after the cold war: 1992-2004 chapter 16 mechikoff & estes, a history and philosophy of sport...

After the Cold War: 1992-2004

Chapter 16

Mechikoff & Estes, A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fourth Edition © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Introduction

Cold War ended and new problems aroseTwo most visible for Olympic Games:

Doping and commercialization

Interest in the games remained highGlobal tensions emerged

The XVI Winter Olympics: Albertville/Savoie, 1992

Organizing committee headed by Jean-Claude Killy and Michel Barnier

“Environmental responsibility”

Security costs: 64.4 million francs

CBS paid $243 million to broadcastEuropean Broadcast Union (EBU): $27 million

Alps provided a magnificent setting

Albertville/Savoie, 1992 : Notables

1,801 athletes competed from 64 nations

Focus: dual between America’s figure skatersTonya Harding and Nancy Kerrigan

American Kristi Yamaguchi won the gold in figure skating

Olympic movement experienced enormous growthCaused IOC problems

The XXV Olympiad: Barcelona, 1992

IOC president Samaranch hosted Games in home town

Perhaps greatest Olympics ever

Cost estimated at $7.5 billionNBC paid $350 million to secure broadcast rights

9,364 athletes from 170 nations competed, 2,708 womenSocial theme of the Games was “smoke free”

Most peaceful in recent history

Barcelona, 1992

5 athletes tested positive for banned substances

U.S. won 108 medals

Old Soviet Union competed as Commonwealth of Independent States

won the most medals

Barcelona, 1992

U.S. men’s basketball “Dream Team” in spotlight

Won gold with professional players

Carl Lewis—third consecutive gold in long jump

Cuba continued to dominate in boxing

XVII Winter Olympics: Lillehammer, 1994

1,737 athletes from 67 nations compete,521 were women

Famous northern lights used as logo of the Games

Games based on the respect of the environment

Facilities were first rate

Lillehammer, 1994Controversy with T. Harding and N. Kerrigan

Kerrigan won silver medal and Harding finished 8th

U.S. won the gold in men’s downhillBonnie Blair, speed skater, won 3 gold medalsU.S. team won 13 medalsRussians won 23

The Centennial Olympiad: Atlanta, 1996

Olympiad symbolized first 100 years of modern Olympic Games

People of Atlanta reflected spirit of Olympism

30,000 security personnel were assigned to protect the athletes

Atlanta, 1996

Torch relay covered 15,000 miles, 43 states

11,000 athletes from 197 nations attended

NBC televised opening ceremonies live to 3.5 billion viewers worldwide

plenty of commercial advertisements

Atlanta, 1996: Notables

July 27, 1996: Centennial Olympic Park bombed

100 people were injured and 2 were killed

Games continued as scheduledU.S. team won the most medals: 101Germany won 65 medals, Russians third with 61Both U.S. basketball teams won gold

XVIII Nagano Winter Olympic Games

Worldwide audience of 3 billion watched 2,339 athletes competeNagano had three goals

Promote the participation of childrenPay homage to natureHost festival of peace and friendship

American hockey favored to win goldLost early, embarrassed U.S. with behavior

Scandals and Ill-gotten Gains

Scandal between IOC and host cities Nagano, Atlanta, and Salt Lake City

Accusations of bribes

Some IOC members found guilty, forced out

Several resigned

2001: IOC elected Jacques Rogge, orthopedic surgeon, IOC

XXVII Olympiad: Sydney, 2000

IOC needed successful Games

Estimated 11,147 athletes from 200 countries competed

North and South Korea marched together as “KOREA”

Aboriginal woman, Cathy Freeman, became star of Games

Received average of 12 terrorist threats a day

Sydney, 2000: Notables

The U.S. team made up of no-name minor league players beat the Cubans 4-0 to win gold in baseballTechnology played central role

Extensive use of the internet as millions followed action in “real time”Many equipment advances

Marion Jones won 5 medals in track and fieldHusband tested positive for a banned substance

6 positive drug tests, a few medals stripped as result

XIX Winter Games, Salt Lake City, 2002

Global politics were tense and volatileTerrorist activities in Middle EastSeptember 11, 2001

• World Trade Center: Over 3,000 civilians killed

Security at all time high

Drug use again a problemWADA conducted thorough testingApparent double standard in IOC testing

Salt Lake City, 2002: Notables

3,500 athletes from 80 countries competedSLOC budget over $1 billionLargest program in Olympic historyAmerican notable athletes

Sarah Hughes, Apolo Anton Ohno, Jim Shea, Jr.

Salt Lake City, 2002Gold medalist Johann Muehlegg, carrying the Spanish flag (German who immigrated to Spain to compete for Spanish team and was caught doping at Salt Lake Olympics; he had to return his medals)

Salt Lake City, 2002

Salt Lake City, 2002

Women’s Luge

XXVIII Olympiad: Athens, 2004

Global tension still evidentU.S. involved in war (Afghanistan, Iraq)

Host city faced financial difficulties

Greeks pulled together impressively to complete preparations

Security, doping, commercialization continued to be issues

Athens, 2004: Notables

10,500 athletes from 201 countries competed

4515 women

Iraqi Olympic teamMen’s soccer team did surprisingly wellTrack team included a woman

Opening ceremonies dazzledU.S. won most medals, 103

Athens, 2004

Athens, 2004

Athens, 2004

Winners crowned with olive wreaths, as in ancient Olympic Games