adjuvants and how they influence application practices
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Adjuvants and How They Influence Application Practices
Robert E. Wolf Extension Specialist Application Technology
Biological and Agricultural Engineering
2
The Pesticide Application Process
Creating the Spray Solution
Atomization
Drop Transport to Target
Impaction / Deposition
Post-Impact Drop BehaviorRetention – Spreading – Penetration – Translocation
Biological Effect
Contact Action Systemic Action
3
• Many different attempts to define
• An adjuvant is broadly defined as any substance added to the spray tank, separate from the pesticide formulation, that will improve the performance of the pesticide.
• Spray adjuvants…modify the applied crop protection product to increase its efficacy.
What is an adjuvant?
4
• ASTM - E1519: A material added to a spray tank mix to aid or modify the action of an agrichemical, or the physical characteristics of the mixture.
• Adjuvants and surfactants are added to spray solutions to improve the performance of crop protection compounds (herbicides).
What is an adjuvant?
Adjuvant Categories Based on Herbicide Label Recommendations
Nonionic Surfactants (NIS)Crop Oil Concentrates (COC)
High Surfactant Oil Concentrates (HSOC)Modified Seed Oil (MSO, ESO)
Ammonium Fertilizers (UAN, AMS)Deposition Aids (Drift control, retention)
Activator Adjuvants
Additional Adjuvant Types
Improve the spray application processWater conditionersCompatibility aids
pH adjustersAntifoam/defoaming aids
Drift reduction/deposition aidsDyes/colorants/foam markers
Utility Adjuvants
Not All Adjuvants are the Same
Untreated Nicosulfuron Alone
+ 0.1% NIS + 0.2% NIS
Adjuvant descriptors:
WettingSpreading
StickingSoftening Water
Improving AbsorptionDrift Reducing
DefoamingMultipurpose?
Utility Adjuvants
Drift Reduction/Deposition Aids:
• Many available!• Not EPA regulated• Long chain polymers• Soluble powders• 50 - 80% reduction in off-target
movement• Not all will work!!!!• Pump shear problems• Effect on the pattern?
Drift Study
Product Name Product Company Mixing ratea
Tap water 1 Local supply X-77 only
Superb HC + Interlock Winfield Solutions 133 oz + 33 oz / 50 gal
Formula 1 United Suppliers 1.5 qt / 50 gal
#PX056-Z Precision Labs, Inc 5 qt / 50 gal
Tap water 2 Local supply X-77 only
Ag 06037 Winfield Solutions 64 oz / 50 gal
Ag 08050 Winfield Solutions 80 oz / 50 gal
Interlock 1.25 Winfield Solutions 80 oz / 50 gal
Control GarrCo Products, Inc 2 oz /50 gal
Tap water 3 Local supply X-77 only
INT 908 Rosen’s 5 gal / 45 gal
Tap water + Prime Oilb Local supply + Winfield Solutions 266 oz / 50 gal
Interlock 0.8 Winfield Solutions 50 oz / 50 gal
a All tank mixes included X-77 at .25% v/v (16 ounces per 50 gallon load).bOil to simulate a suggested tank mix with fungicide (Prime Oil @ 1 pint/acre).
Materials and Methods (2008):• AT 502A(Rucker Flying Service)
– Drop booms– CP-11TT #15 straight stream nozzles w/8° deflection– 44 PSI– 156 mph ground speed by GPS– Droplet spectrum: Medium, %volume <200 = 7.65%
• Aircraft calibrated for 3 GPA
Treatment VMD’s:
Tap W
ater 1
Superb HC + In
terlock
Form
ula 1
#PX056-Z
Tap W
ater 2
AG 06037
AG 08050
Interlock
1.25
Control
Tap W
ater 3
INT 908
Tap W
ater +
oil
Interlock
0.80
50100150200250300350400450
374 380 398 393345 331 333 348 336
368 356 347379
Treatment VMD
Mic
ron
Size
Total Drift Ranked:
INT 908
Control
Interlock
0.8
Tap W
ater +
oil
Tap W
ater 3
Tap W
ater 1
Form
ula 1
Interlock
1.25
Tap W
ater 2
Superb
HC + Inter
lock
#PX056-Z
AG 06037
AG 080500.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
36.5 37.7 37.8 41.6 44.1 50.1 53.3 53.9 57.7 61.5 63.571.4 74.6
a
cde de
ef effg
g
aaabc
ab
bcd cde
water average
% A
rea
Cov
erag
e
Corn Fungicide Studies
Plot 65 ft.
Center rowRow 1
Card & Plant heights
Row 10
Treatment Affect on Droplet Size in Arkansas
150200250300350400
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Treatments
Mic
rons
Treatment Affect on Droplet Size - Kansas
150200250300350400
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Treatments
Mic
rons
2. Crop Oil Concentrate (COC)3. Non-ionic Surfactant (NIS) 4. Methylated Seed Oil (MSO) & NIS &
Controlled Release Fertilizer (25-0-0 B)
5. NIS & Interlock 6. Quilt & NIS
7. MSO + Organosilicone Surfactant Blend & Controlled Release Fertilizer (25-0-0 B)
8. High Surfactant Oil Concentrate & Interlock
9. NIS + AG 0603710. NIS + AG 06038
Treatment Affect on Droplet Size - Western Illinois
150200250300350400
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Treatments
Mic
rons
Treatment Affect on Droplet Size - Eastern Illinois
150200250300350400
2 3 4 5 6 7 8Treatments
Mic
rons
AR 9. COC + Control
NS
NSabb ab ab ab ab ababa
bcc bcab ca
bcbc
2007
Means for Percent Area Coverage Bottom Collectors
0.345
0.517
0.180
0.3550.303
0.525
0.2220.273 0.270
0.180
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Treatments
% C
over
age
ABC ABC
CDE
CDE
CDECDE
CDE
BCD
AB A
6. USEX0208 @ 4 oz7. USEX0208 @ 8 oz8. USEX0308 @ 4 oz 9. USEX0308 @ 8 oz10. SRN-28 + Between @ 8 oz
All treatments – Headline @ 6 ounces/acre
1. Premium COC @ 16 oz2. Between @ 8 oz3. Downdraft @ 4 oz4. USEX0108 @ 4 oz5. USEX0108 @ 8 oz
2008
2009
Solution Factor:
• Changes the flow rate ?????• Changes the droplet spectra !!!!
Droplet Studies
Volume Median Diameter (VMD)
050
100150200250300350400450500
11004XR 11004TT TF 2 11003AI
Mic
rons
Water RWM + 2%AMSRWM + 1% AMS + Array RWM + 2% AMS + BorderRWM + 2% AMS + Placement
40 psi 40 psi 40 psi 70 psi
% less than 210 Microns
37 51 36 35 45 23 30 14 15 26 19 22 14 13 22 10 17 29 29 15
Bob Klein, U of Nebraska
Percent fines
Need to evaluate droplets of solutions:
CP11TT4015 Flat-Fan
140 MPH40 PSI23 degree orientation
ASC D-12 Rotary Atomizer
140 MPH26 PSI2 GPABlade pitch #2
ASC D-12 Rotary Atomizer
WW+Q
W+Q+FF
W+Q+NIS
W+Q+COC
W+Q+DEP0.05.0
10.015.020.025.030.035.040.045.0
20.1
38.433.1
30.3 32.823.9
%<100
Treatments
Mic
rons
WW+Q
W+Q+FF
W+Q+NIS
W+Q+COC
W+Q+DEP0
50
100
150
200
250
178
122 135 144 136
203
DV0.5
Treatments
Mic
rons
140 MPH26 PSI2 GPABlade pitch #2
Treatments• Water• Water + Quilt• Water + Quilt + Foliar Fertilizer• Water + Quilt + NIS• Water + Quilt + COC• Water + Quilt + Deposition Aid
CP11TT4015 Flat-Fan
WW+Q
W+Q+FF
W+Q+NIS
W+Q+COC
W+Q+DEP0
50100150200250300350400
335217 217 214 223 238
DV0.5
Treatments
Mic
rons
WW+Q
W+Q+FF
W+Q+NIS
W+Q+COC
W+Q+DEP0.02.04.06.08.0
10.012.014.016.018.020.0
4.2
12.815.2 14.1 13.1
17.5
%<100
Treatments
Mic
rons140 MPH
40 PSI23 degree orientation
Treatments• Water• Water + Quilt• Water + Quilt + Foliar Fertilizer• Water + Quilt + NIS• Water + Quilt + COC• Water + Quilt + Deposition Aid
Ground Nozzle Field Trials
TT 110025
AIXR 110025
AIC 11002
AM 110025
GA 110025
TDHSTF 1
1002
TTJ60 110025
ULD 12002
IDKT 120030
100200300400500600
418479 470 490 483
447 394 450 450
VMD - Glyphosate + Water + AMS
Nozzle Type
Mic
rons
TT 110025
AIXR 110025
AIC 11002
AM 110025
GA 110025
TDHSTF 1
1002
TTJ60 110025
ULD 12002
IDKT 120030
100200300400500600
421484 515 484 483 471
419501 554
VMD - Paraquat + Water + NIS
Axis Title
Mic
rons
Solution Effect – College Station in the Wind Tunnel
TT AIXR GA BFS AM AIC ULD TTI0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Water Glyphosate Paraquat
Nozzle Type
Mic
rons
Solution Effect - North Platte - Lab Using Product
Nozzle Type PSI Water Glyphosate Paraquat
TT110025 40 302 314 272
AIXR110025 40 438 410 429
AM110025 40 427 415 427
GA110025 40 414 367 397
TTJ60110025 40 340 370 290
AIC11002 70 488 428 423
ULD12002 70 347 339 342
TDHSTF11002 70 403 363 385
Summary
• Adjuvants allow for more consistent pesticide activity and should be viewed as a safety net for performance.– Adjuvants optimize pesticide efficacy
• In general, adjuvants don’t create value….they retain the value of the pesticide.
Summary cont’d
• The idea of superior adjuvants allowing for reduced pesticide application rates to save money should be discouraged.
• This may have only been true with glyphosate.
• The next 10 years will rely on herbicides without large amounts of rate flexibility so the goal of the adjuvant will be to simply just achieve acceptable control levels.
Calibration!!!!The next phase!
Ensuring that the spray droplet spectrum is what it is supposed to be to maximize
efficacy while minimizing drift!
ASABE S-572 Droplet Size Standard
Spray quality categories.
ASABE Standard S-572.1Category (symbol) Color CodeExtra Fine (XF) Purple
Very Fine (VF) Red
Fine (F) orange
Medium (M) yellow
Coarse (C) Blue
Very Coarse (VC) Green
Extra Course (XC) White
Ultra Coarse (UC) Black
2009
Page 4
Fact Sheet: MF2869
www.bae.ksu.edu/faculty/wolf/
Disclaimer:
• Brand names appearing in this presentation are for identification and illustration purposes only.
• No endorsement is intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products not mentioned.
www.bae.ksu.edu/faculty/wolf/Thanks!
For more information contact: rewolf@ksu.edu
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