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The African Journal of Physics (AJP) publishes both volumes of regular articles as well as peer reviewed proceedings of physics events held in Africa. It is catalogued in the US as follows: ISSN: PRINT: 1948-0229; CD ROM:1948-0245 and ONLINE: 1948-0237 Editorial Board Editors: Prof A.O. E. Animalu Dr Kebede Abebe Prof B.O. Oyelami Dr G. E. Akpojotor Members Prof Diola Bagayoko (USA) Prof M. L. Kulic (Germany) Prof Amagh Nduka (Nigeria) Prof T. L. Gill (USA) Prof. A. P. Maclin (USA) Dr Abebe Kebede (USA) Prof J.O. Idiodi (Nigeria)
Dr Paul Gueye (USA)
Prof David Ernst (USA)
Dr. Alain M. Dikande (Cameron)
Prof Otete Okobiah (Nigeria) Dr Nithaya Chetty (South Africa) Dr Anatole Kenfack (Germany) Editoral Comment The world is now regarded as a Global village with the internet as the Town square. Therefore any information in such media as books, magazines, journals, data, etc that are available on the internet can be accessed from any part of the world that is connected to the World Wide Web. The implication is that the potential to abridge the information gap between parts of our Globe is now available. The African Journal of Physics is
committed to publishing papers from the remotest parts of Africa to the most developed parts of the world. Since the birth of the first volume as a special issue to publish the proceedings of the First International Seminar on Theoretical Physics and National Development (ISOTPAND2008) held in Abuja, Nigeria, from August 25 - 29, 2008, the Journal has continued to improve both in quality and speed of publication of submitted articles. This is because of the commitment of our reviewers and members of the editorial board. Our esteemed contributors will be pleased to know that AJP has been on-line since its first volume. This means that there is an online version of the journal while manuscripts submission is done electronically by word format. Thus the guidelines for authors are available online and the review process which include article tracking are done electronically. In addition, all subscribers will be able to access the Journal on-line and receive Instructions automatically when their subscription is processed. We assure all our contributor that there will be regular publication of the regular articles of the journal henceforth. The Editorial Board of the AJP is grateful to our referees for their effort in reviewing the papers in this volume. Enquiries and submission Submission of regular articles for the journal or enquiry to publish pair reviewed proceedings should be made to: Kebede Abebe
E-mail: gutaye@ncat.edu
Or to the
Godfrey E. Akpojotor
E-mail: akpogea@niss-edu.net
Contact: Abebe Kebede
email:gutaye@ncat.edu
Copyright©2004 African
Scientificork
URL:http://www.physics.ncat.edu/mich
ael/ajp
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Paper Submission Guide
Submission of an article implies that the
work described has not been published
previously (except in the form of an
abstract or as part of a published lecture or
academic thesis), that it is not under
consideration for publication elsewhere,
that its publication is approved by all
authors and tacitly or explicitly by the
responsible authorities where the work
was carried out, and that, if accepted, will
not be published elsewhere in the same
form, in English or in any other language,
without the written consent of the
Publisher. The Editors reserve the right to
edit or otherwise alter all contributions,
but authors will receive proofs for
approval before publication.
Copyrights for articles are retained by the
authors, with first publication rights
granted to the journal. The
journal/publisher is not responsible for
subsequent uses of the work. It is the
author's responsibility to bring an
infringement action if so desired by the
author.
The authors authorize the publisher to
archive the article into databases and
indexes (such as Index Copernicus, ,
DOAJ, JournalTOCS (UK), Google
Scholar, PKP Knowledge, SCI-Edge(US),
BASE(Bielefeld Academic), OCLC
WorldCat (US)), Ulrich’s and permit the
publisher apply DOI name to the article. All manuscripts should be prepared in
MS-Word format and submitted online. If
you have any questions, please contact
the Editorial team of the journal.
TYPES OF CONTRIBUTIONS
Original research papers; review article;
technical notes; book review; reports of conferences and meetings; short
communications; letters to the Editor.
SUBMISSION, REVIEW AND
PUBLICATION PROCESS 1. You must read the paper
submission guide and use the
AJP standard paper template
(Request or download the
online version). Drafting your
paper based on the
PaperTemplate will help you to
go through the review process
quickly and publish your work
faster. Submission with wrong format will be delayed or rejected
2. Email your paper to the Editors
(see e-mail addresses below) with
a claim that your content is
original. You cannot submit
your article to multiple
journals at the same time. 3. You will get a notification from
the Editors that your email has
been received within 24 hours.
4. Review comment and result will
be returned. Authors may receive,
Publish Unaltered: the paper
is ready for publication and
no change is needed.
Acceptance after Minor
Changes: you need to make
minor changes according to
the instruction of the Editors.
Acceptance after Major
Changes: you need to make
major changes according to the instruction of the Editors.
Rejection: Manuscript is
flawed or not sufficiently
novel
5. Submit your final article (if
required) before the deadline
mentioned in the acceptance
letter.
6. The final publication of both the
online and printed version of
your article. The CD version is
also available upon request.
General
Language
Please write your text in good English
(American or British usage is accepted,
but not a mixture of both); decimal points
(not commas); use a space for thousands
(10 000 and above). We only accept
manuscripts in English language.
Length of paper
3000-8000 words are preferred.
iii
Title page should include:
Title
Concise and informative. Titles are often
used in information-retrieval systems.
Avoid abbreviations and formulae where
possible.
Author’s names and affiliations
Please indicate the given name and family
name clearly. Present the authors'
affiliation addresses (where the actual
work was done) below the names. Indicate
all affiliations with a lower-case
superscript letter immediately after the
author's name and in front of the
appropriate address. Provide the full postal
address of each affiliation, including the
country name, and, if available, the e-mail
address, and telephone number (with
country and area code) of each author.
Corresponding author
Clearly indicate who is willing to handle
correspondence at all stages of refereeing,
publication and also post-publication. Full
contact information is required.
Acknlowledgment/Sponsoring information
(optional)
Acknowledgement (optional) and
sponsorship information should come
before the reference list.
General Rules for Text
Please use the following rules for whole
text, including abstract, keywords,
heading and references.
Front: Times New Roman; Size: 10
Paragraph Spacing: Above paragraph – 0
pt; Below paragraph – 4 pt
Line Spacing: fixed – 12 pt
Heading 1: Times New Roman; Size-10;
Bold; for example, 1. Introduction
Heading 2: Times New Roman; Size-10;
Italic; for example, 1.1 Research Methods
Heading 3: Times New Roman; Size-10;
for example, 1.1.1 Analysis Result
Preparation of text
Abstract
A concise and factual abstract is required
(maximum length of 150 words). The
abstract should state briefly the purpose of
the research, the principal results and
major conclusions. An abstract is often
presented separate from the article, so it
must be able to stand alone. References
should therefore be avoided, but if
essential, they must be cited in full,
without reference to the reference list.
Keywords/Pacs
Immediately after the abstract, provide a
maximum of 6 keywords or pacs, avoiding
general and plural terms and multiple
concepts (avoid, for example, 'and', 'of').
Be sparing with abbreviations: only
abbreviations firmly established in the
field may be eligible.
Subdivision of the article
Divide your article into clearly defined
and numbered sections. Subsections
should be numbered 1., 2., (then 1.1,
1.1.1, 1.1.2), 1.2, etc. (the abstract is not
included in section numbering). Use this
numbering also for internal cross-
referencing: do not just refer to 'the text.'
Any subsection, ideally, should not be
more than 600 words. Authors are urged
to write as concisely as possible, but not at
the expense of clarity.
Figure legends, figures, schemes
Present these, in this order, at the end of
the article. They are described in more
detail below. High-resolution graphics
files must always be provided separate
from the main text file.
Tables
Present tables, at the end of the article.
Number tables consecutively in
accordance with their appearance in the
text. Place description to tables below the
table body. Avoid vertical rules. Be
sparing in the use of tables and ensure that
the data presented in tables do not
duplicate results described elsewhere in
the article.
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Formula
The text size of formula should be similar
with normal text size.
Illustrations
Line drawings should be provided in
microsoft word. Dragrams and graphs
should generally be of such size that, after
linear reduction to one-half or one-third,
they should be legible.
Photographs must be good quality and
should be sharp black and white prints.
References
Responsibility for the accuracy of
bibliographic citations lies entirely with
the authors.
Citations in the text
Please ensure that every reference cited in
the text is also present in the reference list
(and vice versa). Avoid citation in the
abstract. Unpublished results and personal
communications should not be in the
reference list, but may be mentioned in the
text. Citation of a reference as 'in press'
implies that the item has been accepted for
publication.
Citing and listing of web references
As a minimum, the full URL should be
given. Any further information, if known
(author names, dates, reference to a source
publication, etc.), should also be given.
Web references can be listed separately
(e.g., after the reference list) under a
different heading if desired, or can be
included in the reference list.
Text
Citations in the text should follow the
referencing style used by the American
Psychological Association. You can refer
to the Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association, Fifth Edition,
ISBN 1-55798-790-4, copies of which
may be ordered from
http://www.apa.org/books/4200061.html
or APA Order Dept., P.O.B. 2710,
Hyattsville, MD 20784, USA or APA, 3
Henrietta Street, London, WC3E 8LU,
UK. Details concerning this referencing
style can also be found at
http://humanities.byu.edu/linguistics/Henr
ichsen/APA/APA01.html
List
References should be arranged first
alphabetically and then further sorted
chronologically if necessary. More than
one reference from the same author(s) in
the same year must be identified by the
letters "a", "b", "c", etc., placed after the
year of publication.
Examples
Reference to a journal publication:
Mikel K., Indomie P. and Inesta H. (2008)
An exact solution to the extended Hubbard
model in 2D for finite size system. Phys.
Scr. 78, 025701 (4pp)
doi:10.1088/0031-8949/78/02/025701
Reference to a book:
Animalu A.O.E.(1977) Intermediate
quantum theory of crystalline solids,
Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs,
New Jersey, Chapter 11.
Reference to a chapter in an edited book:
Oghenerurho G. E. (2000) Frontiers of
superconducting iron pnictides In Ekuma
P. K and Pigho C. (Eds) Some intriguing
phenomena in condensed matter physics
pp. 160 - 213) Acada Progress Publishing
Ltd, Lagos.
Enquiries and submission Submission of regular articles for the
journal or enquiry to publish pair reviewed
proceedings should be made to:
Kebede Abebe
E-mail: gutaye@ncat.edu
Or to
Godfrey E. Akpojotor
E-mail: akpogea@niss-edu.net:
Isotpand.series@gmail.com
Nigeria Office
International Centre for Basic Research,
20, Limpopo Street, FHA, Maitama
Abuja email: ibr32@aol.com
Editorial Comment on this Volume
This special volume contains papers
presented at the fourth International
Seminar on Theoretical Physics and
v
National Development
(ISOTPAND2011) held from July 10 –
22, 2010 at the National Mathematical
Centre (NMC) Abuja In further
pursuance of the ISOTPAND mission
of having an annual forum for bringing
senior and eager beginners together
in the field of Theoretical Physics as
well as its role in national
development. Like in ISOTPAND2010,
there was a foundation postgraduate
course (FPGC) on Genomathematics
for Hadronic Mechanics and
Advanced Computational Physics
using Python from July 10 – 16, 2011
while the seminar was held from July
17 – 22, 2011.
There were a total of 43 participants at
the FPGC and this included young
postdocs, postgraduate students and
a few undergraduate students. The
resource persons of the Geno-
mathematics were Professor
Alexander Animalu of the Department
of Physics and Astronomy of the
University of Nigeria, Nsukka,
(Nigeria) and the International Centre
for Basic Research (ICBR), Abuja
(Nigeria) and Professor Ruggero
Maria Santilli of the Institute for Basic
Research, Palm Harbor, (U.S.A). The
resource persons for the Introduction
to Computational Science for Science
and Engineering using Python were
Dr Godfrey Ejiroghene Akpojotor of
the Physics Department of the Delta
State University, Abraka (Nigeria) and
the International Centre for Basic
Research (ICBR), Abuja (Nigeria),
Professor Benjamen Oyelami of the
National Mathematical Centre, Abuja
(Nigeria) and Dr Ikata Eghuanoye of
the Physics Department of the
University of Science Education, Port-
Harcourt (Nigeria).They were assisted
at the Work-on-Assignment sections
by several demonstrators which
included Myron Echenim of Kusmus
Communications, Warri (Nigeria) and
who was Dr Akpojotor ‘s former
student and some of the participants
in 2010 who are now good with the
Python.
The schedule of the FPGC was such
that the lectures were held every day
(Monday, July 11 – Friday, July 15,
2011) from 9.00 – 11.00 a.m. for the
Geno-mathematics; followed by one
hour tea break; then the Introduction
to Computational Science for Science
and Engineering using Python from
12.00 – 2.00 p.m; lunch break from
2.00 – 4.00 p.m. and finally the work-
on-Assignment from 4.00 – 6.30 p.m.
Again, as in 2010, both topics were
effectively covered by the resource
persons and the enthusiasm of the
participants was overwhelming.
On Saturday July 16, the organizers
arranged an excursion for the
participants who remained at the NMC
hotel so as to participate at the
seminar the following week. The
participants were taken to visit some
important sites in Abuja in two buses
provided by NMC.
The seminar week began with a
Registration/welcome dinner on
Sunday, July 17 at the NMC
restaurant. The seminar presentation
began at 9.00 a.m. and ended at 6.30
p.m. everyday from Monday, July 18 –
Wednesday, July 20, 2011) with tea
breaks and lunch breaks in between.
There were a total of 51 participants
and a total of 6 invited papers and 34
contributed papers were presented.
The social aspect of the seminar was
an excursion to some important sites
in Abuja in the morning and early
afternoon of Thursday, July 21, 2011.
However, due to threat of a warning
strike by the workers union over the
non-implementation of the minimum
wage, the end of seminar dinner/
vi
biography presentation of Professor
Iya Abubakar planned to be held at
the Merit House, Abuja, was
cancelled. The main sponsors of
ISOTPAND2011 are the International
Centre for Basic Research, the
National Mathematical Centre and the
National Universities Commission
while the following bodies gave
financial supports: Nigerian Energy
Commission, Raw Material and
Research Development Council,
National Office for Technology
Acquisition and Promotion (NOTAP),
Board of National Merit Award,
University of Nigeria, Delta State
University as well as individual donors.
Editors
At the 80th birthday celebration and biography presentation of the Emeritus
Professor J. O. C. Ezeilo at Sheraton Hotels and Towers fully sponsored by the
National University Commission, Abuja.
Group Photograph of Participants at ISOTPAND2011
vii
African Journal of Physics Vol.4 2011
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. 100 YEARS OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY: THE CONTRIBUTIONS AND
CHALLENGES OF RESEARCHERS IN NIGERIA ................................... 1
O. Abah1, A.O.E. Animalu
1, G.C. Asomba
1, O.A. Ogbuu
2, C.M.I. Okoye
1,
O. Umeh3. ................................................................................................ 1
2. GENO-BRAGG’S LAW, GENO-HIGG’S FUNCTION AND 10*X10
REPRESENTATION OF SU(3) SYMMETRY FOR QUASICRYSTAL
STRUCTURES ....................................................................................... 14
Alexander O.E. Animalu ........................................................................ 14
3. GENO-VIRIALTHEOREM & DARK MATTER/ENERGY REVISITED: ........ 43
1Francis E. Onah, and 2A.O.E. Animalu …………………………..43
4. A THEORETICAL DESIGN OF QUANTUM WELL WITH EQUISPACED
ENERGY LEVELS IN THE CONDUCTION BAND OF ALXGA1-XSB AND
ALX IN1-XSB............................................................................................ 62
Arthur Imooah Ejere1 and Godfrey E.Akpojotor
2 .................................... 62
5. ELECTRONIC BAND STRUCTURE OF BAS AND ALAS ...................... 73
MADU C. A.. ........................................................................................ 73
6. SEASONAL TRENDS IN NOON ATMOSPHERIC NO+
CONCENTRATION ............................................................................... 81
Onwuneme, S.E .and Abbey, T.M. ......................................................... 81
7. LINEARIZED ISOTHERM MODEL – COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE
ADSORPTION OF ANTHOCLEISTA DJALONENSIS LEAF EXTRACT
ON ALUMINIUM IN HCL SOLUTION .................................................. 88 1Nnaji, N.J.,
1Okoye, C.O.and
2Obiegbedi, N.O. ..................................... 88
8. 3D INTERPRETATION OF SEISMIC REFLECTION DATA FROM A FIELD
IN THE NIGER DELTA REGION, NIGERIA ......................................... 98
T. N. Obiekezie ...................................................................................... 98
9. UTILITY INTERRACTIVE SOLAR PV ENERGY DEMONSTRATION
PROJECT AT THE UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA .................. 104 1Onuk, O. E.,
2Akuru, U. B.,
3Animalu, A.O.E.
4Unachukwu, G. O., and
4Oparaku, O. U..................................................................................... 104
viii
African Journal of Physics Vol.4 2011
10. LOW TIME-SCALE VARIATION OF COSMIC RAY INTENSITY .............. 112
Hanson E.A., Okoro E.C.and Okeke F.N. ............................................. 112
11. EFFECTS OF TRANSESTERIFICATION VARIABLES ON YIELDS AND
PROPERTIES OF BIODIESELS PRODUCED FROM FOUR VIRGIN
TROPICAL SEEDS OILS ..................................................................... 120 1Igbum, O.G.,
2Eloka-Eboka, A.C. and
3 Ejila, A.A. .............................. 120
12. MODELLING OF GROUNDWATER AND CONTAMINANT FLOW IN
PARTS OF THE WESTERN NIGER DELTA, NIGERIA .................... 133 1Edmund Atakpo and
2Elijah.A.Ayolabi ............................................... 133
13. WAVE GENERATION IN THE BASE OF THE BRAIN THROUGH BLOOD
FLOW IN THE INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY .................................. 144
Tivde, T ............................................................................................... 144
14. THE REVERBERATION TIME AND CONGREGATIONAL RESPONSE TO
THE ACOUSTICS OF SOME LARGE CHURCHES IN THE JOS
METROPOLIS ..................................................................................... 163
Lewis Obagboye1 and Bulus Gyang
2 .................................................... 163
15. ON MATTER-ANTIMATTER ASYMMETRY IN COSMOLOGY: ................. 175
A.O.E. Animalu(1)
and Engr. Onyemaechi Nwogu(2)
............................. 175
16. A TRADITIONAL AFRICAN PERSPECTIVE ON THE BIG BANG AND
THE THEORY OF EVERYTHING........................................................ 195
‘Professor Catherine Acholonu............................................................. 195
17. PHYSICS IN THE TRADITIONAL PRACTICES OF THE IGBO:
PARADIGMS FOR ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY IN TODAY’S AFRICA :AFRICAN WORLDVIEW AND
POLITICS ............................................................................................ 201
J. E. Unaegbu ....................................................................................... 201
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