Ministry of Environment in collaboration with the National Institute of
Education in parallel to the environmental section of the school curriculum of
year 3 with a view to change environmental attitudes of students. The
objective of preparing a dairy is encouraging the students to take part in
practical exercises relating to the environment subject in and around the
school. The dairy was printed in Tamil and Sinhala languages and distributed
3455 diaries among the selected schools in Colombo and Jaffna Districts in
March 2010. All the diaries distributed among the schools were collected
back in this year and started to evaluate them on 14.02.2011 by an evaluating
committee. Currently the evaluation process is ongoing.
Green Job Awards Programme
There is an overwhelming need to safeguard our environment. In order to
maintain a healthy environment it is necessary to create environmental
friendly (green) jobs. As one step in promoting green jobs, the Ministry of
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Environment organized a Green Job Awards Programme to recognize and
honor the persons and organizations who are engaged in green jobs. The
objective of this programme is to promote the Green jobs in the country with
a view of safeguarding the environment, raising awareness and encouraging
environmental friendly technologies and behaviors in economic and social
development activities transforming the country towards a green economy.
Under this programme 12 Green Job Awards were presented for 03
individuals and 09 institutions in Agriculture and Livestock sector, Industrial
and Enterprise Development Sector, Waste Management and Pollution
Control Sector, Water Resources Management Sector, Soil Conservation and
Land Improvement Sector, Urban Development and Spatial Planning Sector,
Environmental Education and Campaigns Sector, on the World Environment
Day 2011 (5th June) ceremony at Pinnawala National School.
An awareness material to promote eco-habits
The Mission 10: Knowledge for Right Choice of the Haritha Lanka
Programme, is to promote sustainable consumption and production practices
among the general public, education and awareness models should be
developed. Accordingly, the Ministry developed an awareness material to
promote eco-habits in the purpose of changing attitudes of general public
towards sustainable consumption practices. This awareness material on Eco
habits is prepared in such a way to have a dual purpose with a view to raise
awareness and keep it by the reader for future reference without throwing
away.
Awareness creation workshop on Environment related Laws and Regulations
for Police officers.
The involvement of Police Officers in enforcing Environmental Laws is very
important. Hence, the Ministry has extended its awareness creation activities
to various categories of Police Officers Island wide. These officers are able to
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expand their knowledge in respect of the National Environmental Act, Forest
Ordinance, Mines and Mineral Act, Marine Pollution Prevention Act, National
Gem and Jewellery Authority Act and related issues. One awareness creation
workshop at Jaffna has been conducted and 55 Police Officers participated
for the workshop.
Awareness creation campaign and activities related to implementation of
Montreal Protocol in Sri Lanka
In order to mark the completion of 25 years of Vienne Convention, there
were three school competitions were conducted under the theme of
“Importance of Ozone Layer Protection”. Accordingly the Ozone Quiz
completion and Oratory completion were held covering all the schools in
Kurunegala district and first round of the said competitions were held on 15th
June 2010 at three centers in Wayamba Technical College, Sri Sumangala
National School, Wariyapola and Auditorium of the Kuliyapitiya Educational
Zone. The second round of the competition was conducted on 16th June 2010
at Wayamba Technical College and semi-final round was conducted at
Kumara Vidyalaya in Kurunegala district. The Island-wide Art competition was
conducted among school children and calling application according to the
paper advertisement published in newspapers in three languages. The
winning entry of the art was selected for the Stamp which was cancelled to
mark the 25th anniversary of Vienne Convention at the International Ozone
Day celebration which was organized by the National Ozone Unit (NOU) of
the Ministry of Environment and all winners of the above three competitions
were awarded at the same event.
The International Ozone Day was celebrated in national level on 16th
September 2010 at Kurunegala District under the patronage of Hon. Anura
Priyadarshana Yapa, Minister of Environment. Parallel to the International
Ozone Day celebration Documentary on Ozone Layer and its protection and
final round of the Ozone Quiz Programme were telecast on 16th and 17th of
September 2010. Eka ahasak yata” Radio programme was broadcast every
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Sunday and “Wishmitha Soba” programme broadcast every 3rd week of every
month on Thursday.
Awareness programme for School Teachers of Embilipitiya Educational Zone
has been held on 26th January 2011 and 185 teachers participated. Main
theme of the programme was inter-relationship of the Global Warming and
Ozone Layer Depletion and main intension was to provide knowledge about
Ozone science and the importance of the Ozone layer protection for teaching
purposes for keeping school students aware. The same programme was
conducted for school children in Embilipitiya Educational Zone on 27th
January 2011 under the same theme getting involved the teachers too on
27th January – 2011
NOU officials participated to the Ceremonial Launching of the Ozone friendly
Tea logo which is developed by the NOU of Ministry of Environment in
collaboration of the Sri Lanka Tea Board and the Tea Exporters of Sri Lanka on
04th May 2011. This logo is allowed to print the logo in all Ceylon tea packets
to ensure that Methyl Bromide which is a one of the Ozone Deleted
substances (ODSs) was not used for the tea plantation.
An awareness Programme was held on Ozone Layer Protection, its
importance and the Montreal Protocol obligations to the Hotel Sector at the
Lake Cinnamon Hotel 23rd May 2011
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International Cooperation
Multilateral Environment Agreements (MEAs)
Sri Lanka has actively participated in global environment partnership process and has
ratified more than 40 MEAs. The Government of Sri Lanka accords top priority for
implementation of international legal instruments in the country. National focal
points have been designated for each international treaty ratified, which are
responsible for decision making on respective treaty.
The implementation of these conventions is not satisfactory and as a solution for
these problems, the Ministry of Environment has established MEA Secretariat
(MEAS) in the Ministry, which is the focal point for major environment and
sustainable development related international conventions and treaties for the co-
ordination and implementation of MEAs in the country. The MEA Secretariat is a
partnership organization, which involves all focal points of MEAs and stakeholders
such as government agencies, professionals, academics, NGOs, CBOs and the public.
Major Achievements
Four Basel National Coordinating Committee (NCC) Meetings were held
Participated for Rotterdam Technical Advisory Committee meeting and Basel
Technical Committee meetings
Submitted the National Status Report of the Stockholm Convention to the
Stockholm Secretariat
Participated at the Asia Pacific Network (APN) Scientific Planning Group(SPG)/
Steering Committee, represented Sri Lanka on APN Sub Regional meeting,
and
12th South Asian Corporative Environment Programme (SACEP) governing
council meeting held with the participation of Environment Ministers of all
the membership of SACEP. The meeting was inaugurated by Hon D M
Jayaratne, Prime Minister of Sri Lanka and Hon Anura Priyadrashna Yapa,
Minister of Environment was elected as the Chairman of the SACEP
Governing Council during its meeting. Decisions related to the two year
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Action Plan of SACEP, Policies on Sustainable Transport, Clean Fuel, and
Protection of Biodiversity in the region were taken during the meeting.
Jointly organized the 16th Inter-Governmental Meeting (IGM)/ Scientific
Planning Group (SPG) Meeting and associated Committee Meetings on Asia-
Pacific Network for Global Change Research with APN Secretariat. More than
50 foreign delegates from 20 countries including Bangladesh, Bhutan,
Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, New Zealand,
Pakistan, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation, Thailand, United
States of America (USA) and Viet Nam were participated the meeting. The
meeting was inaugurated by Hon. Anura Priyadarshana Yapa, Minister of
Environment with the participation of Hon. Mahinda Amaraweera, Minister
of Disaster Management and Hon. Abdul Kadar, Deputy Minister of
Environment.
Two workshops were held on Deposit Refund(DR) System for pesticide
containers and Agro Chemical Containers
National Coordination Activities of the GEF Focal Points
The GEF helps forge partnerships among nations to manage transboundary
environmental problems that are of regional or global significance. While recognizing
that all levels of the environment are interrelated, the GEF focuses specifically on
several focal areas that are global in application for its worldwide efforts. These are
biodiversity, climate change, international waters, land degradation, persistent
organic pollutants (POPs) and multi focal area. The GEF is currently the designated
financial mechanism for several conventions that have been ratified by Sri Lanka. The
Ministry of Environment is the National Focal Point for GEF in Sri Lanka and Air
Resources Management and International Relations Division functions as the field
office.
GEF National Stakeholder Workshop was held on 9th and 10th August 2010 at
Tamarind Tree Hotel, Minuwangoda. Priority project concepts for GEF cycle 5 (STAR)
Climate Change (CC), Land Degradation (LD) and Biodiversity (BD) were identified.
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The Ministry represented the Expanded Constituency Workshop for South and East
Asia Constituencies, which was held in Da-Lat, Vietnam from 4th -7th April 2011. 5th
GEF South Asia Constituency Meeting was held on 16th- 17th May 2011 at Waters
Edge, Colombo. Delegates from Bangladesh, India, Bhutan, Nepal, Maldives, GEF
Secretariat and UNDP-Bangkok participated for the meeting. The meeting
inaugurated by Hon. Abdul Kadar, Deputy Minister of Environment on 16th May
2011.
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“Deyata Kirula” National Development Exhibition
“Deyata Kirula” National Development Exhibition was held at Buttala Old Gam Udawa site. It was declared opened on the 4th February parallel to National Independence Day and ended on the 10th instant in which the Ministry of Environment also took part the theme of “Conservation of Environment and Biodiversity for Future Generations” since the year 2011 has been declared as the “Forestry Year” by the United Nations Organization.
All the institutions of the Ministry actively participated in the exhibition and it has been an effective vehicle for the Ministry in order to convey several important environmental messages to the public. Almost all the institutions of the Ministry conducted a considerable number of education and awareness programs for the school children in the Monaragala district. The National Gem and Jewelry Authority, the National Gem Research and Training Institute, the Geological Survey and Mines Bureau and the Central Environment Authority played a key role in the exhibition. The Marine Environment Protection Authority also conducted a number of awareness programs for school children and taken the opportunity to educate the students on the importance of protection of watersheds, riverbanks and rivers in order to prevent land based pollution of the sea. All institutions conducted a tree planting program as well.
The Biodiversity Secretariat of the Ministry conducted a special program to showcase the importance of Agro-biodiversity in the field of Biodiversity Conservation and explained about the importance of keeping higher species mix in the home gardens. It displayed about 32 mango types, 20 Banana varieties and 17 traditional rice varieties in an exhibition stall to explain the country’s genetic diversity where Mango has been demonstrated as a “Charismatic Species” in promoting it since it has a wider intra-specific diversity and a large number of Mango ecotypes and varieties were displayed and allowed to taste. The objective of this program was to sensitize people on Mango diversity and promote conservation and sustainable use.
Several other exhibition stalls depicted the importance of phasing out the Ozone depleting substances, Vehicular emission testing programs, eco-village program, control and containment of alien invasive species and land degradation etc. The quiz program conducted by the Biodiversity Secretariat has been an innovative activity and attractive techniques to draw the attention of visitors especially the school children.
Buttala area is one of a rich locality for gems and many other raw minerals. It is a main one of livelihoods practiced by the people in the area. Hence, a training centre under the “Deyata Kirula” development programme was established by Gem and Jewelley Training Institute to provide training in gem cutting and jewellery making to stimulate gem and jewellery goods manufacturing in this area. An efficient mechanical gem mining technologies were also exhibited by Gem and Jewellery Training Institute. Collection of variety of precious stones, gems and Jewelries were displayed in the National Gems and Jewellery Authority stall. The State Timber Corporation launched a furniture sales promotion campaign. Central Environmental Authority constructed a model landfill site at the exhibition site and conducted a program to disseminate knowledge on waste recycling, environmentally friendly building construction etc.
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“Deyata Sevana” National Tree Planting Programme
“Deyata Sevana” National Tree Planting Program by planting 11,00,000 trees island
wide was launched in the year 2010 with a view to extend the nation’s salutation
and gratitude to His Excellency the President for bringing freedom for whole nation
after a 30 year war. This national program aligned with the Mahinda Chinthana –
Vision for the Future in realization the commitment towards a “Greener Country”.
This has been a sustainable environment initiative with multifaceted benefits –
conservation of micro catchments, ensuring the nations water security and
enhancing important life support systems and positively contribute to the ‘Divi
Neguma” program as well. This mega tree planting program will also play an
appreciable role towards conservation of biodiversity and addressing global
environment issues such as climate change and land degradation.
Last year’s program was organized by the Ministry of Environment with an objective
of planting of 1.1 million trees island wide on the 15th of November within 11
minutes. This program was well supported with fullest co-operation through the
Presidential Secretariat, all National Government Ministries, Departments,
Corporations, Statutory Boards, Provincial Councils, District and Divisional
administration, Local Authorities, NGOs and Private Sector. The main tree planting
program has been conducted at Temple Trees under the patronage of His Excellency
the President.
Although it was planned to establish 1.1 million trees, it was reported that a total of
about 2.9 million trees have been planted in the campaign and currently it has been
reported that a total of about 2.1 million trees surviving in the field up to now.
Recognizing the importance and the success of the National Tree Planting Program,
the Ministry of Environment has taken steps to continue this program annually from
2011 in collaboration with all the government, non-government and private sector
organizations. Necessary arrangements have already been made to carry out this
program for this year as well.
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Action Plan 2012
Activity Budget Estimates (Rs. Mn)
2012 Strengthening of the National Coordination Activities of the GEF Focal
Point
2.0
Preparation of National Action Plan for Electronic and Electrical
Waste Management
8.0
Implementation of Vehicular Emission Testing (VET) Programme and
Indoor Air Quality Management in Sri Lanka
5.0
Management and Maintenance of Multilateral Environment
Agreements (MEAs) Secretariat and Preparation of Materials on
MEAs. (Sub project No. 32)
1.1
Safe disposal of mobile communication and associated
waste
15.0
Capacity building on taxonomy training on important functional
Groups of animals
0.8
Updating 2012 Red list data 1.0
Enhancement of data collection and maintain faunal biodiversity 0.1
Establishment mechanism to evaluate the impacts on current
Incentive measures related to the biodiversity conservation
0.2
Introduction economic instruments to promote organic Agriculture
0.2
Update the status of national coral reefs 0.2
Identify the impacts on climate change to the coral reefs 0.2
Commemoration of World Biological Diversity Day 0.5
Coordination of implementing the National Action Plan for Haritha
Lanka Program and Implementation of mission 10 "Knowledge for
right choices"
0.02
World Environment Day Programme 5.0
"Deyata Sewana" Tree Planting Programme 7.0
109
110
Chapter 12
MAJOR ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE AGENCIES
Forest Department
Introduction
Forest Department (FD) was established in 1887 under the provisions of the Forest
Ordinance (FO) with a view to effectively and efficiently manage the forest resources
both natural and plantations for the benefit of the present and future generations.
Functions of the FD has been organized under six technical Divisions ie. Forest
Inventory and Management, Forestry Research and Education, Social Forestry and
Extension, Planning and Monitoring, Protection and Law Enforcement and
Environment Management. FD has been vested with the following responsibilities.
Major Responsibilities
Conserve and maintain adequate forest cover for amelioration of climatic
conditions, conservation of flora and fauna, conservation of soil and water
resources, and for aesthetic, historical, recreational social and economic
purposes.
Build up plantation forest estate progressively to meet the future timber
requirements of the country both for internal consumption and for export and
also to contribute towards conservation of soil and water.
Ensure optimum use of forest land through integrated and multiple land use
approaches, taking into account the diversity of potential uses.
Ensure the scientific management and sustainable development of forest
resources so as to supplement the wood requirements of the country.
Ensure that environmental safeguards are included in all forest development and
utilization activities, so as to protect biological diversity.
Establish close links among institutions concerned in promoting conservation and
forestry development, so as to enhance the effectiveness of their individual
efforts.
111
Promote community participation in development, management and
conservation of forest resources through community-based forestry
programmes.
Conduct forestry education and extension programs in order to promote
awareness of forest conservation and development.
Major Challenges
Maintain national forest cover at present level.
Enforcement of law against violators of Forest Law framed under the Forest Act
Conservation of biodiversity
Prevent encroachments of forest lands from various land use practices
Ensure participation of communities in the buffer zone management at a
satisfactory level.
Progress : July 2010 - June 2011
Reforestation
Reforestation activities were carried out in 872.73 ha of
harvested plantations with economically valuable timber
species to meet the timber requirement of the country.
Silvicultural
Operation in
Forest Plantations
Silvicultural Operations were carried out in 2,407.74 ha in
selected forest plantations during the reporting period.
Establish New
Farmers’
Woodlots
205 ha of Farmer’s Woodlots were established during the
period under review in this programme.
Maintenance of
Old Farmers’
Wood lots
Cleaning operation in35 ha of wood lots was carried out and
patch weeding was carried out in 278.1 ha.
Management of
old Farmers’
Woodlots
761 ha of woodlots that were established under the
Community Forestry Project and Participatory Forestry Project
were scientifically managed during the reporting period.
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Home garden
development and
Tree Management
4,684 nos.of Home gardens were developed by providing
seedlings and providing technical assistance for tree
management programmes in 1,005 ha of home gardens.
Environmental
Management
Sinharaja, Knuckles, Udawattakele, Oliyagankele, Kurulukele
and Kanneliya forest reserves were maintained. Maintenance
work includes the opening and maintenance of nature trails,
fencing, under planting and erection of name boards.
Deenston, Illukkumbura, Kanneliya and Pitadeniya conservation
centers were also maintained.
Awareness programmes on forest conservation and
environmental management were conducted for students,
community organizations and villagers who are living in
surrounding areas of Sinharaja, Knuckles, Kanneliya,Man and
Biosphere reserves and other forests.
Plantation
Management
Management activities in 2,548.74 ha of young plantations that
were established in previous three years were carried out
during the reporting period to facilitate the growth of plants.
Maintenance of
Enrichment,
Buffer Zone and
Rehabilitated
plantations
133.70 ha of enrichment areas, 111.5 ha buffer zone
plantations and 57 ha of rehabilitated plantation were
maintained.
Maintenance of
Nurseries and
Production of
seedlings
973,102 nos of seedlings were produced in nurseries of the
Department. Continuous supply of healthy and well
maintained stock of seedlings for replanting programmes has
been ensured by these activities.
“WanaSenasuna
“Forest Hermitage
Programme
The purpose of this programme is to involve Buddhist Clergy
and devotees for protecting the forest with cultural values. The
presence of Buddhist priest who come to “aranyas” for
religious activities will help to prevent illegal activities in the
area. The programme also disseminates the message of the
value of forest conservation to the people through pilgrimages.
During the reporting period forest with biodiversity and
cultural values have been identified and such places are
allocated to establish hermitages. 10 nos permits issued in
reporting period .
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Conservation of
Hilltops in Central
Highlands
Impacts of deforestation and forest degradation on hill tops
Inadequate cover of the hill tops in the country poses a threat
to the economy because Sri Lanka has an agricultural economy
while considerable portion of electricity comes through
hydroelectricity. Although, Sri Lanka is fortunate to have rain
from monsoons, dry weather flow is affected due to
inadequate tree cover in hilly areas.
In the light of this situation and dwindling forest resources on
hills, it becomes imperative to ensure forest cover on almost all
hill tops in the country. The most serious consequences of
deforestation and forest degradation in hilly areas are:
Decreased / reduced dry weather flow
irregular water flow, and drying up of natural
springs and reduction in base flow of
streams
shortened lifespan of irrigation channels and
reservoirs;
soil erosion and associated loss of soil
fertility, which is reducing agricultural
productivity;
reduction in biodiversity due to destruction
of the habitats of wildlife and plants;
contribution to greenhouse gas emissions.
Therefore, the overall impact of forest degradation and
deforestation can simply be summarized as the reduced well-
being of the present and future generations.
Some of the hill tops with denuded forests belong to the Forest
Department although some belong to other agencies such as
estates, State Plantation Corporation, Janatha Estate
Development Board and Land Reform Commission.
Approximately, only about 25 percent of hill tops in the hill
country are under the purview of the Forest Department.
Aggravating this situation farther, plantation companies who
manage some estates in the highlands cut down trees along
stream reservations and also clear fell shade trees in order to
meet their energy requirement.
Strategies to be Used
There are three types of lands that were available in these
hilltops. They are as follows.
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Education,
Extension and
Awareness
487 Awareness programmes, 298 Competition/ Others, 100
nos. video shows, 39nos. exhibitions, 384 nos. seminars and
workshops were organized to raise awareness among general
public on forest conservation
Expenditure & Financial Plan
July 2010 to end of June 2011 2012
Amount Expected
( Rs.000) Target (Rs.000) Progress (Rs.000)
Capital 288,717 275,598 644,950
Recurrent 786,749 750,662 1,001,948
i. Hilltops with bed rock
ii. Hilltops denuded of vegetation due to repeated
fire
iii. Hilltops denuded of vegetation due to other
reasons
Assisted Natural Regeneration (ANR), Enrichment Planting and
Reforestation are the methods that could be used to restore
the vegetation cover on above lands. Depending on the existing
land use type one or combination of the above methods could
be used for restoration. Fire control is one of the most
important activities in all types of above lands.
During the reporting period following activities were
undertaken
Conservation of Hilltops in the Capital Highlands
1.Establishment and Other operations 112.5 (ha)
2.Maintenance - 12.5 (ha)
115
Action Plan 2012 – Summary
Major
Issue
Main
Activity
Sub Activity Target Physical Financial
(Rs ‘000)
Forest Cover Depletion
Forest Management
Silvicultural Treatments 7,323 ha 35,000
Reforestation in RCT Areas 900 ha 70,000
Maintenance of Young Plantations
5,378.79 ha 105,000
Enumeration and stumpage calculations
900 ha 3,600
Maintenance of Old Farmers’ Wood Lots
405 ha 4,500
Management of Old Farmers’ Wood Lots
750 ha 2,000
Seedlings and Nurseries 910,000 nos 28,000
Experiments, Research and new research trials
35 nos. 8,000
Establishment of Farmers’ Wood Lots
300 ha 12,000
Environmental Management 04 nos 25,000
Education and Extension sum, 15,000
Maintenance of Forest Boundaries
200 km 15,000
Plantation road maintenance 20 km 3,000
Home Garden Development 3,000 nos. 4,500
Conservation of Hill Tops in the Central highlands in Sri Lanka
Establish-350 ha
Maintenance-359 ha
50,000
Revenue forecast for 2012: Rs 1200 Million
116
Central Environmental Authority
Introduction
The Central Environmental Authority (CEA) was established in 1981 under the
National Environmental Act No 47 of 1980. The main objective in establishing the
CEA is for:
Protection, management and enhancement of the environment
Regulation, maintenance and control of the quality of the environment
Prevention, abatement and control of the pollution
Powers, Functions and Duties
To administer the provisions of the National Environmental Act and the
regulations made there under.
To undertake surveys and investigations as to the causes, nature, extent
of pollution and to assist and co-operate with other person or bodies
carrying out similar surveys or investigations.
To conduct, promote and co-ordinate research in relation to any aspects
of environmental degradation or the prevention there of, and to develop
criteria for the protection and improvement of the environment.
To specify standards, norms and criteria for the protection of beneficial
uses of the environment.
To publish reports and information with respect to any aspect of
environment protection and management.
To provide information and education to the public regarding the
protection and improvement of the environment.
The CEA has been entrusted with wider regulatory powers since its inception by
amending the National Environmental Act in 1988 and in the Year 2000.
117
The principal powers entrusted with these amendments include inter alia the
following to require activities resulting in the discharge of pollutants to the
environment to do so under the authority of a license issued by the CEA, in
accordance with standards and criteria stipulated by the Authority.
To require certain prescribe development projects with may result in
significant adverse impacts on the environment to undertake
Environmental Impact Assessment prior to their implementation.
To gazette the activities which will discharge, deposit or emit waste in to
the environment as “Prescribed Activities” and to ensure that to no person
shall carry on any prescribed activity except under a license issued by the
authority and in accordance with standards and other criteria as may be
prescribed under this act
Challenges
Enforcement of regulations framed under the National Environmental Act.
Develop positive attitudes of stakeholder groups on Environmental
Management
Persuade all types of industries for environmental screening through EPL
system.
Effectively incorporate environmental concerns into the development
projects and programmes
To ensure that all development oriented agencies adopt an environmentally
friendly stance in promoting development.
To ensure that rapid industrial development in the country does not lead to
environmental degradation.
Establishment of a proper hazardous waste management system in the
country which tracks hazardous waste from cradle to grave.
To make polluting industries adopt cleaner technology in order to cut cost
and reduce pollution at the same time.
118
To get Local Authorities to be more responsible and adopt environmentally
friendly methods of solid waste disposal including sanitary landfill sites.
Ensure proper siting of industries with a view to minimizing impacts on the
environment.
To ensure that major policies and programme implemented by the
government have a minimal impact on the environment.
To peruse and conserve environmentally sensitive areas and unique eco
system in the country while achieving the development.
Progress: July 2010 - June 2011
Air Pollution Control Stationary sources emission standards have been developed and are
being finalized at present. It is expected that these standards will be
finalized and gazetted within the year 2011 thereby making them legal
standards required to be complied by industries.
Ambient air quality monitoring in the Kandy city was carried out and
it was found that the air quality in Kandy exceed to National Ambient
Air Quality Standards marginally.
Ambient air quality monitoring programme was carried out at
MahindaRajapaksha International Cricket Stadium at Sooriyawewa
from 16th to 20th for 12 days in June, 2011 to provide air quality data
in Hambanthota for the Commonwealth Games bid document.
Colombo Fort air quality monitoring station is in continuous
operation for the determination of particulate matter concentration in
ambient air quality in the Colombo city.
Establishment of
Source Emission
Regulations and
Amendment of
existing Noise level
regulations
Although the air quality in the country is still at acceptable levels, due
to the increase in industries and thermal power generation emitting
air pollutants, there is an urgent need for emission standards for
industrial sources. These standards have now been developed and will
be finalized within the next few months.
Development and
Implementation of
Malé Declaration
The second meeting of task force for future development of Malé
Declaration was held on 29 – 30th of November 2010 in Colombo, Sri
Lanka. The main areas of discussion during the meeting were:
Responses for sustainable and appropriate financial
119
mechanism of the Malé Declaration from participating
countries
Feasibility report on strengthening the framework on air
pollution reduction and control in South Asia by establishing
regional pollution control guidelines.
Feasibility report on establishment of regional centers for
different air management mechanisms based on the
expertise of each country. Under this activity, CEA laboratory
has been selected as the regional center for emission
inventory preparation
Work Plan for 2011.
Transboundary air pollution monitoring activities are being
carried out on a continuous basis under phase iv of the
programme
With a view to protecting and conserving areas with unique environmental features
which are scattered throughout the country, the CEA took action to declare such
areas as Environmental Protection Areas. Under the provisions in the National
Environmental Act, the CEA is responsible for physical planning and development
within any areas declared as an Environmental Protection Areas. The areas declared
up to date are;
Muthurajawela buffer zone Bolgoda Lake
Maragala Kanda, Moneragala Wathurana Swamp Forest
Bulathsinhala Hanthana
Knuckles Thalangama Tank
Lake Gregory, Nuwara Eliya
120
Table 12.1- Declared and to be Declared EPAs;
Name of the Site Status
Declared EPAs
01 Walauwaththa Wathurana
Gazette no.1598/21
Date-2009/04/24
Management plan has been drafted.
02 Bolgoda -Gazette no.-1634/23
Date-2009/12/30
Final draft of the guidelines is in place and
suitable locations have been identified to erect
the sign boards.
03 Muthurajawela –Gazette no-1466/26
-Date-2006/10/13
Thalangama -Gazette no: -1487/10
-Date.-2007/03/05
Management plan has been prepared and
implemented.
04 Gregory Lake -Gazette no:-1487/10
-Date -2007/03/05
Boundary demarcation completed
05 Hanthana -Gazette no:-1641/28
-Date-2010/02/17
Initial discussions were held with the University
of Peradeniya to carry out data survey and draft
Management Plan.
To be declared EPAs
01 Benthara Ganga Cabinet paper has been prepared.
02 Dedigamuwa Kanda Gazette has been drafted and need comments
were called.
03 Koggala Lagoon Data survey has been completed. Detailed
report has to be prepared for expert comments.
04 Gin Oya Identified as a new site in The North Western
Province. Site inspections have been carried
out.
121
Developing Data Base for Environmental Polluting Activities in Sri Lanka for the
Protection Environment
The CEA implements several regulations to control discharge of effluent, emission of
smoke/gases/fumes and deposition of waste from various industrial activities and to
ensure sustainable utilization of natural resources under the provisions of National
Environmental Act (NEA). Environment Protection License (EPL) scheme is the
regulatory tool that control discharge, deposition or emission of waste. At present
there are three main lists namely ‘A’, ‘B’ and `C’ of prescribed industries that require
EPL for their operation.
Although, the CEA has been issuing EPL for last 20 years, there was no a centrally
managed database of industries at the CEA. As such, non-availability of central
database of industries has affected in
making decisions pertaining to
environment management and planning.
Having identified the need of an industrial
survey to overcome this constrain, the
management of the CEA took a decision to
carry out a island wide survey in order to
gather information on industries and to
develop a database with the spatial
information. Industrial Survey was
commenced in January 2009.
During the period ,from July, 2010 to June,
2011 data collection was completed in the
Northern Province (Jaffna and Manar districts) and Gampaha district and data
collection is being continued in the Kurunegala district in 2011. The areas covered so
far under the project are given in the map.(Figure 12.2) The outcome of the survey
is very useful , it provides current situation of industries and their distribution at
divisional secretariat level ,which no doubt would help to make appropriate
management decisions .
Figure 12.2: Industrial Survey
Area
122
E – Waste Management
CEA has taken several initiatives to identify and provide strategic solutions to the
emerging e- waste problem, facilitating entire e-waste management practices
adhering to 3R ( Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) principle. The aim of this is to minimize the
adverse impact caused by hap hazard disposal of Waste Electrical and Electronic
Equipments (WEEE) in the country.
In this connection, the Central Environment Authority (CEA) along with fourteen
business organizations in home electronics, information technology,
telecommunication industries and waste management service providers have
launched a cooperate electronic waste management project to eradicate the
growing e-waste crisis in Sri Lanka. This programme has been launched under a
common Logo and a common theme “Ensuring an E waste Free Environment” on 4th
November 2010 at the “Mihilaka Mandala” Auditorium at BMICH with the
participation of the Minister of Environment Hon. AnuraPriyadarshanaYapa, Deputy
Minister of Environment Hon FaizarMustapa and CEO s of the 14 partner companies.
These 14 companies has created an island wide collection network to channel E
waste to a proper management practice using there island wide business network.
The CEA provided the information of these organizations to the National Information
Centre so that the general public can easily get the information of the E waste
management facilitators just dialing 1919
The Central Environmental Authority and the Metropolitan Group of Companies a
member of company of Cooperate E Waste Management Programme has jointly
held the first E waste drop off event on 7th April 2011 at Shalika Grounds,
Narahenpita. The aim of this drop off event was to encourage households and
business places to dispose E waste to one location. Approximately 3 tons of wastes
were collected at this event day itself.
The Second E- Waste drop off event was held on 7th June 2011 parallel to the World
Environmental day at the Henri Pedris Ground, Colombo 05. Around 4.5 tons of E –
Waste has been collected on this occasion.
123
CEA has created an island wide network to collect E waste with the support of
partner companies. Singer Sri Lanka, Dialog Axiata PLC, Metropolitan Group of
Companies has actively involved in collection through their island wide dealer
network. General public can obtain information by contacting 1919. About 900 tons
of E Waste have been collected and exported during the reporting period through
the licensed parties during July 2010 – June 2011.
Study on Waste Management – Research on “Environmental and Economic
Analysis of Plastic Recycling Industry in Sri Lanka”
With the understanding of the importance of the study on plastic recycling field, the
Waste Management Unit had decided to conduct a study on plastic waste recycling
industry in Sri Lanka in order to obtain information of the plastic recycling. This has
been undertaken by the University of Sri Jayawardanapura with the funding support
from the National Post Consumer Plastic Waste Management Project under the 2010
action plan. The research team submitted the final report on 31st December, 2010
Table 12.2- Water Quality Monitoring
The Kelani
River
The CEA laboratory carries out regular monitoring of important
water bodies in the country in order to detect in every year.
Water quality of the twelve selected locations of the Kelani River
and its tributaries were measured during this period for sixteen
water quality parameters.
Water quality in upper part of the Kelani River at Thalduwa and
one of the tributaries exceptof microbiological contaminant.
Signs of organic pollution and industrial pollution were evident in
river water at Pugoda ,Raggawatta Ela, Japanese Friendship Bridge
and Seethawake which indicate a combined effects of
anthropogenic and natural sources of pollution.
Microbiological pollutants in almost all locations is not satisfactory
due to the disposal of untreated or partially treated sewage or
natural sources such as birds and even domestic cattle could
contribute too.
124
Upper reach
of Bentota
river
Water quality of the upper reach of the Bentota estuary,
Thalangama tank and Bolgoda lake were measured during the
period of July 2010 – June 2011
Monitoring area was mainly in upper reach of the Bentota
estuaries. Eight locations were selected for the monitoring
activities. Upper reach of the Bentota estuary is a brackish
water body (with high Cl- levels) since this water body is often
subject to sea water intrusion during high tide periods with
peak intrusions occurring during the driest spells in the period
of August, 2010. Monitoring area could be described as a
moderately highly polluted water body and faecal pollution is
intense within the monitoring area.
The Bolgoda
Lake
Water quality of the eight selected site were measured for the
period of six month. Bolgoda Lake is a brackish water body.
Taking into account of the Dissolved Oxygen (DO) levels as an
indicator of pollution, pollution seems to vary seasonally at
almost all monitoring locations Bolgoda Lake is polluted with
significant traces of Lead (Pb) and Chromium (Cr). However,
nutrient pollution is insignificant with reference to the levels of
NO-3 and TP. Faecal coliform levels were intense, though
seasonal.
The
Thalangama
Tank
Water quality of the six selected site were measured for the
period of six month. Organic pollution is insignificant.
Thalangama Tank is a moderately to slightly polluted water
body in general. There is a seasonal variation in the Dissolved
Oxygen (DO) levels within the studied locations. Thalangama
Tank has significant levels of Lead and Chromium with
reference to the CEA proposed limit of 0.002 mg/L for Category
4 Class II Waters. However, Lead and Chromium levels are
below the SLS 614 Part 1 1983 drinking water quality limit of
0.05 mg/L (maximum permissible level). Nutrient pollution is
insignificant with reference to the presence of NO-3 and TP.
Total and coliform levels are higher than the CEA proposed
limits of Category 3 Class II Waters indicating that the Tank is
not suitable for bathing or other skin-contact recreational
activities. The CEA laboratory carries out regular monitoring
of important water bodies in the country in order to detect
pollution trends.
125
Determination
of Water
Quality in
Streams Using
Indicator
Species
A project on monitoring of water quality improvement in Kandy
and Nuwara Eliya was implemented under funds from Kitakuyshu
International Techno Association (KITA) of Japan. The objective of
this project was to introduce an environmental friendly, cost
effective method to evaluate the level of water pollution by using
biological indicators for the public and school children.
Under this programme, a manual for environmental education
using Bio-Indicators in rivers in Sri Lanka has been prepared.
Revision of
Effluents
Discharge
Standards and
Tolerance
Limits
Steps have been taken to revise the present wastewater discharge
standards and their tolerance limits according to the country’s
development needs. A panel of public sector industrial
administrative officers and university experts had been appointed
to review, monitor and draft new wastewater discharge standards
and their tolerance limits according to the countries development
needs. Present systems of standards are needed to be updated for
effective control of wastewater discharging regimes.
Requests have been made by user groups to broaden the effluent
discharge categories and some practical problems in mitigating of
present effluent discharge standards paved the way to revise the
present standards. To overcome the raising issues CEA has
decided to review and update the National Environmental
Protection and Quality Regulation No. 01 of 2008 in order to draft
more effective and broad based standards and tolerance limits to
discharge of industrial waste water.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
As a regulatory function of the CEA, EIAs are done for all prescribed projects with the
intention of mitigating the adverse environmental impacts of such projects. The
process includes the convening of scoping meetings and technical evaluation
meetings, evaluation of EIA reports and facilitating public participation in the
process. The process ends with the granting of approval or rejection of the project.
During the period from 1st July 2010 to 30th June 2011, six (6) projects have been
approved and approvals have been extended for four (4) projects as follows.
126
Table 12.3: Environmental Impact Assessment Projects
Project Approval
01 MataraKatharagama railway extension project phase II Approved
02 Offshore sea sand extraction project at Kerawalapitiya Approved
03 Uma Oyamultipurpose Development Project Approved
04 Agriculture Land Development Project at Lorawaththa,
Doluwa by HaelingAyuruvedic (Pvt) Ltd
Approved
05 Kithulgala Mini Hydro Power Project Approved
06 Owala Mini Hydro Power Project at. – Mathale on Sudu
Ganga
Approved
07 Southern Transport Development Project Approval
extension
08 Proposed Kandy Dynasty Condominium type apartment
complex, Kandy
Approval
extension
09 Proposed alternate Highway between Colombo and
Kandy
Approval
extension
10 Moragahakanda Agricultural Development. Project by
Mahaweli Authority
Approval
extension
During the reporting period, total of 40 projects for which approval under part ivC of
the National Environmental Act, the programme under EIA regulations by the CEA. In
addition, technical assistance was given to other Project Approving Agencies (PAAs)
to implement the EIA procedure.
Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)
Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is done for smaller scale projects with less
impact on the environment. Implementations of IEE process for prescribed projects
which do not involve complicated environmental issues have been assigned to the
Provincial offices of the CEA. During the period review, IEE approvals have been
given for 529 projects while one project has been rejected.
127
Implementation of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA)
SEA for Northern Province
Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is a process whereby environmental
assessments are carried out for policies, plans or programmes. Sri Lanka is one of the
few countries in the Asian Region which has operationalized SEA. A comprehensive
SEA was initiated for the whole of the Northern Province consisting of the five
district of Jaffna, Vavunia, Kilinochchi, ,Mulathivu and Mannar, soon after the end of
the conflict in May 2009. The SEA for the Northern Province was carried out with the
active participation of all relevant government agencies such as the Forest
Department, Department of Wild Life Conservation, Geological Survey and Mines
Bureau, Water Resource Board, Tourism Development Authority, BOI and Disaster
Management Center.
Under the SEA all the environmentally sensitive areas such as Forest, Wildlife areas,
Elephant corridors as well as other in unique eco systems have been identified for
conservation purposes. The main purpose of this study was to develop an
opportunity map whereby development agencies could identify areas that could be
developed without restriction. This would enable rapid development of Northern
Province without undue delays or problems. This study was facilitated by the United
National Development Program with the aim of integrating the Disaster Risk
Reduction towards the rapid development initiatives in the country. The digital maps
of the Strategic Environmental Assessment can be available for the use of general
public.
SEA for Gampaha
A SEA has also being launched for the District of Gampaha. A comprehensive
industrial survey is being carried out the District of Gampaha as impacts from
industries are a major issue in this area.
128
SEA for Hambanthota
One of the major achievements of the SEA for the District of Hambantota is the
identification of a Managed Elephant Range, in order to solve the human – elephant
conflict in the area. In addition, adequate land has been allocated for other
development projects such as Airport, Seaport, Cricket Stadium, Industrial Estates,
and Tourism etc. The finalized zoning plan and the recommendations of the SEA
study have been forwarded to the Urban Development Authority for onward actions.
SEA for Uva and Central Provinces
SEA study for Uva and Central Provinces is in progress. CEA appointed a Steering
Committee to review the progress and discuss the concerns of stakeholder agencies.
A leaflet on SEA of Uva and Central Provinces has also been prepared and circulated
among the government agencies.
EIA Regulations
The CEA has taken steps to submit amendment of draft of EIA Regulations to the
Legal Draftsman through the Ministry introducing new prescribed projects.
Environmental Protection Licensing Scheme
The major regulatory programme for control of industrial pollution is the
Environmental Protection License (EPL) procedure has been assigned to the
Provincial Offices of the CEA. EPLs issued during the period are as follows
Table 12.4 -Environment Protection Licensing Scheme
“A” category EPL “B” category EPL BOI concurrence
Fresh EPLs Renewals Fresh EPLs Renewals Fresh EPLs Renewals
EPL issued 789 1229 1335 68 84 150
EPL rejected 1 - 2 - - -
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Implementation of National Green Award Scheme
The CEA has initiated a programme whereby entities which are operating in an
environmentally sustainable manner are to be recognized and rewarded. Several
awards are to be given for Industries, Local Authorities, and Schools in order to
encourage environmentally friendly behavior.
The National Green Award for 2011 was held on 23rd August 2011 at the BMICH
under the patronage of His Excellency the President.
Eco Labeling:
Eco Labeling is a system of providing an Environmental Excellence Certification to the
different products and services, who apply best environmental practices and cleaner
technologies in their processes. The Concept Paper of the progrmme containing an
Introduction to the programme, the Objectives, the Initial Selection Criteria and the
Categories of the products and services concerned has been compiled. Also the
Administration Plan and the General and Specific Requirements for the products and
services have been completed
Programme for eco-friendly livestock farming
In under to mitigate the environmental problems related to livestock farming, an
Advisory Committee has been appointed consisting of the Ministry of Health,
Department of Animal Production, CEA and Ministry of Local Government to look at
ways and means of seeking a solution to this problem.
Environment Noise Control
To amend the existing industrial noise regulations, a contract agreement has been
signed between CEA and ITI. It is expected to complete this activity within 2011.
Regulation on Noise emanating from vehicle horns
Vehicle horn regulations have been finalized and sent to AG's Department for
approval.
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School Pioneer programme
During the reporting period, under the School Pioneer Brigade programe, and
following badges were awarded to school children.
Table 12.5 – School Pioneer Awards
No Type of badge No of award
1 Thurulatha 1667
2 Vihanga 1461
3 Soba 587
4 Pioneer 8042
5 Green 1853
6 Silver 257
7 Gold 17
Collaboration with Government and Non-Governmental organizations
CEA together with Ministry of Environment strongly recognized the ability of NGOs,
in mobilizing the communities at the grass root level for the purpose of Environment
Management and Conservations. Therefore continuous dialogue between the CEA
and respective NGOs will be of great support in careering out the duties of CEA. In
order to create an enabling conducting for collaborating as in the past years. The CEA
conduct the bilateral dialogue with the NGOs working in the field of environment
management and conservations for which is participated by 125 participants. As a
result the CEA could agree on a work plan to be carried out in collaborating with
these NGOs for the current year thought out the country.
National Tree Planting Campaign
Along with the `Dayata Sevana’ tree planting programme wich have been launched
by the Ministry of Environment, CEA actively participated in this programme.
Accordingly, CEA carried out four special tree planting programme in Colombo-(Kotte
and Kirulapana canal), Gampaha-(Wadumulla Canal), Kurunegala-(Poodalupotha
Wewa), Kandy-(Pinga oya) districts.
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In order to launch this programme in other districts, seedlings have also been
planted in nurseries in Kegalle, Moneragala, Trincomalee and Matharaand Jaffna.
More than 2,500 seedlings have been produced in each district.
Dengue Eradication Programme
Dengue eradication programmes in Colombo, Kurunegala, Ampara and Tricomalee
districts has been conducted with the support of school children under the
patronage of Ministry of Education. Other authorities and agencies such as
Department of Police, Department of Health, SriLanka Foreign Employment Bureau,
Coconut Development Board, Grama Niladaries and Community Base Organizations
have taken part to prevent the spreading of dengue in the relevant areas.
Amendment to the National Environment Act No. 47 of 1980:
CEA took steps to amend the National Environment Act of 47 of 1980, to strengthen
the prosecution process on the violation of environment conservation levy act no.26
of 2008 for the purpose of effective environment and conservation. CEA recognized
comments from the Department of Legal Draftsmen for the above amendment and
it is in the process of responding for those comments.
Table 12.6 - Performance of the Legal Enforcement
Activity July 2010 to June 2011
File legal Action 122
EPL Refusal and Cancellation 90
Selection 12 and 24B Directives 20
Appeal Hearing 18
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Pilisaru Waste Management Project
The Pilisaru Project was established in the Central Environmental Authority (CEA)
with effect from 1st January 2008. The total estimated cost of the project is Rs 5.6
Billion for a three year period. The project duration has been further extended for a
period of 3 years from 2011. The project is to address the issue of improper solid
waste management in a nationally coordinated approach.
Objectives of the Project:
Development of a National Policy on Solid Waste Management
Development of a National Strategy on SWM
Effective education & awareness for all stakeholders on SWM including training & capacity building
Facilitation for LAS for implementation of SWM projects / programs
Legal reforms to strengthen effective law enforcement
By September 20011, The project has implemented around 80 Local Authorities in
provision of infrastructure equipments, trainings, equipments and trainings for solid
waste management in Local Authorities.
Financial Details
Total Estimated Cost – Rs Mn 5675
Cumulative Expenditure as at September 2011 – Rs Mn 1113
Budgetary Allocation for 2011 – Rs Mn 712
Expenditure for the year as at end of September 2011 – Rs Mn 285
Performance: July 2010 to June 2011
Construction of large and medium scale composting plants The construction of compost plant complex at Pohorawatta, Kalutara, Madirigiriya ,
Kolonnawa, Anuradhapura has been completed.
Establishment of sanitary land fill sites The CEA applied the Economic Development Corporation Fund loan from the Korea
Eximbank with respect to the implementation of the four sanitary landfill sites at
Malamula (Panadura), Anuradapura, Hikkaduwa and Gonadikawatta.
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Solid waste management Programmes Funding and technical assistances were provided by the Pilisaru project to 16 Local
authorities (Municipal councils, Urban Councils and Pradeshiya sabhas) and Royal
College Colombo to establish Small scale composting plants.
2714 plastic compost bins were delivered to various Local authorities, schools, and
other religious places according to their request and 361 sets of waste collection bins
were provided to various places with free of charge.
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National Post Consumer Plastic Waste Management Programme
Open dumping and burning of post consumer plastic waste are growing problem in Sri Lanka and this problem is aggravated due to absence of a proper plastic waste management system in the country. To address this issue National Post Consumer Plastic Waste Management project has been established by the Central Environment Authority under the guidance of the Ministry of Environment. The total estimated cost of the project is Rs 1257.2 million for a five year project period starting from 2007 to 2012. Major Objectives of the Project;;
to aware the public on segregation of non degradable waste as plastic/polythene, paper and glass
to build up a collection net work in the country
to build up a recycling net work in the country
Sri Lanka imports about 200,000 MTs of plastic raw materials and products in every year. 30 percent of this amount is re-exported and remaining is haphazardly disposed in to the environment without a proper treatment process which ultimately causes severe health hazards and environment degradation. This program envisages the maximum recycling of plastic waste which also generates a foreign exchange saving to the country.
Major project strategies.
Strengthen the institutional mechanism for solid waste management in every Local Authority.
Establish necessary infrastructure for solid waste management in each Local Authority or adopt appropriate alternative methods.
Financial Details
Total Estimated Cost – Rs Mn 1257.20
Cumulative Expenditure as at September 2011 – Rs Mn 235
Budgetary Allocation for 2011 – Rs Mn 100
Expenditure for the year as at end of September 2011 – Rs Mn 28
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Performance - July 2010 to June 2011
National Post Consumer Plastic waste Management Project is giving a strong contribution to build up a clean environment. In this regard, several awareness programes has been conducted to ensure the disseminating of knowledge onf post consumer plastics handling. 83 awareness programmes, 20 workshops, 01 environmental camp were conducted targeting students, schools & Sunday school teachers, government officers, householders, NGO & CBO members, etc. Most of local government authorities in Sri Lanka were provided with infrastructures to strengthen their capacities for waste management. Project distributed 1300 waste collecting bins, 99,200 waste collecting bags, 05 waste collecting tractors, 08 waste collecting trailers, 25 waste segregation permanent structures, etc.
In addition several promotional activities such as 38 environmental programs were telecast, 09 National level and 07 Regional level promotional campaigns were conducted.
Action Plan 2012
Activity Rs Mn
Activities for waste collection and recycling logistics 157
Training, development & awareness raising 14
Promotional campaigns 121.5
Research & Development cost 6
Operational Cost (Salaries & Wages, office expenses, transport, capacity building, office equipment including, computers etc. 80
136
Action Plan (CEA) -2012
Activity Financial Targets Rs.'
000'
Environmental Impact Assessment 300
Natural Resources Management 750
Research and Special Project 150
Environmental Pollution Control 750
Monitoring System of Key Environment parameters 2000
Waste Management 750
Environmental Education and Awareness 500
Environmental Law Enforcement 1000
Planning and Monitoring 300
Management of Environmental Service Delivery 1000
Personal Emoluments 293,450
Traveling Expenses 15,500
Supplies 26,100
Maintained Expenditure 15,500
Contractual Service 63,450
Divisional Recurrent 7,500
Total - Recurrent 421,500
Rehabilitation and Improvement of Capital Assets
Building and Structure Improvement 5,000
Acquisition of fixed assets
Furniture and Office Equipment 10,000
Machinery - Laboratory Equipments 2,000
Building and Structure 7,000
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Other Capital assets
Awareness Programmes 5,000
Other - Books 1,000
Total - Capital 30,000
Special Projects
Pilisaru Programme 712,400
Post Consumer Plastics Management Programme 100,000
Developing Database for Envtl. Polluting Activities in SL 5,000
Pioneer Programme 5,000
Water Quality monitoring on several river basins of the
country 500
Total 822,900
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Marine Environment Protection Authority
Introduction
Strategic location of Sri Lanka in the Indian Ocean close to east west shipping route
and the increased shipping activity projected within next decade has given vision to
enhance capacity in Sri Lankan commercial ports at Colombo, Hambantota,
Trincomalee. According to the “Mahinda Chinthana” development policy framework,
it is predicted the rapid development in tourism and marine related industries. In the
light of these developments Sri Lanka face a greater risk of marine pollution due to
oil/chemical spill or due to dumping of ship generated waste and need to enhance
and strengthen awareness, preparedness and capacity to counter possible threat
paused to marine environment.
Marine Pollution Prevention Authority was established under the Marine Pollution
Prevention Act No. 59 of 1981. With a view to strengthen the legal authority vested
with this authority to deal with marine pollution incidents and to implement
international conventions relating to marine pollution prevention as applicable to
GOSL, existing act was repealed and Marine Pollution Prevention act No. 35 of 2008
was enacted and came into operation with effect from 01st January 2009. In keeping
line with the act this authority was re-named as Marine Environment Protection
Authority.
The Responsibilities and functions of the Authority
To effectively and efficiently administer and implement the provisions of
Marine Environment protection act and the regulations made there under
To formulate and execute a scheme of work for the prevention, reduction,
control and management of pollution arising out of ship based activity and
shore base maritime related activity in the territorial waters of Sri Lanka or
any other maritime zone declared at a future date under such law, its fore
shore and the coastal zone of Sri Lanka.
To conduct research in collaboration with other departments, agencies and
institutions for both the government and private sector for the purpose of
prevention, reduction control and management of pollution arising out of
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any ship based activity or any other maritime zone declared at a future date
under such law, its fore share and the coastal zone of Sri Lanka.
To take measures to manage safeguard and preserve the territorial water of
Sri Lanka or any other maritime zone declared at a future date under such
law, its fore share and the coastal zone of Sri Lanka
To provide adequate and effective reception facilities for any oil, harmful
substances or any other pollutant
To recommend adherence to all international conventions and relevant
protocols dealing with marine pollution which the government of Sri Lanka
has or may ratify, accept, accede to or approve.
To formulate and implement the national oil pollution contingency plan
To oversee, regulate and supervise the conduct of the contractors and
person conducting or engaged in exploration of natural resources, service ,
sub-contractors and person conducting or engaged in exploration of natural
resources including petroleum or related activities
To create awareness amongst groups of community of the need to preserve
the marine environment.
To do all such other acts or things as may be necessary for the discharge of
all or any of the above functions.
To effectively safeguard and preserve the territorial waters of Sri Lanka or
any other maritime zone declared under the maritime zones law or which
may be declared at a future date under such law from any pollution arising
out of any ship based or shore based maritime related activity.
To conduct investigations and inquiries and to institute legal action in
relation to any pollution, arising out of any ship based activity or shore based
maritime related activity,
To oversee all sea transport of oil and bunkering operations that are carried
out in the territorial waters of Sri Lanka or any other maritime zone declared
under the maritime zones law or which may be declared at a future date
under such law, for the purpose of prevention of pollution.
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Progress : July 2010 - June 2011
National Oil Spill Contingency Plan (NOSCP)
A three day workshop was held for the purpose of creating awareness on
National Oil spill Contingency Plan for the benefit of the first respondents.
(December 2010 at Foundation Institute)
21 Programms were held in which officers of Divisional Secretariats,
GramaNiladaris and officers of non-governmental organizations in the coastal
zone from Hambantota to Puttlam to create an awareness on the
implementation of the National Oil Spill Contingency Plan and to keep update the
plans at district level to implement in the event of an emergency, the total
participation exceeded 1300. This awareness programs included lectures and
practical training.
Four sets of equipment used to identify harmful gases when responding to an
accident involving vessels carrying chemical substance were purchased.
(November 2010) to strengthen the institutional capacity to deal with
oil/chemical spill.
International Conventions and Draft Regulations
With the enactment of Marine Pollution Prevention Act, No.35 of 2008, MEPA
has been vested with regulatory authority to deal with Marine Pollution incidents
and to implement international conventions relating to Marine pollution
prevention as applicable to GOSL. Accordingly, the regulations are being drafted
under the provisions of the Act with a view to enhance the regulatory authority
vested with MEPA and regulations covering all area under the Act was drafted
and handed over to legal Draftsman department. The Gazette regulation
governing the “offshore Exploration for and Exploration of Natural Resources
including Petroleum” (marine Environment protection) regulation no.1 of 2011
was promulated to be effect from the 26th day of May 2011.
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School Marine Groups Related activities ( Haritha Lanka Progremme)
During the period June 2010 to June 2011, 125 awareness program and field
excursions have been organized for the benefit of School Marine Groups and
Over 5000 school children participated. Through these programmes the
message of importance of Ocean and Marine Environment for the man kind
was effectively conveyed to the school children.
The national ceremony commemorating the World Ocean Day was held on
board Sri Lanka Navy “Jetliner” ship with the participation of Hon. Anura
Priyadarshana Yapa, the Minister of Environment, as the chief guest.
A competition was held among the children of school marine groups to
design an insignia, to create enthusiasm on protecting the ocean. The
winners were awarded with the prizes and certificates.
Maps, Magazines and Posters were given to Marine Information Centers
established in schools located along the coastal belt. In addition 70 more
centers were established during the year and the resources for same have
been provided.
Awareness Program
The national ceremony for the commemoration of World Ocean Day 08 June
2011 was held on board the Jetliner ship of Sri Lanka Navy with the
participation of Hon. Anura Priyadarshana Yapa, Minister of Environment, as
chief guest. During this ceremony, the heads of institutions associated with
marine environment, government officials and about 230 school children
participated. In this programs the audience were made aware of the ways in
which the marine environment is being polluted and the nature of ocean
related accidents.
“Sonduru Sauara” Programme
Action has been taken to purchase seven portable water quality testing sets
for the purpose of monitoring the water quality in locations where waste
water is released to the sea (sea out falls).These equipments will be issued to
142
the District office and the data will be used to build a national level
information database.
Research activities conducted in collaboration with Sri Jayawardanapura
University on the dispersal of alien invasive organisms through ballast water
released by vessels calling at commercial harbors in Sri Lanka is being
continued.
Prevention of Pollution Resulting from Activities Related to Fishing
A pilot project has been implemented at Mirissa Fisheries Harbor to
determine the manners in which the waste should be managed inside
fisheries harbors. In addition to Marine Environment Protection Authority,
the other institutions collaborating in this project are Coast Guard
Department, Fisheries Harbor Corporation and the Moratuwa University.
Based on the outcome of this project, waste management programs will be
introduced to other fisheries harbors as well.
The importance of collecting the used oil was explained to the fishing
fraternity and two tanks each with a capacity of 1500 liters were installed at
the newly constructed Fisheries Harbours at Valachchenai and Kilinochchi for
collection of waste oil.
Testing of Sea Water Quality
Water quality tests being conducted on monthly basis in areas like Beruwala
and Maragalla, (where famous for bathing) have revealed that the feacal
coliform found in human excreta is present in the sea water to an extent that
exceeds the maximum permissible level of 150 MPN. The data comparison
with the year 2010 shows that feacal coliform in water has increased and it is
evident that this is due to the shore based pollution activities.
Action has been taken for procurement of a set of equipment for testing of
water quality at long sea out falls, where waste water from the Colombo city
is discharged into the sea.
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Study of changes in temperature in sea water due to the water discharged by
the cooling system of the “Lakvijaya” Thermal Power Plant at Norachcholai is
being done in collaboration with Norachcholai unit of the navy. Analysis of
temperature values indicates that, an increase of temperature by about 30C.
At 100m distance towards the coast from the point of discharge of hot water.
Improvement of Laboratory Facilities
Under this program, an opportunity has been provided for the Authority to
conduct water quality testing which have been done earlier at other
laboratories. Equipment and chemicals required for some studies has been
purchased and some other chemicals will be purchased during the next
quarter.
Waste Reception Facilities
Arrangement have been made to provide waste reception services to the
ships calling at commercial harbors in Sri Lanka by registering 21 service
providers with necessary qualifications for the year 2011. Necessary action
has been taken to ensure the satisfactory continuation of this service.
Publicity Programme
A documentary film was produced to provide information for the public on
the responsibilities and functions of the Marine Environment Protection
Authority and marine pollution in Sri Lanka.
Quarterly journal “Samudura Puwath”(300 copies) and “SathSamudura”, a
journal published in commemoration of the World Ocean Day (1000 copies)
have been published by the Authority.
Leaflets were published in Sinhala, Tamil and English on the importance of
marine environment systems and the need to keep them free of pollution. A
63,000 no’s of leaflets were printed.
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Oil Exploration Activities in Deep Sea
The Authority is serving as the approving agency for the projects related to oil
exploration in the Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ). As at now approval has been
granted for oil exploration in the Gulf of Mannar. In fulfillment of this obligation
the Authority has taken action to mitigate environmental impact, stipulate
conditions, and appoint a technical evaluation committee to evaluate the
Environmental Impact Assessment Report and conditional approval for the report.
The Authority will also take necessary steps to issue the permits and monitor the
project after its commencement,
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Geological Survey and Mines Bureau
Introduction
The Geological Survey and Mines Bureau (GSMB), successor to the former Geological
Survey Department was established in 1993 under the Mines and Minerals Act.
1992, No. 33.
The major functions of the Bureau are:
To undertake the systematic geological mapping of Sri Lanka and the
preparation of geological maps
To identify and assess the mineral resources of Sri Lanka
To evaluate commercial viability of mining for, processing and export of such
minerals
To regulate exploration and mining for minerals and the processing, trading in
and export of such minerals, by the issue of licenses
To advise the Minister on measures to be adopted for the promotion of the
extraction and production of minerals, on a commercial basis
Major Challenges
Explore and quantify mineral deposits and ensure sustainable uses
Optimal utilization of mineral resources of the country in an efficient, safe and
environmentally friendly manner
Regulate mining to reduce adverse socio – economic and environmental
impacts
Assist early warning mechanisms and damage minimization of natural hazards
such as landslides and tsunami
Implements Mines and Mineral Act
Organizational Structure
The activities of the Bureau are implemented by two technical divisions namely
‘Geology Division’ and ‘Mines Division’ with the support of the Human Resource
Division.
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Geology Division
Activities of the Geology Division are of two types:
Planned activities carried out with GSMB funds in accordance with core
functions of the Bureau, (i.e. geological mapping, quaternary mapping, soil
geochemical mapping) and dissemination of mineral/geological information
Income generating undertakings as client responsive projects (i.e. core
drilling, mineral surveys, geophysical surveys, laboratory services)
Progress : July 2010- June 2011
Planned activities carried out with GSMB funds
Geological Mapping
o Compilation of 1:100,000 Aralaganwila-Paddiruppu Geological map was
completed during this period and the map was ready for printing.
o Since the preparation of 1:100,000 scale geological maps covering the country
are nearing completion, it was decided to compile a 1:500,000 scale geological
map of Sri Lanka by merging the published 1:100,000 scale geological maps. A
plotter-print of the first draft map (Geological Map of Sri Lanka) was obtained in
June 2011.
Progress of Detailed Geological Mapping and Memoir Preparation:
Field work was completed of the Colombo - Ratnapura, 1:100,000 map sheet. Over
300 rock samples were collected for petrological study. Currently, laboratory work
and geological interpretation activities are in progress. By end of June 2011, about
40percent of the work has been completed and expected to publish the map in early
2012.
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Progress of Quaternary Mapping and Map Printing:
For the year 2011, it was planned to print three (03) 1:50,000 scale Quaternary maps
(Ambalangoda-Balapitiya, Chilaw and Kalutara) based on the fieldwork carried out in
2010.
By end of July 2011, 1:50,000 Quaternary maps of Ambalangoda-Balapitiya and
Kalutara were completed and submitted to a Technical Committee for evaluation.
However, compilation of Chilaw 1:50,000 sheets are being delayed as the officer
involved in this work has met with an accident.
Field work in two new map areas (Tanagalle-Hambantota and Battaluoya)
commenced in March and has progressed satisfactorily.
Progress of Geochemical Mapping:
Sample collecting in Medawachchiya and Thimbolketiya 1:50,000 sheets commenced
in March 2011. As at 30th July 2011, progress of fieldwork in two map areas is as
follows:
Medawachchiya: 55 percent (against planned 60percent) of soil sample collection
(535 samples out of 1000) is completed.
Timbolketiya – 60 percent (against planned 60percent) of soil sample collection (510
samples out of about 850) is completed. Installation of new Inductively Coupled
Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES) was completed in March 2011 and
calibrations and testing of various sample types were carried out during April and
May. Analysis of soil samples commenced in June 2011.
Progress of Compilation of Mineral Year Book – 2011
Mineral year book is an annual publication, containing annual statistics on
production, sales, consumption, exports and imports of minerals and mineral based
products of Sri Lanka. The report will help to make projections such as future mineral
demands, market potential and threats to the availability of some mineral etc.,.
Compilation of mineral year book for the year 2011 was completed and handed over
for printing.
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Progress of Activities Planned for Seismic Data Collection and Geo-Hazard
Monitoring:
Installation of two seismic stations were successfully completed in May 2011 and
these stations are now transmitting real-time data. Specifications for hardware
required for data storage were prepared and submitted to Information and
Communication Technology Agency (ICTA) for further observations.
Restoration and construction of facilities at Sigiriya rock:
This project was undertaken at the request of Central Cultural Fund and Department
of Archeology. Project was completed in March 2011.
Diamond Core Drilling Investigations in Kalu Ganga Dam Axis and Tunnel Trace
Areas:
On the request of Central Engineering Consultancy Bureau (CECB) and LAHMEYER
International Ltd. (consultants to the project) GSMB undertook drilling investigations
to check the suitability of proposed site for erection of Dam across Kalu Ganga. In
this investigation, a total of 13 drill holes with a total meterage of about 550m were
drilled.
Mining Division
Major function
Evaluate commercial viability of mining for processing and export of minerals
under the Mines and Minerals Act No.33 of 1992
Regulate the exploration and mining for minerals and the processing, trading
in and export of such minerals by the issuance of licenses
Advise the minister on measures to be adopted for the promotion of the
extraction and production of minerals on a commercial basis
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Routine Activities
Regulate and monitor metal quarry operations
Regulate and monitor of sand mining and transport
Regulate and monitor clay, gravel, soil etc… excavation and transport
Regulate and monitor environmental and social impacts in collaboration with
other agencies
Revenue collection (royalty and License fee) from mining and mineral exports
Type of Licenses
Exploration licenses
Mining licenses (Artisanal, Industrial, Reserved Minerals)
Trading licenses
Export licenses
Transport licenses
Income Achieved by Mines Division from July 2010 to June 2011
Year Month Income (Rs) Cumulative Income (Rs)
20
10
July 61,899,292.94 61,899,292.94
August 53,918,229.23 115,817,522.17
September 58,932,393.99 174,749,916.16
October 65,938,223.86 240,688,140.02
November 45,929,111.09 286,617,251.11
December 57,680,965.14 344,298,216.25
20
11
January 72,640,683.92 416,938,900.17
February 55,110,683.11 472,049,583.28
March 60,856,771.42 532,906,354.70
April 56,124,570.02 589,030,924.72
May 55,493,625.92 644,524,550.64
June 57,142,610.06 701,667,160.70
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Performance 2010, Action Plan 2011 and 2012
Rs.
INCOME DESCRIPTION ACTUAL 2010 ACTION PLAN
2011
ACTION PLAN
2012
Royalties
Royalties on Mining 453,574,365.58 490,000,000.00 514,500,000.00
License Fees
Exploration 1,797,000.00 1,000,000.00 1,000,000.00
Industrial 16,372,000.00 17,000,000.00 17,850,000.00
Reserved Mineral - - -
Artisanal Mining 6,570,250.00 6,000,000.00 6,060,000.00
Trading 4,780,000.00 5,000,000.00 5,000,000.00
Export 3,005,000.00 3,100,000.00 3,131,000.00
Transport 25,098,750.00 25,000,000.00 27,000,000.00
Inspection Chargers 95,192,635.00 100,000,000.00 103,000,000.00
Other Operating Income
Test Blast 2,651,250.00 2,000,000.00 2,000,000.00
Mining Refund (Service
charge) 68,787.50 37,000.00 37,000.00
Sundry Income Mining 9,824,564.52 9,000,000.00 9,000,000.00
Total Income
618,934,602.60
658,137,000.00
688,578,000.00
EXPENSES
Awareness programs for
Government officers and
Public 7,000,000.00 7,000,000.00
Organization of
rehabilitation programs 7,000,000.00 7,000,000.00
Arrangement of Exhibitions 150,000.00 150,000.00
Total Expenses 14,150,000.00 14,150,000.00
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Major Activities done by Mines Division up to the end of June, 2011
Inauguration of the blasting course for middle scale quarry managers,
collaboration with the Ministry of Defense and Central Environmental
Authority. Major objective of this blasting course is to provide better
theoretical and practical knowledge about blasting materials, methodologies
and social and environmental impacts related to quarry blasting activities.
“ApataGeyak” housing program donated a house worth One Million Rupees
to a selected poor family in Monaragala. This donation was arranged by the
Monaragala Regional Office of the Geological Survey and Mines Bureau with
the collaboration of Monaragala sand and metal quarry licence holders. This
function was headed by Hon. Environmental Minister Anura Priyadarshana
Yapa.
Decentralization of the authority of issuance licences to Divisional Secretaries
for Sand, Soil and Gravel in order to cater the requirement of rural
development projects and to provide construction materials for the neediest
people of the society. Legal and procedural documents were distributed
among all Divisional Secretaries of the country and a service of awareness
program is being carried out by the Mines Division.
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State Timber Corporation
Introduction
The State Timber Corporation was established in April 1968, under the State
Industrial Corporation Act No 49 of 1957. The objectives and function of the STC as
per Gazette notification no.14796 of 4th April 1968 and 178/10 of 5th February 1982
and 11907 of 26th June 2001 are as follows.
Major Responsibilities
Extraction of Timber from Forests, conversion of such timber into sawn
timber and finished products. Sale of logs, sawn timber and finished products
and construction of forest roads required for the above purpose.
Acquisition, construction and operation of logging units, sawmills,
impregnation and preservation plants, seasoning and drying kilns and other
equipment and installations.
Operation of Timber and Firewood Sales depots.
Manufacture and marketing of by-products from timber.
Import of timber.
Aforestation, Reforestation and scientific management of forests and forest
plantations.
Agriculture production.
Export of timber related finished products.
Purchase of timber from private lands.
Processing of forest related products.
Import of Cane
Major Challenges
To handle all productions and disposal of logs, sawn timber and other timber
based products in an environmental friendly manner.
To develop standards for timber and timber based products with a view to
satisfy the needs of customers belong to various sectors/groups.
Inspection and certification of quality of timber
To offer the products at an affordable price
To satisfactorily complete the projects identified by the Board of Management,
which has been planned and proposed to realize the “Mahinda Chinthanaya"
153
Progress : July 2010 - June 2011
Performance
Activity Target Progress
Physical Financial Physical Financial
Rs.'000 Rs.'000
Logs M3
122,704 1,338,499 88,583 1,402,935
Sawn Timber M3
6,686 316,610 3,371 219,768
Transmission Poles No. 43,470 365,820 15,516 192,462
Sleepers No.
148,690 1,183,875 60,789 583,114
Round Poles No.
52,239 3,857 61,930 5,387
Fence Posts No.
51,450 3,030 43,720 4,396
Firewood M3
44,510 23,630 82,077 43,428
Elephant Poles No. 19,370 26,952 10,914 13,824
Imported Timber M3
6,400 800,000
Furniture Rs. Mill.
150.2 211,045 87.3 102,724
Others
9,043 6,631
Source Timber Production
Crown Private
Land Land
Production of Logs (m3)
81,412 7,171
Production of Sawn Timber (m3)
3,371 -
Production of Transmission Poles (No.) 9,891 5,625
Production of Sleepers (No.)
30,316 30,473
Production of Round Poles (No.)
61,000 930
Production of Fence Posts (No.)
39,965 3,755
Production of Elephant Poles (No.)
10,914 -
Production of Firewood (m3)
71,937 10,140
154
Infrastructural Development works of State Timber Corporation
Construct new Regional office in Kandy cost of Rs.19.8 million and Jaffna cost
of Rs.8.9 million
Opened the New Furniture Showroom at Boossa cost of Rs.30 million
Construction of circuit bungalows at Sellakataragama and Pannipitiya
estimate Rs. 13.4 million and Rs.12 million in progress
Employee’s quarters in Wellawaya Depot cost of Rs.2.6million, Kumbukkana
Depot cost of Rs.2.7million and Boralanda Depot cost of Rs.1.2million
Construct 09 no. of Pre-fabricated steel ware houses at Meerigama,
Nainamadama, Egodauyana , Orugodawata, Unawatuna, Vauniya, Boralanda
and Beruwala timber depots cost of Rs.30million
Published Books and Scientific Papers
A Hand Book on sustainable forest plantation was published by STC. This text
book consist 10 chapters covering from Forest Management to Timber
Utilization. Target group of this book is Diploma Student of Timber
Technology Training Institute, Forestry, student of Universities and timber
industry people.
Publishing hundred posters of Sri Lankan timber species and detailed
information of particular timber species on Vidusara scientific news paper to
mark international forest year 2011. Each poster contains silvicutural
information, physical, mechanical, anatomical wood properties and uses of
timber.
Bio diversity Park at Minneriya
The bio diversity park which was established in Minneriya in a 10 hectare has
been facilitated with bio diversity exhibits and bio diversity related teaching
materials.
Scientific Literature 2010-2011
The STC took steps to print the diaries of year 2010 and 2011 incorporating
colored pictures and scientific descriptions to introduce important trees and
to demonstrate the diversity of timber tree species of Sri Lanka.
155
Major Activities Planned for 2012
Activity Target
Physical Financial
Rs.'000
Logs M3
76,960 1,239,211
Sawn Timber M3
4,950 320,470
Transmission Poles No. 27,500 214,500
Sleepers No.
100,000 825,000
Round Poles No.
40,000 3,000
Fence Posts No.
30,000 1,800
Firewood M3
60,000 45,000
Furniture Rs.Mill.
135.0 200,000
Imported Timber M3
5,000 675,000
Elephant Poles No. 12,000 14,400
Expected Stumpage Payment : Rs. 663 mil
Expected Other Expenditure : Rs.2234 mil
Revenue Forecasted - net : Rs.3,580mil
Expected Profit - before Levy/Tax : Rs. 683 mil
156
National Gem and Jewellery Authority
Introduction
National Gem and Jewellery Authority was established by Act No. 50 of 1993, on 4th
March 1994 to develop, regulate and promote the Gem and Jewellery Industry in Sri
Lanka.
Objectives and Functions
• To promote and develop the gem industry and the jewellery industry.
• To initiate and implement schemes for the promotion and development of
the Gem and Jewellery industry.
• To exploit the market for gem and jewellery whether in or outside Sri Lanka
and to promote the demand for such gem and jewellery in world markets.
• To promote and sponsor technical training of personnel on every aspect
relating to the gem and jewellery industry.
• To prevent unlawful gemming and the unlawful removal of gems from Sri
Lanka.
• To provide technical and other guidelines as well as the infrastructure
facilities necessary for the marketing of gems and jewellery.
• To establish offices for certification of gems and assaying of precious metal.
• To provide for the jewellery manufactured in Sri Lanka to be stamped with a
Hall mark in the prescribed manner.
• To collect statistics from persons engaged in the gem and jewellery industry
on any matter relating to the gem and jewellery industry.
• To regulate and control the terms and conditions of employment of persons
who work in the gem and jewellery industry and in particular the safety
measures to be taken to protect such persons from danger to life and limb.
157
Major Challenges
• The primary shortcomings presently faced by the Gem and Jewellery Industry
as well as the NGJA is the absence of a National Policy for the Industry.
Lack of opportunities for skills development and retaining of trained
personnel in the industry due to nonexistence of social security systems.
• The industry lacks training in advanced lapidary techniques which are
required for competing with the highly developed trade in polished
gemstones in India, Thailand, Hong Kong and China.
• Poor use of latest technology and lack of design talent.
• Regulations on jewellery industry are yet to be implemented.
• According to a decision of “Parisara Saba”, release the river beds for auction
has been suspended.
• Interferences on releasing of gem bearing land for auction.
Progress
July 2010 - June 2011
Introduce and Enforce stricter legislation including severe penalties for
default in rehabilitation of mined areas.
Backfilled the auctioned land of the Horana Newchatal Estate and Hasalaka,
Welgahawadiya.
Halangoda Lake Development project will facilitate Gem extraction inside
Diyathalawa Army Camp Premises.
Backfilling completed in lands of Bagawanthalawa –Kotiyagala Estate-
Chapolton division and reconstructed the river bank using Gabion method.
Tree planting programme conducted at the river banks of the Kuru Ganga,
with the collaboration of DS office, Kiriella.
Continuous raids have been conducted to prevent the illicit gem mining at
Kuruvita Pradise Estate, Ratnapura Niralgama, Nivithigala Dodampawatta,
Pelmadulla, Kuttapitiya and Hangamuwa.
158
Formulate a special task force to prevent illicit gem mining
Formulated the “National Enforcement Division” at Ehaliyagoda DS and
allocated required staff and other resources. Number of Raids :- 478Fines :-
Rs. Mn. 8.7
Awareness Programmes
Eleven awareness programmes have been successfully conducted at schools
of Moneragala district with the participation of 913 Beneficiaries coinciding
with “Deyata Kirula 2010”.
Table 12.7 - Market Opportunities for Gem and Jewellery
International Trade Fairs
and Exhibitions Duration Beneficiaries
South Asian Commodity Fair
in Kunming, China
6-10 June 2010 29
Singapore International
Jewellery Fair
30 July-01 August 2010 10
Facets, Sri Lanka 02 - 05 September 2010 20
China International Jewellery
Fair(Beijing)
11-15 November 2010 32
China Gold, Jewellery and
Gem Fair
25-28 November 2010 16
Hong Kong International
Jewellery Fair
04 - 08 March 2011 4
Luster Sri Lanka 31 March – 2nd April 2011 15
Shanghai Jewellery Fair 16 - 19 June 2011 28
4th South Asian Commodity
Fair – Gem and Jewellery
Sector Participation
4 – 10 June 2011 45
Singapore International Gem
Fair
30 July - 01 August 2011 12
159
Promoted Gem and Jewellery Sector participation at the South Asian
Commodity fair held in Chendu the collaboration of the Sri Lanka Export
Development Board.
Successfully organized the “Jewels Sri Lanka 2010” Exhibition with the
collaboration of the Gemmologists Association of Sri Lanka.
Facilities have been provided to gem and jewellery exporters to participate at
exhibitions in China and India on their own to expand their market.
Organized a training programme in Bangkok, Thailand on jewellery designing
techniques for seven Sri Lankan jewellery designers at the Gem and Jewellery
Institute of Thailand with the assistance of the Foreign Ministry of Thailand
and the Ministry of External Affairs of Sri Lanka.
At the invitation extended by Hon. Basil Rajapakshe, Minister of Economic
Development, Chairman of NGJA joined as a member of the special
investment promotion delegation to Japan and India to enhance business
opportunities on Gems and Jewellery.
Advertised in Jewellery News Asia Magazine - October issue, 2010 to
promote the Sri Lankan Gems and Jewellery in Chinese Market.
Published an advertisement in the “Trade Fair Guide Book” in Chinese to
promote Sri Lankan sapphires in China.
Organized Sri Lanka pavilions at the Exhibition held in China.
Ensure the Facilitation of value adding process and exports
Seven Lectures have been successfully conducted with the participation of
330 stakeholders to educate them on value adding Process and Exports.
Determination of metal amount in jewellery products.
Awareness programmes have been carried to educate the Tourist Police
officials, members of the trade and officials at the Tourist Development
Authority.
Assessments have been conducted by independent assessors to obtain
accreditation for Assay office.
160
Census on Gem and Jewellery industry
A census of Jewellery industry has been completed in following Districts: Ratnapura,
Trincomalee, Polonnaruwa, NuwaraEliya, Colombo, Kegalle, Kandy, Kalutara,
Hambantota, Gampaha, Galle. Arrangements have been made to conduct the census
in North and East with the collaboration of the Sri Lanka Army
Capacity Building of Human Resources
New Organizational Structure has been approved by the Salaries and Cadre
Commission and the Department of Management Services for the Authority.
A Performance evaluation system has been implemented since 2008 and
evaluations have been conducted every six months.
New Disciplinary Code has been prepared and awaits board approval for
implementation.
41 Employees have been sent on Training and Development programmes at a
cost of Rs. 961,167.00
Corporate Social Responsibility Programmes for the industry stakeholders
Nine Scholarships have been awarded to children of Gem Miners with the
collaboration of private sector.
Successfully organized problem solving programme in Monaragala District
named “Lak Polowe Mini Keta”.
Rs. 480,000 has been donated to 8 gem miners and police officers to
compensate deaths and injuries.
Provided a heat treatment furnace to gemming Association in Monaragala
District.
Donated a sound system to the Central Collage, Pinnawala to commemorate
the World Environmental Day and Organized NGJA Pavilion at the exhibition
there.
Donated a Television and DVD to Matuagala School (Eheliyagoda) with the
collaboration of Mine owners.
161
Progress: July 2010 - June 2011
Exports Performance
Issuance of Licenses and Raids Conducted
Certification of Gems and Jewellery (Assaying)
Gem Land Auctions
Number of Blocks - 166
Bid Amount - Rs. Mn 44
Description Export Value
(Rs.Mn)
Gems 8733
Contract Gem Cutting 173
Gem Stutted Jewellery 1554
Diamond (Re-Export) 36667
Diamond Jewellery 365
Geuda 135
Semi Precious for Processing and
Re-Import
6
Total 47633
Description Number Income (Rs.Mn)
Gemming Licenses 4175 23.5
Dealers Licenses 4022 18.6
Jewellery Registration 1073 5.3
Lapidary Licenses 184 0.2
Gem Auction Licenses 270 0.2
Item Number of
Certificates.
Income
(Rs.Mn.)
Gem Testing 3613 1.7
Assaying
Hallmarking
5520 2.1
162
Summary of the Financial Statement
Action Plan - 2012
Main Activity Estimated
Cost (Rs.Mn)
Formulate a National Policy for Gem and Jewellery industry in Sri
Lanka by 2012. 1
Introduce, promote and practice environmental friendly gem mining
techniques and achieve trade acceptable standards 6
Upgrade the jewellery manufacturing industry through capacity
building of traditional craftsmen and promote and re-position their
industry.
0.7
Rehabilitation and Regulatory activities 13
Special mining projects in lakes and rivers. 4
Consultancy on mining in sensitive locations. 1
Providing services to the miners on gem gravel survey. 4
Achieve legally enforceable Assaying and Hallmarking of all jewellery
products. 285
Achieve an increase in export value of Gems and Jewellery 76
Achieve corporate social responsibility through establishing a
comprehensive welfare system to industry stakeholders. 5
Have the best competencies and resources with regard to human
resources to cater to the demand in the Gem and Jewellery Industry. 118
Income Rs.Mn. 133
Expenses Rs.Mn. 155
Expenditure over Income
(Before Tax)
Rs. Mn. 22
163
Gem and Jewellery Research and Training Institute
Introduction
Sri Lanka retains a world market position as a producer of quality natural gems. This
country is believed to possess one of the world’s largest gemstone repositories, with
concentration of gem mining located in the Central and Southwest and Uva regions of
the country. However, frequent re-mining together with the absence of a broadly
accepted mining policy, traditional and less productive mining methods and little
research into mineral deposit reserves have been affecting this resource base.
The techniques of finding and recovering of gemstones have changed very little over
the years. It is generally done on a low-tech, artisan level miners digging by hand or
with light equipment. In most places, exploration is a hit-and-miss process, with
deposits typically being small and widely dispersed. Miners dig, and either they get
lucky or they don’t.
The Gem cutting and polishing industry consists of cutters of free-sized gemstones,
calibrated gem stones and diamonds. There are about 25,000 cutters employed in all
three categories, of which about 5,000 are in the diamond cutting sector, mainly in
BOI Projects.
However, there exists a dearth of skills in the Gem and Jewellery Industry. The supply
or availability of skilled personnel in mining, cutting and polishing, and also craftsmen
with technical skills such as the use of heat-treatment techniques, gem setting,
jewellery designing and jewellery manufacturing trades is much lower than the
demand for such skills. At the same time, the future potential for the growth of the
Gem and Jewellery Industry and the export market for gem and jewellery products in
the World Market is promising.
In order to meet these challenges, the Hon Minister of Finance, in July 1995, under
Section 25 (1) of the National Gem and Jewellery Authority Act, established the Gem
and Jewellery Research and Training Institute (GJRTI). The objective of the
establishment of GJRTI was to “provide research and training facilities for the
regulation, promotion and development of the Gem and Jewellery Industry.
164
Major Responsibilities
Conduct a Survey on Gems in Sri Lanka;
Conduct Gem Science Research by Location, Identification, Colour enhancement, and other related areas.
Provision of technical advice for the development and production of equipment on the Gem and Jewellery Industry including Mining, cutting, jewellery production and Heat-Treatment systems.
Provision of Training facilities on Gem cutting; Production of Jewellery; Gemmology including Diamonds; Jewellery design; Colour enhancement of gems; and Other areas of Gem and Jewellery industry.
Conduct of Workshops, Seminars, and Publication of books and papers on related subjects
Any other activity necessary for the provision of services of the Institution.
Major Challengers
• Explore possible gem deposit occurrences and evaluate.
• Give measures / recommendations to utilize of gem resources of the country
in safe and environmental friendly manner.
• Identify optimum methods of enhancing gem stones.
• Educate the stakeholders and community in the fields of gem cutting,
jewellery manufacturing, gemology, jewellery designing, enhancement of
gem stones and other ralated aspects.
165
Progress: July 2010 - June 2011
Exploration and Assessment of Gem Deposits in Sri Lanka (EAGDSL)
This project has been organized according to the “Mahinda Chinthana” manifesto,
focusing low income generating areas in Sri Lanka. The project was initiated in
Wellawaya and Buttala Divisional Secretariat in Moneragala District in Uva
Province in 2010. The treasury has granted sum of Rs 36 million for four year
period.
With parallel to Dayata Kirula 2011, a site office has been set up at Unawatuna,
Buttala. Currently, laboratory investigations for the identification of possible gem
stones, mapping of possible occurrences of primary and secondary gem deposits,
Integration of field data with topography, geology and available images, and
characterization of possible gem deposit occurrences are being carried out.
Impact of Gem Mining on Environment in Kalu Ganga Catchment
This project has mainly focused on Socio-Economic and Environmental Impact of
Gem Mining in Kaluganga Catchment, based on primary data gathered from field
survey undertaken in Ratnapura District. Malpractices were identified in the
aspects of Impact on river bank and bed, surface water, Land/ Earth, vegetation
cover and land use, fauna and flora, manmade structures, and human lives.
Studies were continued to suggest recommendation/remedial measures to
reduce/avoid severe damages on environment by gem mining. The findings has
been presented and published at the Annual Technical Sessions of the Geological
Society of Sri Lanka (GSSL) in February, 2011 to educate the society.
166
Figure 12.1: Kalu Ganga Gemming Area
Exploration and Assessment of Gold Occurrences in Kalu Ganga Basin
The history of gold mining in Sri Lanka can be dated back to more than 2000 years.
But only some very small scale manual mining of gold takes place mostly along with
gem mining at present using traditional methods. Therefore updating the gold
location inventories and exploration of new gold bearing areas using appropriate
scientific tools is very necessary at the present. Exploration and exploitation of these
deposits will hasten the economic development of the country for the future. This
project has been planned for Exploration and Assessment Gold Occurrences in Kalu
Ganga Basin. Field Investigation, Sample collection and preparation of sample for
further analysis is been continued for identification for economic gold occurrences.
167
Maintenance of Stakeholder based Resource Centre on Gem and Jewellery
industry
A resource centre on gem and jewellery industry of Sri Lanka is exceptional for
regulation and promotion of the industry in the country. Further, this is very useful
to get necessary information about the gem industry for students, researchers,
visitors, information collectors, and other stakeholders etc.
A prototype of the spatial database of gem potential areas of Sri Lanka has been
developed. The populating of the database and the maintaining of the resource
centre is being done.
Establishing optimum heat treatment condition for thick geuda
Optimum heat treatment conditions have been established for some geuda verities
in Sri Lanka. However, heat treatment condition for thick geuda is still not
established. Therefore, in this research mainly focused on establishing optimum heat
treatment condition for thick geuda.
Results of preliminary studies clearly show that blue color of thick geuda can be
improved by heat treatment technique. The study is continued to identify the
optimum conditions to get the best colour and clarity, for thick geuda.
Establishment of specific heat treatment condition for different geuda
varieties in the Monaragala District.
Geochemical analysis of heated and non-heated geuda in Sri Lanka is limited.
Therefore, in this study is planning to study geochemical variation of geuda samples
during the heat treatment process and obtain optimum heat treatment condition for
selected geuda in the area. Currently, this project is at the process of collection
geuda samples from Monaragala Area.
a. Training and skill Development programmes: facilitating for environmental
friendly developments in Gem and Jewellery Industry in Sri Lanka.
168
Gemmology field (207 Students)
Gemology 40
Heat treatment 69
Gem cutting 50
Colour grading and marketing 48
Jewellery Field (97 Students)
Jewellery Designing 36
Jewellery Manufacturing 54
Stone Setting 7
Total - Students 304
b. Functioned six training centers during the period disseminating activities
under the institute throughout the country: Rathnapura, Colombo, Galle,
Kandy, Buttala and Hambantota.
c. Buttala area is one of a rich locality for gems and many other raw minerals.
Hence a training center under the Deyata kirula development programme
was established to provide training in gem cutting and Jewellery making
expecting to stimulate gem and Jewellery goods manufacturing in this area.
d. Huge volumes of costume Jewelries are being imported since local costumer
market for these items is rapidly growing. However local production is very
little even today. Therefore a training programme is introduced to offer skills,
knowledge and technology to local manufactures, is to be established
manufacturing industries of these items in Sri Lanka.
e. Training programmers are upgraded for National vocational Qualified
stranded (NVQ) to ensure quality of training programs. Then our students are
able to receive NVQ certification with international acceptance.
169
Financial Performance - July 2010 - June 2011
Projects/ Programme Budgeted Rs.’000
Actual Rs ‘000
Treasury Grant-Capital 18,808 6,304
Treasury Grant-Recurrent 29,727 25,867
Training Programmes 4,835 3,274
Others 385 477
Total 53,755 35,922
Capital Expenditure Rs’(000)
Rehabilitation and Improvement of Capital Assets 350 -
Acquisition of Capital Assets 5,682 2,184
Exploration of Gem Deposit Project 9,000 1,900
Research on Value Added on Gem Stones 762 -
Exhibition & Development of Training Programme 875 1,097
Dayata Kirula Programme 1,000 756
Development of Database in Gemming Area 63 7
Setup Mini Laboratory/Museum 250 -
Research on Other Minerals and Metals 260 11
Information Resource Centre 113 -
Human Resource Development 150 68
Restructuring Expenses 290 260
Environment Assessment of Gemming Area 13 21
Total 18,808 6,304
Recurrent Expenditure Budgeted Rs.’000
Actual Rs ‘000
Personal Emoluments 21,974 18,744
Travelling Expenses 310 336
Supplies 2,045 927
Maintenance Expenses 1,028 1,260
Services 8,502 6,635
Training Programme and Other 1,088 1,716
Total 34,947 29,618
170
Action Plan -2012
Activity Sub Activity Description Budget
1.Project Initiation
1.1 Recruitment and Procurement
1.1.1 Paper Advertisements and other relevant expenditure for recruitment and procurement
110,000
1.3 Transport Allocation 1.3.1 Vehicle Hiring 1,200,000
1.3.2 Fuel Expenditure 550,000
1.3.3 Maintenance of vehicles 300,000
1.4 Project Staff emoluments allocation
1.4.1 Salaries and Allowances 3,474,000
1.4.2 OT/ Subsistence 900,000
1.5 Liaise with relevant project stake holders
1.5.1 Awareness programs and meetings
60,000
1.6 Site Selection/ Providing infrastructure facilities for the research team
1.6.1 Renting of Site Office 420,000
1.6.2 Utilities (Electricity, Water, Communication, Gas etc…)
100,000
2. Field Investigations
2.1 Study of Aerial Photographs
2.1.1 Purchasing of Aerial Photographs
50,000
2.2 Base map preparation
2.2.1 Purchasing of Printed and/or Digital Landuse, Topography, and Geology maps
250,000
2.3 Field Works 2.3.1 Maintenance and purchasing of field research equipment
140,000
2.4 Sample Collections (Manual / Drilling)
2.4.1 Manual Sample Collection 6,000
2.4.2 Subsurface sample collection using power auger drilling machine
290,000
2.4.3 Maintenance of Power Auger Drilling machine/Accessories
150,000
2.5 Sample Logging 2.5.1 preparation of Sample boxes and logging augered samples
50,000
171
3. laboratory Investigations
3.1 Preparation of Samples
3.1.1 Preparation of Samples 0
3.2 Gemological Analysis
3.2.1 Gemological Analysis 50,000
3.3 Chemical Analysis 3.3.1 Chemical Analysis 80,000
4. GIS and RS Works
4.1 Study of Aerial Photographs
4.1.1 Study of Aerial Photographs
0
4.2 Data Digitizing 4.2.1 Data Digitizing 0
4.3 Analysis of Satellite Images
4.3.1 Purchasing of Satellite Images
300,000
4.3.2 Satellite Image Classification and Analysis
0
4.4 Data Plotting 4.4.1 Data Plotting 0
5. Data Verification
5.1 Additional Sample Analysis
5.1.1 Additional Sampling/Analysis
170,000
5.2 Ground follow-up 5.2.1 Ground follow-up for verification
40,000
6. Project Completion
6.1 Layout/ Sheet description preparation
6.1.1 Layout/ Sheet description preparation
30,000
6.2 Report Preparation/ Layout Printing
6.2.1 Report Preparation/ Layout Printing
90,000
6.3 Data Evaluation 6.3.1 Data Evaluation 40,000
6.4 Report/Map Printing 6.4.1 Report/Map Printing 25,000
Miscellanies Expenditure
125,000
172
Appendix
Environment and Natural Resource Statistics
Table 1 : Population and Population Density
Table 2: Land: Man Ratio
Source: Department of Census and Statistics
Year Population
‘000
Population Density
percentage/ km2
1871 2,400 37
1881 2,760 43
1891 3008 47
1901 3,566 55
1911 4,106 63
1921 4,498 70
1931 5,307 82
1946 6,657 103
1953 8,098 125
1963 10,582 165
1971 12,690 196
1981 14,846 230
1991 17,259 300
2001 18,797 304
2002 19,007 305
2003 19,173 306
2004 19,435 310
2005 19,644 314
2006 19,858 317
2007 20,010 319
2008 20,217 322
2009 20,450 326
2010 20,653 329
Year Land : Man Ratio
1981 0.44
1991 0.38
2001 0.33
2011 0.29
2031 0.26
2041 0.24
173
Table 3: Agricultural Land Area
Source: Department of Census and Statistics
Table 4: Major Plantation Areas (ha)
Plantations Year
Teak Mahogany Eucalyptus & Acasia (dry zone
Pines/ Bamboo
Teak/ Khaya
Other Species
Total
2000 31,700 3,700 28,275 16,440 12,225 92,340
2001 31,700 3,700 28,275 16,440 12,885 93,000
2002 31,700 3,700 28,275 16,440 12,885 93,000
2003 31,700 3,700 28,275 16,440 12,885 93,000
2004 31,700 3,700 28,275 16,440 12,885 93,000
2005 31,972 5,255 28,506 15,923 463 12,918 95,036
2006 31,972 5,255 28,506 15,923 463 12,918 95,036
2008 31,972 5,255 28,506 15,923 463 12,918 95,036
2009 30,436 5002 19,280 15,776 463 6287 95,037
2010 30,436 5,002 19,280 15,776 6,287 95,037
Source: Department of Forests
Note: Data - year 2010 are provisional
Type of Land use 1982
2002
Area (ha) Percentage Area (ha) Percentage
Permanent crops 794,533 40 914,983 49
Aswedudumized paddy 556,982 28 497,052 27
Temporary crops 195,049 10 147,452 8
Forest lands 54,130 3 130,360 7
Lands under roads, Buildings etc 75,414 4 78,266 4
Lands not classified elsewhere 165,238 8 61,470 3
Cultivable but not cultivated elsewhere
91,648 5
Lands not suitable for cultivation 40,805 2 29,910 2
Total 1,973,799 100 1,859,493 100
174
Table 5: Number of Elephant Deaths
Year Male Female Juvenile Unknown Total
2000 106 29 - 15 150
2001 100 43 - 19 162
2002 78 23 2 15 118
2003 79 23 - 6 108
2004 110 37 2 24 173
2005 85 31 7 123
2006 102 50 11 163
2007 128 43 7 11 189
2008 156 52 0 16 224
2009 139 48 0 41 228
2010 151 48 9 19 227
Total 1234 427 20 184 1865 Source: Department of Wild Life Conservation
Table 6: Human Deaths Incurred by wild Elephants Year Male Female Children Total
1992 18 3 1 22
1993 44 11 5 60
1994 38 10 7 55
1995 39 6 12 57
1996 37 6 4 47
1997 41 6 7 54
1998 38 10 5 53
1999 62 10 9 81
2000 52 3 8 63
2001 31 5 8 44
2002 29 3 2 34
2003 53 4 2 59
2004 39 9 1 49
2005 57 17 1 75
2006 55 5 3 63
2007 42 4 4 50
Total 675 112 79 866 Source: Department of Wild Life Conservation
Table 7: Number of Elephant Deaths in Sri Lanka- regional Information Year North Western Mahaweli Southern East Central Yala/ Bundala Total
2005 47 41 13 13 1 8 123
2006 67 51 16 16 4 9 163
2007 73 57 27 21 3 8 189
2008 92 65 30 23 4 10 224
2009 66 72 30 41 3 16 228
2010 66 74 35 42 2 8 227
Total 411 360 151 156 17 59 1154 Source: Department of Wild Life Conservation
175
Table 8 : Affected people for Natural Disasters
Year Flood Drought Landslide Rains Lightning Cyclones Tsunami
2000 262,166 50,432 13 13
2001 61,655 1,925,504 25 25 775,170
2002 196,381 84,082 30 220 30
2003 823,904 39,079 18 40 18
2004 218,575 1828500 37 280 37 1,076,240
2005 333,269 16808 58 30920 58
2006 362,277 22630 157 140 157
2007 357,379 15627 NA NA NA
2008 430,717 NA NA NA NA
Source: www.disinventar.lk
Table 9: Extent of Protected Areas
National Designation No Management
Authority Extent (ha)
Percentage of Total Land
Area
National Heritage and Wilderness Area
1 FD 11,187 0.17
Conservation forests 55* FD 76,822 1.17
Forest Reserves 360 FD 575,228 8.77
Other State Forests NA FD 516,990 7.88
Sub Total 415 FD 1,180,227 17.99
Strict Natural Reserves 3 DWLC 31,574 0.48
National Parks 21* DWLC 535,393 8.16
Nature Reserves 5 DWLC 57,058 0.87
Sanctuaries 62 DWLC 264,101 4
Source: FD, 2008, Forest Department Manual Sri Lanka MOE, 2010, Sector Vulnerability, Profile
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Information from FD & DWLC *provisional
176
Table 10: Depletion of Natural Forests
Year Area (ha) Percentage of total land Area
Percentage of forest Area
Change
Percentage of Average Annual
Depletion 1956 2,898,842 44.02
1983 2,458,250 37.50 15.19 0.56
1992 2046,299 30.89 16.74 1.86
1999 1,942,219 31.00 5.10 0.72
2010* 1,883,310 28.70 3.03 0.27
Source: Department of Forest * provisional
Table 11: Extent of Natural Forest by forest types
Forest type 2010* 1999 1992
Area (ha) Percentage Area (ha) Percentage Area (ha) Percentage Close canopy forests
Montanne 44,787 0.68 3099.50 0.04 3,108 0.05
Sub Montanne 28,990 0.44 65,792.30 1.00 68,,616 1.04
Lawland 123,889 1.89 124,341 1.89 141,506 2.14
Moist Monsoon
117,736 1.80 221,977 3.38 243,886 3.69
Dry Monsoon 1,121,589 17.11 1,027,544 15.68 1,090,981 16.49
Riverine 2,425 0.04 18,352 0.28 22,435 0.34
Mangrove 16,037 0.24 9530.50 0.10 8,688 0.13
Sub total 1,455,453 22.20 1,470,636 22.33 1,579,220 23.88
Open canopy
Sparse 427,857 6.53 471,583 7.20 464,076 7.01
Total 1,883,310 28.74 1,942,219 31.00 2,043,296 30.89 Source: Department of Forest * provisional
177
Table 12: Number of Threaten Species - Fauna
Source: Red List of threaten Fauna and Flora of Sri Lanka, 2007
Table 13: Number of Threatened Species- Flora Species Number
Total No of Woody Species 1099
Total endemic Species 533
Total Threatened Species 675
Total endemic Threatened species 412
Percentage of threatened species 61
Source: The Red list of threatened Fauna & Flora of Sri Lanka- 2007
Taxon Total
species
No of Endemic
spp Extinct Critical
Endangered
Vulnerable
total threatened
Total Threatened Endemic
spp
Percentage of
threatened species
Butterflies 243 20 21 29 16 66 13 27
Dragonflies 120 57 13 5 2 20 20 17
Freshwater Crabs
51 51 23 8 6 37 37 72
Theraphosid spiders
7 5 1 1 1 14
Land Snails 246 204 16 12 5 33 32 13
Mammals 91 16 9 20 12 41 14 45
Birds 482 33 10 15 21 46 46 9
Reptiles 171 101 16 23 17 56 37 33
Amphibians 106 90 21 12 34 6 52 51 49
Total 1262 559 21 121 146 86 352 299 28
178
Table 14: Extraction of Minerals
M Tons
Year Kaolin Ball Clay Feldspar Vein
Quartz Silica Sand
Calcite Limestone Inland Coral
Sea shells Dolomite
2002 8,613 28,431 28,866 7,857 11,776 4,602 848,093 1,550 64,584 38,775
2003 9,073 33,405 32,586 18,139 32,312 5,510 990,725 1,730 82,950 41,357
2004 16,233 30,699 38,600 20,916 32,849 4830 993,521 1,124 88,434 43,520
2005 9,914 38,873 45,492 24,286 37,778 4344 971,146 1,943 137,187 41,811
2006 10,914 61,966 56,864 25,537 46,070 5161 1,094,919 1,162 180,225 42,159
2007 11,178 43,004 40,583 35,066 69,548 10,069 1,094,918 10,418 191,000 40,128
2008 10,039 52,966 55,212 37,196 61,291 6307 1,091,227 1231 162000 41,947
2009 9,538 545,873 73,365 30,409 59,767 13,097 1,144,566 900 273,673 39,347
Source: Geological Survey and Mines Bureau
179
Table 15: Total Vehicle Population (2002-2010)
Source: Department of Motor Traffic
Year Motor Cars
Motor Tricycle
Motor Cycles
Buses Dual Purpose Vehicles
Lorries Land Vehicles- Tractors
Land vehicles- Trailers
Total
2002 12,003 20,876 54,762 1,429 8,591 8,166 7,078 446 113,351
2003 21,184 36,204 86,877 1,949 13,268 11,158 10,004 858 181,502
2004 19,116 43,789 124,474 2,167 10,736 10,703 11,535 1,322 223,842
2005 17,283 41,085 130,696 2,069 6,851 14,262 15,597 1,826 229,669
2006 22,603 43,068 182,508 2,637 5,193 18,408 21,346 2,129 297,892
2007 20,237 44,804 155,952 1,180 2,856 14,038 24,357 1,775 265,199
2008 5,762 37,364 135,421 739 1,280 8,225 13,951 1,333 204,075
2009 23,072 85,648 204,811 2,491 11,712 11,845 17,363 2,301 359,243
2010 12,003 20,876 54,762 1,429 8,591 8,166 7,078 446 113,351
Total 153,263 373,714 1,130,263 16,090 69,078 104,971 128,309 12,436 1,988,124
180
Table 16: New Registration of Motor vehicles (2002- 2010)
year Motor Cars
Motor Tricycles
Motor cycles
Buses Dual
Purpose Vehicles
Lorries Land
vehicles- Tractors
Land Vehicles- Trailors
Total
2002 253,447 133,115 923,467 67,702 150,087 187,617 143,804 33,128 1,892,367
2003 274,631 169,319 1,010,344 69,651 163,355 198,775 153,808 33,986 2,073,869
2004 293,747 213,108 1,134,818 71,818 174,091 209,478 165,343 35,308 2,297,711
2005 311,030 254,193 1,265,514 73,887 180,942 223,740 180,940 37,184 2,527,430
2006 338,608 318,659 1,422,140 77,233 188,187 244,176 199,980 38,919 2,827,902
2007 361,211 361,727 1,604,648 79,870 193,380 262,584 221,326 41,048 3,125,794
2008 381,448 406,531 1,760,600 81,050 196,236 276,622 245,683 42,823 3,390,993
2009 387,210 443,895 1,896,021 81,789 1,975,156 284,847 259,634 44,156 5,372,708
2010 410,282 529,543 2,100,832 84,280 209,228 296,692 276,997 46,457 3,954,311
Total 3,011,614 2,830,090 13,118,384 605,491 3,430,662 2,184,531 1,847,515 353,009 27,381,296
Source: Department of Motor Traffic
181
Table 17: Timber Production (2002-2010)
Item 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Logs ( m3 ) 112,181 99,488 88,028 113,373 110,017 120,509 94409 91,416 137,296
Ebony logs ( m3 ) 19 0.8 1 67 20 0.4 21
Sawn Timber ( m3 ) 19 4,415 3,255 4,047 5,132 4918 5,887 5,385 5519
Railway sleepers (Nos) 168,321 100,472 108,648 106,135 72,486 95,273 134,095 163,484 133,822
Electrical transmission / telegraph poles (Nos)
13,115 36,554 35,532 228,918 197,186 66,502 52,552 77,656 19,472
Firewood ( m3 ) 96,439 103,882 82,738 90,483 91,694 85,412 84,661 75,986 118,544
Source: State Timber Cooperation
182
MULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS (MEAs) MEA Date of
Ratification Date of Entry into Enforce
Description Objectives
1.The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer
15.12.1989 15.12.1989 Due to the issues of Ozone depletion, The Vienna Convention started in 1985 for protection of the ozone layer. Emission of certain substances can significantly deplete and modify the ozone layer and it adversely affect human health and Environment.
1.Intergovermental cooperation on research 2.Systermatic observation of Ozone layer 3.Monitoring CFC production 4.Exchange information
2.Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the Ozone layer
15.12.1989 15.12.1989 Substances that deplete the Ozone layer is a landmark international agreement designed to protect the atmospheric Ozone layer. Ozone depleting substances, that lead to increased level of UV radiation reaching the earth`s surface, which affected to skin, eye and immune system.
Reduction and the eventual elimination of the consumption and production of anthropogenic Ozone depleting substance.
3.United Nations Framework Convention on climate change(UNFCCC)
23.11.1993 21.03.1994 The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was formed in 1992 in response to growing political concerns that human activities were substantially increasing the concentrations of the greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere and that immediate reductions in GHG emissions were needed to avert global warming.
Stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with climatic system
4.Kyoto Protocol 03.09.2002 16.02.2005 The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which commits developed countries (annex 1) to reduce their collective emission of GHG by at least 5% of the 1990 level by the period of 2008-2012.
The annex 1 parties (Developing Countries) to reduce their collective emission of greenhouse gases by at least 5 percent of the 1990 level by the period of 2008-2012
5. United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity
23.03.1994 23.03.1994 The convention on Biological Diversity was adopted at the United Nations Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. The convention has three main goals.(1)convention of biological diversity,(2)sustainable use of its component,(3) fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources.
The conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources, including appropriate access to genetic resources and by appropriate transfer of relevant technologies and appropriate funds
183
6. Cartagena Protocol on Bio safety
28.04.2004 28.07.2004 The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention
on Biological Diversity is an international treaty
governing the movements of living modified organisms
(LMOs) resulting from modern biotechnology from one
country to another. It was adopted on 29 January 2000
as a supplementary agreement to the Convention on
Biological Diversity.
To contribute to ensuring adequate level of protection in the field of the safe transfer, handling and use of living modified organisms, resulting from modern biotechnology that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, taking also into account risks to human health, and specially focusing on transboundary movement
7. United Nations convention to Combat Desertification(UNCCD)
09.12.1998 09.03.1999 Desertification is phenomena that causes major economic, social, and environmental problem in all region of the world. In 1977, the United Nations Conference on Desertification (UNCOD) adopted a Plan of Action to Combat Desertification (PACD).
To combat desertification and to mitigate the effects of drought in countries experiencing series droughts and/or decertification with the final aim being to prevent land degradation in the hyper arid, and semi arid, dry sub humid areas in the countries that are parties of that are parties of the convention.
8. Basel Convention on the control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Waste and their Disposal
28.08.1992
28.11.1992
The Basel Convention on the Control of Tran boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal is the most comprehensive global environmental agreement on hazardous and other wastes. The Convention has 172 Parties and aims to protect human health and the environment against the adverse effects resulting from the generation, management, transboundary movements and disposal of hazardous and other wastes. The Basel Convention came into force in 1992.
(1)To reduce transboundary movements of hazardous waste and other waste subject to the Basel convention to minimum consistent with their environmentally sound management. (2)To ensure strict control over the movement of hazardous waste across the boarders as well as the prevention of illegal traffic. (3)To dispose of the hazardous waste and other waste generated, as close as possible to their source of generation. (4)To minimize the generation of hazardous waste in terms of quality and hazardousness. (5)To prohibit shipments of hazardous waste to countries lacking the legal, administrative and technical capacity to manage and dispose of them in an environmentally sound manner
184
9. Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
22.12.2005 22.12.2005 The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants is a global treaty to protect human health and the environment from chemicals that remain intact in the environment for long periods, become widely distributed geographically, accumulate in the fatty tissue of humans and wildlife, and have adverse effects to human health or to the environment. Exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) can lead serious health effects including certain cancers, birth defects, and dysfunctional immune and reproductive systems, greater susceptibility to disease and even diminished intelligence.
To protect human health and the environment from persistent organic pollutants.
10.International Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil pollution
12.04.1983 11.07.1983 The convention affirm the right of a coastal state to take measures on the high seas as may be necessary to prevent, mitigate or eliminate danger to its coastline or related interest from pollution by oil or the threat there of, following upon a maritime casualty.
To enable countries to take action on the high seas in case of a maritime casualty resulting in danger of sea and coastlines, to establish that such action would not affect the principle of freedom of the high seas.
11 International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution damages.
12.04.1983 11.07.1983 The civil liability convention was adopted to ensure that adequate compensation is available to persons who suffer oil pollution damage resulting from maritime casualties involving oil carrying ships. Liability for such damage on the owner of the ship from which the polluting oil escapes or discharged.
To ensure that adequate compensation is available to persons who suffer damage caused by pollution resulting from the escape or discharge of oil from ships.
12 International convention on the establishment of international funds for compensation for oil pollution damage.
12.04.1983 11.07.1987 The international oil pollution compensation funds are tree intergovernmental organizations (1971 fund,1992 fund, supplementary fund).Which provide compensation for oil pollution damage resulting from spills of resistant oil(crude oil/heavy fuel oil)l tankers.
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