addressing modes. addressing mode the data is referred as operand. the operands may be contained in...

Addressing ModesAddressing Modes

Addressing ModeAddressing Mode• The data is referred as operand. The operands may

be contained in registers, memory or I/O ports, within the instruction itself.

• To access these different types of operands, 80386 has to address memory or I/O device. The address of memory and I/O can be calculated in different ways, called as “Addressing Modes”

Data Addressing ModesData Addressing Modes• Fig.3.1 illustrates the MOV instruction and

defines the direction of data flow• Fig.3.2 shows all possible data variations of the

data-addressing modes using the MOV instruction

• Register adressing: MOV CX,DX or MOV ECX,EDX

• Immediate addressing: MOV AL,22H or MOV EAX,12345678H

• Direct addressing: MOV CX,LIST

Data Addressing Modes Data Addressing Modes (cont’d)(cont’d)• Register Indirect Addressing: MOV AX,[BX]• Indexed Addressing mode:

MOV AX,[SI]• Base-plus-index addressing:

MOV [BX+DI], CL or MOV [EAX+EBX],CL• Register relative addressing:

MOV AX,[BX+4] or MOV AX,ARRAY[BX]• Base relative-plus-index addressing:

MOV AX,ARRAY[BX+DI] or MOV AX,[BX+DI+4]• Scaled-index addressing:

MOV EDX,[EAX+4*EBX]

Register AddressingRegister Addressing• It is the most common form and is the easiest to

apply• Microprocessor contains 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit

registers– Never mix an 8-bit register with a 16-bit register, 16-bit

register with a 32-bit register, etc., because this results in an error when assembled

• Table 3.1 shows many variations of register move instructions

• Fig.3.3 shows the operation of the MOV BC,CX instruction

Register AddressingRegister Addressing

• Example 3.1 shows a sequence of assembled instructions that copy various data between 8-, 16-, and 32-bit registers

Immediate AddressingImmediate Addressing

• The term immediate implies that the data immediately follow the hexadecimal opcode in the memory– Immediate are constant data– The MOV immediate instruction transfers a copy of

the immediate data into a register or a memory location

• Fig.3.4 shows the source data (sometimes preceded by #) overwrite the destination data– The instruction copies the 13456H into register AX

Register AddressingRegister Addressing

• Example 3.2 shows various immeidate instructions in a short program that placess a 0000H into the 16-bit registers AX, BX, CX

Direct Data AddressingDirect Data Addressing

• There two basic forms of direct data addressing:– direct addressing, which applies to a MOV bet-

ween a memory location and AL, AX or EAX– displacement addressing, which applies to almost

any instruction in the instruction set• Direct Addressing: MOV AL,DATA (Fig.3.5)

– Table 3.3 lists the three direct addressed instruc-tion

– A MOV instruction is 3-byte long instruction

Direct Data AddressingDirect Data Addressing

• Displacement Addressing: MOV CL,DATA– almost identical with direct addressing except

that the instruction is four bytes wide

Register Indirect AddressingRegister Indirect Addressing• It allows data to be addressed at any memory

location through an offset address held in any of the following register: BP, BX, DI, and SI– MOV AX,[BX] Fig.3.6

• Data segment is used by default with register indirect addressing or any other addressing mode that uses BX, DI, or SI to address memory– If register BP addresses memory, the stack segment is

used by default

Register Indirect Addressing Register Indirect Addressing

• Sometimes, indirect addressing requires spe-cifying the size of the data with the special assembler directive BYTE PTR, WORD PTR or DWORD PTR– These indicate the size of the memory data

addressed by the memory pointer (PTR)• Indirect addressing allows a program to refer

to a tabular data located in the memory sys-tem (Fig.3.7 & Example 3.6)

Indexed Addressing mode:Indexed Addressing mode:

• Indexed Addressing mode: address is available in any index register SI,DI

MOV AX,[SI]

Base-Plus-Index AddressingBase-Plus-Index Addressing

• It indirectly addresses memory data– In 8086 - 80286, this use a base register (BP or BX,

holds the beginning location of a memory array) and an index register (DI or SI, ) to indirectly addresses memory

– In 80386 and above, this type of addressing allows the combination of any two 32-bit extended registers except #SP

• MOV DL, [EAX+EBX]

• Figure 3.8 shows the sample instruction of locating data with this scheme

Base-Plus-Index Addressing (cont’d)Base-Plus-Index Addressing (cont’d)

• The major use of this type of addressing is to address elements in a memory array– Fig.3.9 shows the use of BX (base) and DI

(index) to access an element in an array of data)– Study Table 3.6 and Example 3.7 as well

Register Relative AddressingRegister Relative Addressing

• In its, the data in a segment of memory are addressed by adding the displacement to the contents of a base or and index register (BP, BX, DI, or SI)– Fig.3.10 shows the operation of the MOV AX,[BX+

1000H] instruction• The displacement can be a number added to

the register within the [ ], as in MOV AL,[DI+2], or it can be a displacement substracted from the register, as in MOV AL,[SI-1]

Register Relative Addressing (cont’d)Register Relative Addressing (cont’d)

• It is possible to address array data with regis-ter relative addressing such as one does with base-plus-index addressing– See Fig.3.11 and study the example 3.8

Base Relative-Plus-Index Base Relative-Plus-Index AddressingAddressing

• This mode often addresses a two-dimension-al array of memory data

• It is the least-used addressing mode (i.e., too complex for frequent use in a program)

• Fig.3.12 shows how the instruction MOV AX, [BX+SI+100H]

• Addressing arrays with base relative-plus-index addressing

• the displacement addresses the file• the base register addresses a record• the index register addresses an element of a record

• Study Example 3.9 and Fig.3.13

Scaled-Index AddressingScaled-Index Addressing

• This type of addressing is unique to the 80386 - Pentium Pro– It uses two 32-bit registers (a base register and

an index register) to access the memory– The second register (index) is multiplied by a

scaling factor (either 1X, 2X, 4X, or 8X)– MOV AX,[EDI+2*ECX]– See Example 3.10 and Table 3.9

Data StructuresData Structures

• A data structure is used to specify how information is stored in a memory array; it can be quite useful with application that use arrays– The start of a structure is identified with the

STRUC directive and ended with the ENDS– See Example 3.11

• When data are addressed in a structure, use the structure name and the field name to se-lect a field from the structure (Example 3.12)

Program Memory AddressingProgram Memory Addressing

• Program memory-addressing modes (JMP and CALL) consist of three distinct forms: direct, relative, and indirect

• Direct Program Memory Addressing– The instruction store the address with the op-

code

Program Memory-Addressing Program Memory-Addressing ModesModes

• Program memory-addressing modes (JMP and CALL) consist of three distinct forms: direct, relative, and indirect

• Direct Program Memory Addressing– The instructions store the address with the op-

code– See Fig.3.14– It is called a far jump because it can jump to any

memory location for the next instruction

Program Memory Addressing Modes (contd)Program Memory Addressing Modes (contd)

• Relative Program Memory Addressing– The term relative means “relative to the IP”– See Fig.3.15– JMP instruction is a one-byte instruction with a

one-byte or two-byte displacement that adds to the instruction pointer

– Relative JMP and CALL instructions contain either an 8-bit or a 16-bit signed displacement that allows a forward memory reference or a reverse memory reference

Program Memory Addressing Modes (contd)Program Memory Addressing Modes (contd)

• Indirect Program Memory Addressing– Table 3.10 lists some acceptable indirect program

jump instructions, which can use any 16-bit register, any relative register, and any re-lative register with a displacement

– If a 16-bit register holds the address of a JMP instruction, the jump is near

– If a relative register holds the address, the jump is also considered an indirect jump

– Fig.3.16 shows a jump table that is stored begin-ning at memory location TABLE

Stack Memory-Addressing Stack Memory-Addressing ModesModes

• Stack holds data temporarily and stores return addresses for procedures– The stack memory is LIFO memory– Use PUSH instruction to place data onto stack– Use POP instruction to remove data from stack

• The stack memory is maintained by two registers: SP or ESP, and SS– Study Fig.3.17– The PUSHA and POPA either push or pop all of the

register, except the segment register, on the stack (see example 3.14)