al quds thermometer of our honor

AL-QUDS JERUSALEMThermometer of Musl im’s Honor

Topics • Introduction

• History

• Why AL-Quds

• Conclusion

عناصر

مقدمة •

تارخ•

لماذا القدس•

خاتمة•

Location

On a plateau in Khaleel

Mountains.

Neighboring towns: Bethlehem

and Beit Jala to the south, Abu

Dis and Ma'ale Adumim

settlement to the east,

Mevaseret Zion to the west,

and Ramallah and Giv'at Ze'ev

settlement to the north.

موقعها

وسط فلسطن، على هضبة •

. من هضاب جبال الخلل

بت لحم : البلدات المجاورة•

وبت جاال جنوبا، أبو دس

ومستوطنة معاله أدومم

شرقا، مڤاسرت صهون

غربا، ورام هللا ومستوطنة

.گفعات زئف شماال

.منظر لبلدة القدس القدمة من جبل المشارفThe Outlook from a Nearby

Mountain.

Urusalim is the first name.

Also Jebus.

Yerushalayim (Jerusalem) first appears in book

of Joshua. Israelites named settled

neighborhood “City of David”. "Zion"

referred to part of the city, later signified the

whole.

In Greek transliterated Hierosolym

Renamed Aelia Capitolina by the Romans.

In Arabic, al-Quds "The Holy“.

اسمها

" أورسالم"أول اسم

". بوس"ثم وفقا للتوراة،

وأطلق العبرانون على ” أورشلم"ثم

” مدنة داود"األقسام المؤهولة

.ثم صارت ألقابا" صهون"و

" هروسلما: "خالل العصر الهلن

ة"سماها الرومان ". إلا الكاپتولن

ف العهدة العمرة تذكر باسم

". إلاء"

.“القدس“و” بت المقدس"ثم

Why Mainly Palestine?

Islam doesn't distinguish

between people based on their

ethnic, racial or national

background.

Palestine is not the only bleeding

wound in our body.

لماذا فلسطن

اإلسالم ال •

فرق بن

.الناس

لست فلسطن •

. وحدها تنزف

a- Because of what this land

means to us Muslims.

• Ceuta and Melilla are two

Moroccan cities that are

occupied by Spain. Have you

ever heard about them?

لما تعنه القدس •

. ونواحها لنا

Blessed and Holy

“Glorified be He Who took His slave

for a journey by night from Al-

Masjid Al-Haraam to Al-Masjid Al-

Aqsaa, the neighborhood whereof

We have blessed…” *al-Israa’ 17:1].

Moses: “O my people! Enter the holy

land which Allah assigned to

you”*al-Ma’idah 5:21]

ومقدسة مباركة

: وصفها هللا بؤنها مباركة

سبحان الذي أسرى بعبده )

لال من المسجد الحرام إلى

المسجد األقصى الذي باركنا

( 1/اإلسراء( )حوله

على لسان )مقدسة وأنها

قوم ادخلوا ا )(: موسى

األرض المقدسة الت كتب

( 21/المائدة )( لكمهللا

In It there is al-Aqsaa

• Abu Dharr said: we were discussing, in the

presence of the Prophet, which of them was

more virtuous, the mosque of the Messenger or

Bayt al-Maqdis. The Messenger of Allah said: One

prayer in my mosque is better than four prayers

there, but it is still a great place of prayer. Soon

there will come a time when if a man has a spot

of land as big as his horse’s rope from which he

can see Bayt al-Maqdis, that will be better for him

than the whole world. Narrated & classed saheeh

by al-Haakim.

فها األقصى

تذاكرنا ونحن عند : ذرأب عن •

رسول هللا أهما أفضل مسجد

رسول هللا أم بت المقدس؟ فقال

صالة ف مسجدي : رسول هللا

أفضل من أربع صلوات فه ولنعم

المصلى هو، ولوشكن أن كون

للرجل مثل شطن فرسه من

رى منه بت األرض حث

" جمعا المقدس خر له من الدنا

.وصححهرواه الحاكم

Protected from ad-Dajjal

The Dajjaal will not enter it:

“He will prevail over all the earth, apart

from al-Haram [in Makkah] and Bayt al-

Maqdis.” [Saheeh. Narrated by Ahmad.]

The Dajjaal will be killed close to al-Quds:

“The son of Maryam will kill the Dajjaal at

the gates of Ludd.” (Muslim, from al-

Nawwaas ibn Sam’aan). Ludd (Lod): town

near al-Quds.

محفوظة من الدجال

وإنه : "ال دخلهاالدجال •

سظهر على األرض كلها إال

رواه " الحرم وبت المقدس

أحمد وصححه ابن خزمة

قتل : "قربا من هناكوقتل •

" ابن مرم الدجال بباب لد

. مسلم عن النواس بن سمعان

.المقدسقرب بت " لد "و

The First Qiblah

• Al-Baraa’: the Messenger of

Allaah prayed toward Bayt

al-Maqdis for sixteen or

seventeen months. (Ag).

قبلة المسلمن األولى

البراء أن رسول هللا عن •

صلى إلى بت المقدس

ستة عشر شهرا أو سبعة

(ق( .عشر شهرا

Cradle of Wahy, and homeland of Prophets.

• The Messenger led the

Prophets in it: “Then the

time for prayer came, and I

led them in prayer.” (M from

Abu Hurayrah).

مهبط الوح وموطن . األنباء

أم الرسول األنباء فه ف •

فحانت : ".. صالة واحدة

مسلم " الصالة فؤممتهم

.عن أب هررة

Al-Aqsa is one of the three mosques to which people travel.

• Abu Hurayrah: the Prophet: “No journey should be made except to three mosques, al-Masjid al-Haraam, Masjid al-Rasool, Masjid al-Aqsaa.” (Ag)

إلى تشد الرحال

قصىألا

أب هررة عن عن •

ال تشد الرحال : " النب

إال إلى ثالثة مساجد

المسجد الحرام ومسجد

الرسول ومسجد األقصى (ق(".

Al-Masjid al-Aqsa

•Rebuilt by Sulaymaan, as stated in Sunan al-

Nasaa’I, however existed before him based on

al-Saheehayn from Abu Dharr: “I said, ‘O

Messenger of Allaah, which mosque was built

on earth first?’ He said, ‘Al-Masjid al-Haraam .’ I

said, ‘Then which?’ He said, ‘Al-Masjid al-Aqsa.’ I

said, ‘How much time was there between

them?’ He said, ‘Forty years. So wherever you

are when the time for prayer comes, pray, for

that is the best thing to do.’

المسجد األقصى

سنن ثبت ف سلمان، كما بناه

عله ه قبلموجودا النسائ، وكان

سلمان له كان وبناء السالم

الصححن عن أب ف فتجددا

ا رسول هللا أي مسجد قلت : ذر

: أول؟ قالوضع ف األرض

أي؟ المسجد الحرام قال قلت ثم

قال المسجد األقصى قلت كم كان

قال أربعون سنة ثم أنما بنهما؟

أدركتك الصالة بعد فصله فإن

"فهالفضل

Location and Borders of al-Aqsa

•Al-Mawsoo’ah al-Filasteeniyyah (4/203): “The

name al-Masjid al-Aqsa was historically applied

to the entire sanctuary and the buildings in it,

most important of which is the Dome of the

Rock built by ‘Abd al-Malik ibn Marwaan in 72

AH/691 CE. Today the name is applied to the

great mosque in the southern part of the

sanctuary.” Also (3/23): “The Dome of the Rock

is in the middle of the plateau of al-Aqsa, which

is in the southeastern part of the city of al-Quds.

مكان المسجد وحده

كان ) 4/203الفلسطنة الموسوعة •

المسجد األقصى طلق على اسم

وما فه الحرم القدس الشرف كله

قبة الصخرة الت من منشآت أهمها

72بناها عبد الملك بن مروان سنة

وأما الوم فطلق على .م691/هـ

(. المسجد الكبر جنوب ساحة الحرم

الصخرة قبة )(: 3/23)وفها أضا

، ف ف وسط ساحة المسجد األقصى

(القدسالقسم الجنوب الشرق من

This concurrs with what Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyah said

• “Al-Masjid al-Aqsa is the name for the

whole of the place of worship built by

Sulaymaan (peace be upon him).

• Some people started to give the name of

al-Aqsa to the prayer-place built by ‘Umar

ibn al-Khattab in front of it…

• Praying in this place which ‘Umar built for

the Muslims is better than praying in the

rest of the mosque”

ؤكد هذا ما قاله شخ اإلسالم ابن تمة

األقصى اسم لجمع فالمسجد “•

المسجد الذي بناه سلمان عله

وقد صار بعض الناس السالم،

المصلى الذي األقصى سم

بناه عمر بن الخطاب ف

والصالة ف هذا ...مقدمته

المصلى الذي بناه عمر

للمسلمن أفضل من الصالة ف

”.المسجدسائر

b- Because of the magnitude and

the duration of the crime. This

is not a simple occupation; this

is a crime of erasing a nation off

the map and denying a people

their identity.

بسبب حجم •.الجرمة ومدتها

Tick ing C lock

Al-Awda and American Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC-SF)June 2002 19

Population: 1870-1946

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1,600,000

1,800,000

2,000,000

367,224

1,237,000

608,000

Al-Awda and American Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC-SF) - June 2002

Population %: 1870-1946

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

Arabs Jews

35% 65%

2% 98%

H o w D o T h e y D o I t ?

1- Extra Judicial Killings

Expropriation and Destruction of LandDemolition of houses

• Since 1967, Israel expropriated 79% of WB.

(Betselem, 2002)

• From October 2001 to January 2005, Israel

demolished 675 homes in the Occupied Territories as

punishment. Betselem

• 3000 houses destroyed by Israel during current

intifada – (Haaretz, Aug, 2003)

I m p r i s o n m e n t & To r t u r e

• Since 1967, over 600,000 Palestinians have been held in

Israeli jails for periods ranging from one week to life.

(Palestine times, no. 83, May 1998)

• During the first Intifada Israel arrested 175,000

Palestinians – (Passia)

• Minors in detention (January 2005): 382 Betselem

• Torture: 85% of detainees tortured during interrogation

Betselem / Passia

Movement• Checkpoints &Road blocks• Control Towers• Forbidden Roads• Permits• Closures & Sieges • Curfew• No Airports

D e s t r u c t i o n o f e c o n o m y

More than 11,000 olive

trees [decades to

mature] have been

uprooted

Water• 80% water aquifers in West Bank.

• Illegal settlements placed on top of water aquifers & mountains and

get priority access.

• Settlers attack Palestinians' water supply, severing pipes and switching

off valves.

• They dump sewage on Palestinian land, polluting wells and aquifers.

• Israeli army routinely destroyed water supplies, a war crime.

c- Because of the type of enemy.

• UN resolutions from the G.A., like

194, practically meaningless.

• Whenever the S.C. decides to pass a

resolution, like 242 or 338, it is under

chapter XI, not XII, ‘non-enforceable’!

طغان األعداء •.وتآمرهم

Al-Awda and American Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC-SF)June 2002

Jewish … Arrive at airport & be a citizen!

1948: Resolution 194: ".. refugees wishing to return to

their homes and live at peace with their neighbors should

be permitted to do so at the earliest practicable date.."

1974: Resolution 3236: "the inalienable right of the

Palestinians to return to their homes and property …"

1997: UN Resolution 52/62: “Reaffirms that the Palestine

Arab refugees are entitled to their property ...."

Reaffirmed 110 times with universal consensus, except for Israel & U.S.

e- Because of the rapid

progress of the case.

• Israel continues to build

settlements and annex land.

.لسرعة تطور األحداث•

The Separation Wall

1.Surrounds 100,000 people in 42 towns

2.Reduces water supply by 1 billion gallons

3.Confiscates hundreds of thousands of acres

4.Harshly limits travel to jobs hospitals &

schools

5.Adversely affects 4 out of 10 Palestinians

Settlements

f- The interruption of the land

continuity of this ummah.

An enemy within the heartland

with easy access to many

regions, including the sacred

precincts.

تقطع أوصال •

األمة

خنجر ف قلبها•

Why Not Maccah

• Because of its significance

to Judaism, Christianity, and

Islam.

• Because Allah is most

merciful.

لماذا القدس ولس مكة

تعتبر القدس مدنة مقدسة •

عند أتباع الدانات

: السماوة الثالث

الهودة، المسحة،

.واإلسالم

.رحمة من هللا بنا•

Why History

“Indeed in their stories, there

is a lesson for men of

understanding.”

التارخ لماذا

لقد كان ف قصصهم عبرة )

(.ألول األلباب

(111:وسف)

Timeline of the History of al -Quds

Jebusites

• According to the Bible, the Jebusites

were a Canaanite tribe.

• They built Jerusalem prior to its conquest

by Prophet David.

• Melchisedech, in the Old Testament, was

king and priest, connected with

Jerusalem, revered by Abraham.

• Books of Kings state that Jerusalem was

known as Jebus prior to this event.

البوسون

عرب من الكنعانن نزحوا من

شبة الجزرة إلى الشام خالل

. م.األلف الثالث ق

استقروا ف منطقة القدس وسائر

.الكنعانن عند الساحل

" ملك صادق"بنوا القدس بقادة

وكانت " شالم"وأسموها

.”بوس"تسمى أضا

Jebusites

• According to some

Biblical chronologies,

the city was conquered

by King David in 1003

BC, or according to

other sources 869 BC.

البوسون

استقروا ف المنطقة حتى استولى اإلسرائلون

. م.على المدنة ف القرن الثان عشر ق

.بقادة نب هللا داود

.أحذ الجذران الحجرية الضخمة لمذينة يبىس قبل وصىل داود إليها

ú-ru-sa-liminscription, Amarnaletters, by King of the city, AbdiHeba, 14th century BCE

نقشششششش السششششششم

أورسششششالم فشششش

إحشششدس رسشششا ل

تشششل العمارنشششة

بشششششششششد ملششششششششش

عبشششد "المدنشششة

الرابع "هبات

.م.عشر ق

Unified Kingdom

• Later, according to the biblical

narrative, King Solomon built a more

substantive temple, the Temple of

Solomon.

• When the Kingdom of Judah split from

the larger Kingdom of Israel (which the

Bible places near the end of the reign

of Solomon, Jerusalem became the

capital of the Kingdom of Judah.

المملكة الموحدة

40حكم داود عله السالم إسرائل •

. م.ق 970عاما حتى

عاما، وف عهده 33خلفه سلمان •

تم تشد هكل سلمان الشهر،

الذي مثل المستودع الذي حفظ فه

.تابوت العهد وفقا للمعتقد الهودي

بعد وفاة سلمان انقسمت المملكة •

سم القسم الجنوب . إلى قسمن

مملكة هوذا، وأصبحت القدس

عاصمة لها تحت قادة رحبعام بن

.سلمان

Babylonians

• Jerusalem was capital of Judah for 400

years. It survived an Assyrian siege in

701 BC by Sennacherib, unlike Samaria,

the capital of the northern Kingdom.

• The siege of 597 BC led to the city being

overcome by the Babylonians, who took

the young King and aristocracy into

captivity … burnt the temple, destroyed

the city's walls.

البابلون

م، احتل .ق 587•

نبوخذ "الملك البابل

القدس " نصر الثان

ونقل من فها من

الهود أسرى إلى

بابل ودمر هكل

سلمان، مما أنهى

".عهد الهكل األول"

Cyrus II of Persia

• After several decades of captivity in

Babylon and the Persian conquest of

Babylonia, Cyrus II of Persia allowed the

Jews to return to Judah and rebuild the

Temple. The construction was finished in

516 BC.

• Jerusalem was once again the capital of

Judah, and the center of Jewish worship.

المل قور الكبر

سنة من 50م وبعد .ق 538•

السب، سمح الملك الفارس

قورش الكبر لمن أراد من

الهود بالعودة وبناء الهكل،

فعاد عدد وشرعوا ببناء

الهكل الثان، وانتهوا سنة

.م.ق 516

استمرت المدنة عاصمة •

لمملكة هوذا طلة العقود

.الت تلت

Alexander the Great

• 333 B.C. Alexander the

Great conquered the

Persian Empire, Jerusalem

and Judea fell under Greek

control and Hellenic

influence.

اإلسكندر األكبر

م فقدت فارس .ق 333•

القدس لإلسكندر األكبر

وبعد وفاته حكمها

خلفاإه المقدونون

.والبطالمة

Greek era (312–164 BC)

• following Alexander's death,

Jerusalem and Judea fell under

Ptolemaic control under

Ptolemy I.

• In 198 BC, as a result of the

Battle of Panium, Ptolemy V

lost Jerusalem and Judea to the

Seleucids under Antiochus the

Great.

اإلغرق

م استولى علها .ق 323•

بطلموس األول وضمها مع

فلسطن إلى مملكته ف

.مصر

م، خسر بطلموس .ق 198•

الخامس مملكة هوذا

للسلوقن ف سورا، بقادة

.أنطوخوس الثالث الكبر

Hasmonean Kingdom (164 BC – 35 BC)

• Under the Seleucids many Jews became

Hellenized, culminating in the Maccabean

rebellion by Matisyahu the High Priest and

his five sons. As a result, Jerusalem

became capital of independent

Hasmonean Kingdom which lasted 103

years; the only independent Jewish state in

the four centuries after the Kingdom of

Judah was destroyed.

المملكة الحشمونا مة

قام المكابون . م.ق 168•

بثورة على الحاكم

أنطوخوس الرابع، ونجحوا

بتؤسس المملكة

الحشمونائمة وعاصمتها

.م.ق 152القدس سنة

استولى الرومان على القدس •

.م.ق 63عام

Herodian Dynasty (35 BC – 96 AD)

• The Romans installed Herod as a Jewish

client king around 19 BC.

• As king of the Province of Judea, Herod

rebuilt the Second Temple.

• After Herod's death in 4 BC, Judea and the

city of Jerusalem came under direct Roman

rule in 6 AD through Roman prefects,

procurators, and legates but Herod's

descendants were nominal kings of Judaea

Province until 96.

الحرودون

نصب الرومان حرود األول ملكا •

على الهود، فكرس حرود عهده

لتجمل المدنة وتطور مرافقها،

. وبنى المعبد الثان

بعد وفاة حرود األول، خلفه حرود •

قبل 4الثان ف حكم القدس من عام

بعده وعندها أخضع 6المالد حتى

الرومان مملكة هوذا للحكم

الرومان المباشر، فؤصبحت تعرف

بمقاطعة الهودة، على الرغم من

أن خلفاء حرود األول استمروا

بحكم المناطق المجاورة بوصفهم

.96ملوك تابعن لروما حتى

Roman rule (6 AD –638 AD)

• In 66 AD the Jewish population rebelled against the

Roman Empire in what is now known as the First

Jewish–Roman War. Roman legions under future

emperor Titus re-conquered and subsequently

destroyed much of Jerusalem and the Second

Temple in 70 AD. The Second Temple was burnt and

all that remained was the great external (retaining)

walls supporting the Esplanade on which the Temple

had stood, a portion of which has become known as

the Western Wall; also known as the Wailing Wall.

6)الحكم الرومان .(638–. م.ق

شهد الحكم الرومان للقدس •

حوادث كثرة، أولها الثورة

الهودة الكبرى، من سنة

م، وقمعها 70إلى 66

" تطس"الحاكم الرومان

فؤحرق المدنة وأسر كثرا

من الهود ودمر المعبد

للمرة الثانة، وعادت

. األمور إلى طبعتها

Sack of Jerusalem

• Inside wall from the Arch of

Titus, Rome. The Menorah

from the Temple is seen being

carried in the victory

procession.

تدمر القدس

نقش على قوس تتوس ف •

ظهر الجنود الرومان روما

وهم حملون كنوزا غنموها

.بعد تدمرهم القدس

More Rebellion

• In 130 Roman Emperor Hadrian rebuilt the city,

renaming it Aelia Capitolina.

• Built a large temple to the goddess Venus,

later, Church of the Holy Sepulcher.

• Restrictions on some Jewish practices caused a

revolt led by Simon Bar Kokhba.

• Hadrian killed about a half million. Jews were

forbidden from the city but for a single day of

the year, Tisha B'Av, (the Ninth of Av), fast day

to mourn the destruction of both Temples.

تمرد آخر

، 132و 115عاود الهود التمرد ف •

واألخرة عرفت بثورة شمعون بن

كوكبة، وتمكنوا من السطرة على

" هادران"المدنة، إال أن اإلمبراطور

تعامل مع الثوار بعنف ودمر القدس

للمرة الثانة، وأخرج الهود، ومن شدة

نقمته علهم غر اسم المدنة إلى

ة" واشترط " مستعمرة إلا الكاپتولن

أال سكنها هودي، بل جعل اسم

مقاطعة سورا "مقاطعة الهودة

تمنا Syria Palaestina" الفلسطنة

.بالفلستنن

Roman/ Byzantine Rule• For the next 150 years, the city remained a

relatively unimportant pagan Roman town.

• Byzantine Emperor Constantine, however, rebuilt

Jerusalem as a Christian center of worship,

building the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in 335.

• Jerusalem received special recognition in

Canon VII of the First Council of Nicaea in 325;

became home to one of the five Patriarchates of

the Christian Church.

• Jews were still banned from the city, except during

a brief period of Persian rule from 614 to 629 AD.

البزنط/ الحكم الرومانم 395انقسمت اإلمبراطورة الرومانة عام •

غربة عاصمتها روما وشرقة أو بزنطة : إلى

عاصمتها القسطنطنة، وخضعت القدس إلى

. األخرة

خضعت المدنة لسطرة الرومان ثم البزنطن •

خالل القرون الخمسة الت تلت ثورة شمعون بن

.كوكبة

بعد أن نقل قسطنطن األول عاصمة •

اإلمبراطورة الرومانة إلى بزنطة، وأعلن

المسحة دانة رسمة، أمر بتشد كنسة القامة

بعد مجمع نقة، أصبحت القدس مركزا •

اإلسكندرة : لبطرركة من الخمس الكبرى

. وروما والقسطنطنة وأنطاكة والقدس

استمر حظر دخول الهود حتى القرن السابع •

.المالدي

The Persians Again

The Jews joined Sassanid Persia in the invasion

of Byzantine Empire to liberate Jerusalem.

The city fell to the combined forces after a 20-

day siege. Christians of Jerusalem were

massacred.

Jews were given permission to run the city and

effectively did for five years.

In 628, after the defeat and death of Khosrau II,

Heraclius came as victor into Jerusalem.

فارس ثانة

احتل الفرس القدس بعد أن ساعدهم •

.الهود الناقمون على البزنطن

م، بعد 614فتح الفرس المدنة •

تنص السجالت . وما 21حصار

البزنطة أن الفرس والهود ذبحوا

آالف المسحن، وما زال هذا

.موضع جدل

استمرت المدنة خاضعة للفرس •

سنة، إلى أن استعادها الروم 15

م تحت قادة هرقل، وظلت 629

بؤدهم حتى الفتح اإلسالم

.م636

ف عهد عمر، أرسل عمرو بن العاص وأبا

عبدة لفتح فلسطن، لكن القدس عصت

وعندما طال . علهم لمناعة أسوارها

حصار المسلمن، طلب رئس البطاركة،

. أال سلم القدس إال لعمر” صفرونوس"

فؤرسل عمرو بن العاص خبر عمر

إن أرى أنك إن : "فاستشار فقال عل

سرت إلهم فتح هللا هذه المدنة على

".دك وكان ف مسرك األجر العظم

Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab

personally went to the city to

receive its submission

م ذنة مسجد عمر بن الخطاب .1925 ف القدس سنة

Caliphates (638–1300s)

• The city was one of the Arab Caliphate's first

conquests in 638 AD.

• Omar entered it and looked for the site of the

Masjid according to the description of the

Messenger of Allah (blessings and peace be upon

him), then he found it under layers of soil and

garbage. He ordered the cleaning of the place, the

building of a mosque, and a wooden canopy over

the rock.

• Umar ibn al-Khattab also allowed the Jews back

into the city and freedom to live and worship after

four hundred years.

+(1300–638)الخالفة

قام عمر رض هللا عنه بعد فتح •

المدنة بالبحث عن األقصى واضعا

نصب عنه الرواة الت سمعها

من رسول هللا، وسؤل الصحابة

وكعب األحبار وصفرونوس،

لقد وصف : "وكان راجعهم قائال

ل رسول هللا صلى هللا عله وسلم

". المسجد بصفة ما ه عله هذه

وعثر على المكان، وكان مطمورا

فؤمر بإقامة مسجد وإقامة . باألتربة

.ظلة من الخشب فوق الصخرة

• Sixty years later the Dome of the

Rock was built by Abdul-Malik ibn

Marwaan. (The octagonal and gold-

sheeted Dome is not the same

thing as the Al-Aqsa Mosque beside

it, the latest version of which was

built more than three centuries

later).

+(1300–638)الخالفة

عبد الملك بن •

مروان بنى قبة

الصخرة عام

الولد بن عبد الملك •

بنى المسجد

األقصى عام

• Under the early centuries of Muslim rule,

especially during the Umayyad (650–750) and

Abbasid (750–969) dynasties, the city

prospered; the geographers Ibn Hawqal and

al-Istakhri (10th century) describe it as "the

most fertile province of Palestine", while its

native son the geographer al-Maqdisiy (born

946) devoted many pages to its praises in his

most famous work, The Best Divisions in the

Knowledge of the Climes.

+(1300–638)الخالفة

اهتم األموون •

والعباسون بالمدنة

فشهدت نهضة علمة ف

مختلف المادن، لكن

شهرتها سرعان ما

تضعضعت بسبب عدم

االستقرار الذي شهدته

الدولة العباسة وانقسامها

.إلى دوالت

Weakness and Division

• The early Arab period was

also one of religious

tolerance.

• However, in the early 11th

century, the Egyptian

Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi-

Amr Allah ordered the

destruction of all churches.

ضعف الدولة وتفككها

أدى تفكك الدولة العباسة إلى ضعف العمل •

بالشرعة، فلق المسحون نوعؤ من

االضطهاد، وهدمت كنسة القامة ف

القدس خالل عهد الخلفة الفاطم، أبو عل

منصور الحاكم بؤمر هللا، وتعرضت حاة

. الحجاج األوروبن للخطر

عندما سقطت القدس بقبضة األتراك •

، إزدادت الحالة سوءا 1076السالجقة سنة

وكثر التعدي على الحجاج األوروبن،

. فكانت تلك إحدى أسباب الحروب الصلبة

Crusaders

The crusaders besieged Jerusalem for a

month before they captured it. Upon

entry, they killed about 70,000 Muslims

and Jews.

Jews were among the most vigorous

defenders of Jerusalem. When the city

fell, the Crusaders placed all of them

inside the city's synagogue and burned it

الصلبون

انطلق الصلبون ف •

1095حملتهم األولى سنة

متوجهن إلى القدس،

1099فوصلوها سنة

وضربوا الحصار علها

.فسقطت بعد شهر

قتل الصلبون فور دخولهم •

ألفا من المسلمن 70قرابة

. والهود وانتهكوا مقدساتهم

Crusaders

• Jerusalem became the capital of the

Kingdom of Jerusalem. Godfrey of

Bouillon, was elected Lord of

Jerusalem on July 22, 1099, but did

not assume the royal crown and died

a year later.

• The Catholics initially imposed their

rites on the Orthodox, which caused

their anger.

الصلبون

قامت ف القدس منذ •

ذلك التارخ مملكة

التنة تحكم من قبل

ملك كاثولك فرض

الشعائر الكاثولكة

على المسحن

األرثوذكس مما أثار

.غضبهم

Ayyubides

• The Kingdom of Jerusalem

lasted until 1291; however,

Jerusalem itself was

recaptured by Saladin in

1187, who permitted

worship of all religions.

األوبون

استطاع صالح الدن •

1187استرداد القدس عام

بعد معركة حطن، وعامل

أهلها معاملة طبة، ودعا

الهود والمسلمن لعودوا

إلى المدنة، واهتم بعمارتها

. وتحصنها

Ayyubides

• In 1229, by treaty with Egypt's ruler al-Kamil, Jerusalem came into the hands of Frederick II of Germany.

• In 1243 Jerusalem came again into the power of the Christians.

• In 1244 al-Malik as-SalihNajm-ud-Deen Ayyoobrecaptured it for the last time from the medieval crusaders.

األوبون

ولكن الصلبن نجحوا ف السطرة •

على المدنة بعد وفاة صالح الدن

ف عهد فردرش األول إمبراطور

اإلمبراطورة الرومانة المقدسة،

وكانت القدس قد أفل نجمها بسبب

انهماك أوالد صالح الدن بالنزاع

. فما بنهم

11ظلت القدس بؤدي الصلبن •

عاما إلى أن استردها نهائا الملك

.1244الصالح نجم الدن أوب عام

Mamluks

• The Khwarezmian Tatars took

the city in 1244.

• They in turn were driven out

by the Mamluks under the

leadership of Qutuz and

Baybars in 1247.

• Palestine remained under the

Mamluks until 1517.

العهد المملوك

تعرضت المدنة لغزو 1244•

التتار، الذن قضوا على أكثر

. المسحن وطردوا الهود

هزم التتار على د الممالك بقادة •

سف الدن قطز والظاهر ببرس ف

.1259معركة عن جالوت عام

ضمت فلسطن إلى السلطنة •

المملوكة الت حكمت مصر والشام

.1517بعد الدولة األوبة حتى

Muslim Tolerance or Collection of Abominations

1482, visiting Dominican priest Felix Fabri described Jerusalem:

“.. dwelling place of diverse nations of the world, and is, as it

were, a collection of all manner of abominations". As

"abominations" he listed Saracens, Greeks, Syrians,

Jacobites, Abyssinians, Nestorians, Armenians, Gregorians,

Maronites, Turcomans, Bedouins, Assassins, a possibly Druze

sect, Mamluks, and "the most accursed of all", Jews.”

Ottomans (1517–1917)

• In 1517, it was taken over by

the Ottoman Empire under

Salim I.

• Al-Quds remained ottoman for

400 years until it fell to the

British in 1917.

(1917-1517)العثمانون

دخل العثمانون 1517•

فلسطن بقادة سلم

.األول بعد مرج دابق

أصبحت القدس تابعة •

400للدولة العثمانة

سنة حتى سقوطها بد

الحلفاء ف الحرب

العالمة األولى سنة

• Renewal and peace under Suleiman the Magnificent –

rebuilding the walls of the Old City and the Dome.

• Ottomans brought peace; Jew, Christian and Muslim

enjoyed freedom of religion. In 1700, Judah he-Hasid

led the largest organized group of Jewish immigrants to

the Land of Israel in centuries.

• By mid 19th century, the city had a population that did

not exceed 8,000. Nevertheless, extremely

heterogeneous.

االزدهار خالل عهد •

سلمان األول

، خلفة سلم "القانون"

األول، حث أعاد بناء

أسوار المدنة وقبة

.الصخرة

خالل معظم العهد •

العثمان مدنة محلة ولم

علوا شؤنها التجاري،

لكن بقت مهمة لمكانتها

.الدنة

• Modern utilities came to al-

Quds in the middle of he

19th century.

• Post offices, Public horse

carriages and a railroad

connecting it to Hijaaz and

rest of the neighboring

cities by 1892.

ة خالل القرن • تطورت الحاة المقدس

التاسع عشر بعد أن أنشؤت السلطات

العثمانة المرافق الحدثة، فافتتح مركز

للبرد وخطوط سر نظامة لمركبات

الجاد العمومة، وأنرت الشوارع

ة، وف أواسط القرن بالمصابح الزت

أنشؤ العثمانون أول طرق معبدة بن

، كانت 1892القدس وافا، وبحلول

المدنة موصولة بغرها من المدن

ة والحجازة بسكة حددة .الشام

4 major communities: Jewish, Christian, Muslim, and

Armenian. Further divided into subgroups, based on

precise religious affiliation or country of origin.

Church of the Holy Sepulcher was partitioned between

Greek Orthodox, Catholic, Armenian, Coptic, and

Ethiopian churches. Tensions deep, the keys to the

shrine were left with a 'neutral' Muslim family.

Jews in Jerusalem 1895

Old picture of Jerusalem

from the mount of olives

Egyptian Rule (Albanian!)

From 1831 to 1840, Palestine was part of

the Egyptian state under Muhammad

Ali. His son Ibrahim allowed the Jews to

rebuild 4 major synagogues.

The locals rebelled against the Egyptian

rule and Qasim al-Ahmad from Nablus

was able to capture Jerusalem May of

1834, but the Egyptian army defeated

!(األلبان)الحكم المصري

أصبحت فلسطن 1840حتى 1831من •

جزءا من الدولة المصرة الت أقامها محمد

سمح إبراهم باشا 1836عل باشا وف

بن محمد عل للهود أن عدوا إنشاء أربعة

ة ومن ضمنها كنس الخراب .معابد ر س

ثار الشوام على الحكم المصري ألسباب •

مختلفة منها زادة الضرا ب والتجند وكان

قاسم "بقادة 1834من ضمن هذه ثورة ف

الذي قاد جشا من انابلس تعاونه "األحمد

عشا ر بلدة أبو غو وهاجم القدس

لكن الج 1834ماو 31ودخلها

.المصري رد الثوار ف الشهر التال

Back under the Ottomans

• The Egyptians were defeated by the combined

Ottoman and European forces in 1840.

• In mid-19th century, a trickle of Jewish immigrants

from the Middle East and Eastern Europe.

• Many churches sent missionaries to proselytize

among Muslims and Jews, to “speed the Second

Coming of Christ.”

• By 1860s, the city, with an area of only one square

kilometer, was already overcrowded. Thus began the

construction outside of the city walls.

إلى الحكم العثمانودة ع

بعد هزمة المصرن أمام الجو •

1840العثمانة واألوروبة سنة

إال أن كثرا من المصرن بق

بالمدنة وف نفس الفترة قدمت

وفود من الهود والمسلمن

.المغاربة واستقرت فها

أخذت المنازل تظهر خارج أسوار •

القدس خالل الستنات من القرن

.التاسع عشر

قدرت إحدس إحصا ات إرسالة •

أمركة عدد سكان القدس سنة

15,000" بأكثر من" 1867

منهم مسلمن وما 6,000نسمة

.هود 5,000إلى 4,000بن

British Mandate period (1917–1948) البرطاناالنتداب

ألنب إدموند أول الفرق

القدس بلدة دخل

11 بتارخ القدمة.1917 سنة دسمبر

The British were victorious over the

Turks in World War I.

General Sir Edmund Allenby,

commander-in-chief of the Egyptian

Expeditionary Force entered

Jerusalem on foot, “out of respect

for the Holy City, on December 11,

1917.”

The Ottoman surrender

of Jerusalem to the

British, December 9,

Jewish Legion soldiers

at the Western Wall after

taking part in 1917

British conquest of

Jerusalem

Under the Mandate

• Arab resentment at British rule and the influx

of Jewish immigrants boiled over in anti-Jewish

riots in Jerusalem in 1920, 1929, and the 1930s.

• During the 1930s, Hebrew University founded

on Jerusalem's Mount Scopus.

• In July 1946 members of the underground

Zionist group Irgun blew up a part of the King

David Hotel, where the British forces were

temporarily located, an act which led to the

death of many civilians.

االنتدابتحت زادت أعداد المهاجرن الهود خاصة •

.بعد وعد بلفور

نسمة 52,000سكان المدنة من •

نسمة 165,000إلى 1922

د استاء المقدسن من مسلمن اازد•

1920ف ثورة ومسحن فقامت

رفت األخرة بثورة ع 1929و

.البراق

عمل البرطانون على جعل الهود •

أحاء ف ءستقرون عن طرق بنا

شمال وغرب المدنة ومؤسسات

تعلم عال كالجامعة العبرة على

."جبل المشهد"

• On November 29, 1947, the United Nations General

Assembly approved a plan which partitioned the British

Mandate of Palestine into two states: one Jewish and

one Arab.

• Each state would be composed of three major sections,

linked by extraterritorial crossroads, plus an Arab

enclave at Jaffa.

• The Greater Jerusalem area would fall under

international control.

International Jerusalem? تدول؟

قرارا بتدول 1947نوفمبر 29أحلت قضة القدس إلى األمم المتحدة فأصدرت ف

. سنوات بعدها تم استفتاء لتحدد نظام الحكم 10القدس تحت رعاتها

إنهاء االنتداب أعلنت العصابات 1948تطبق القرار لم تم فبعد أن أعلنت برطانا

.الهودة قام الدولة اإلسرا لة فثار العرب وأعلنوا الحرب

The United Nations proposed, in its 1947 plan

for the partition of Palestine, for Jerusalem to be

a city under international administration. The

city was to be completely surrounded by the

Arab state, with only a highway to connect

international Jerusalem to the Jewish state.

Main residential areas of Jerusalem in 1947

• Following the 1948 Arab-Israeli

War, Jerusalem was divided.

• The Western half of the New City

became part of the newly

formed state of Israel, while the

eastern half, along with the Old

City, was annexed by Jordan.

• On January 23, 1950, the Knesset

passed a resolution that stated

Jerusalem was the capital of

Israel.

الجزء الغرب الخاضع : قسمت القدس إلى•

. إلسرا ل والشرق الخاضع لألردن

قابل قا د القوات اإلسرا لة ف القدس •

داان نظره األردن عبد هللا التل وقاما

ة”بتعلم الحدود لكنها “غر الرسم

أخذت بعن االعتبار عند الهدنة بن

إسرا ل ولبنان ومصر واألردن وسورا

1949 .

1948دسمبر 3أعلن بن جورون ف •

أن القدس الغربة عاصمة إلسرا ل وف

أعلن األردن خضوع الشرقة 1950

.للسادة األردنة

• The comparatively populous Arab village of Lifta (today within the bounds

of Jerusalem) was captured by Israeli troops in 1948, and its residents

were loaded on trucks and taken to East Jerusalem.

• The villages of Deir Yassin, Ein Karem and Malcha, as well as

neighborhoods to the west of Jerusalem's Old City such as Talbiya,

Katamon, Baka, Mamilla and Abu Tor, also came under Israeli control, and

their residents were forcibly displaced; in some cases, as documented by

Israeli historian Benny Morris and Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi,

among others, expulsions and massacres occurred.

• In May 1948 the US Consul, Thomas C. Wasson, was assassinated outside

the YMCA building. Four months later the UN mediator, Count Bernadotte,

was also shot dead in the Katamon district of Jerusalem by the Jewish

Stern Group.

• East Jerusalem was captured.

• Moroccan Quarter containing several hundred

homes demolished and inhabitants expelled.

• The Waqf (Islamic trust) granted

administration of the al-Aqsa.

• Security Council Res. 478 declared the

Knesset's 1980 "Jerusalem Law" declaring

Jerusalem as Israel's "eternal and indivisible"

capital "null and void". Advised member states

to withdraw diplomatic representation from

the city.

قامت إسرا ل بالسطرة على القدس •

الشرقة أما األقصى وقبة الصخرة

. فاستمرا خاضعن لألوقاف

هدمت إسرا ل حارة المغاربة الت تواجه •

. حا ط البراق لجعلوا الموقع ساحة صالة

قامت ببناء أحاء سكنة ومستعمرات •

هودة شرق الخط األخضر وشرعت ف

.تهود المناطق الت احتلتها

أصدرت قانون أساس اعتبرت فه القدس •

الموحدة عاصمة أبدة فأصدر مجلس

لنص على خرقها 478األمن قرار

للقانون الدول وطالب الدول بسحب ما

.تبقى من سفاراتها من القدس

جرافات إسرائيمية تزيل ركام حارة المغاربة 1967بعد هدمها في يوليو

"Judaization" of East Jerusalem

• Since Israel gained

control over East

Jerusalem in 1967,

Jewish settler

organizations have

sought to establish

a Jewish presence

in neighborhoods

such as Silwan.

تهود القدس

ألف شقة 142كما بنت . تتبع إسرا ل ساسة دمج المستوطنات الستعاب أكبر عدد ممكن من الهود داخل القدس

.ف القطاع الهودي لزادة حجم السكان فها

كان أكبر 2000و 1996تفد إحدس تقارر البن الدول أن عدد مخالفات البناء ف الفترة الممتدة بن عام

بأربع مرات ونصف ف األحاء الهودة وأن عملات الهدم ف القدس الغربة كانت أقل بأربع مرات من تل

الحاصلة ف القدس الشرقة؛ كذل أفاد التقرر أن السلطات اإلسرا لة كانت تمنح الفلسطنن أذونا بالبناء

أقل بكثر من األذون الت تمنحها للهود وأن المخالفن الفلسطنن تزال مخالفاتهم بنسبة أكبر من مخالفات

.الهود

حصلت بعض المؤسسات الهودة على

إذن من الحكومة خالل السنوات

الماضة سمح بتشد المبان والمعالم

على األراض المتنازع علها من

المخطط " حدقة المل سلمان"شاكلة

شكل إنشاؤها ف قرة سلوان والت

من سكانها% 60العرب

East Jerusalem

Statistics on land expropriation in East Jerusalem from

1967 to 2002:

• Amount of land taken (in dunams): 23378

• Size of neighborhood (in dunams): 22571

• Number of housing units 2002: 44610

• Number of residents 2002: 176647

• Revocation of Residency Rights!!!: 6396

Betselem

Timeline of the History of al -Quds

Lessons from the Crusades

دروس من الحروب الصلبة

The Opposite View Survives

The Catholic Encyclopedia:

Knight, K. Volume IV, Online ed. 2003

• “The Crusades were expeditions undertaken, in fulfillment of a solemn vow, to deliver the Holy Places from Mohammedan tyranny.”

Thomas F. Madden: “Whether we admire the Crusaders or

not, it is a fact that the world we know today would not exist

without their efforts. The ancient faith of Christianity, with

its respect for women and antipathy toward slavery, not only

survived but flourished. Without the Crusades, it might well

have followed Zoroastrianism, another of Islam’s rivals, into

extinction…”

Associate professor and Chairman of the Department of History

at Saint Louis University.

The Opposite View Survives

Impartiality!?

Not Only the Muslims• “The wars waged by the Spaniards against the Moors

constituted a continual crusade from the eleventh to

the sixteenth century; in the north of Europe

crusades were organized against the Prussians and

Lithuanians; the extermination of the Albigensian

heresy was due to a crusade, and, in the thirteenth

century the popes preached crusades against John

Lackland and Frederick II.”

The Claim

• “The Council of Clermont

convoked by Urban II on

November 18, 1095, was

attended largely by bishops

of southern France as well as

a few representatives from

northern France and

elsewhere.”

IntoleranceIn the Preaching of Islam by Thomas Arnold pp 54,55:

• " Michael the Elder, Jacobite Patriarch of Antioch, writing in the latter half

of the twelfth century, could approve the decision of his co-religionists and

see the finger og God in the Arab conquests even after the Eastern churches

had experience of five centuries of Muhammadan rule. After recounting the

persecution of Heraclius, he writes: "This is why the God of vengeance.

Who alone is all powerful , and changes the empire of mortals as He will,

giving it to whomsoever He will and uplifting the humble beholding the

wickedness of the Romans who, throughout their dominions, cruelly

plundered our churches and our monasteries and condened us without

pity-brought from the region of the south the sons of Ishmael, to deliver us

through them from the hands of the Romans.”

Intolerance• “ And if in truth, we have suffered some loss, because the catholic

churches, that had been taken a way from us and given to the

Chalcedonians remained in their possession; for when the cities

submitted to the Arabs, they assigned to each denomination the

churches which they found it to be in possession of (and at that time

the great church of Emessa and that of Harran had been taken away

from us); never theless it was no slight advantage for us to be

delivered from the cruelty of the Romans, their wickedness, their

wrath and crule zeal against us, and to find aourselves at peace.”

Intolerance

• “When the Muslim army reached the valley of the Jordan and Adu

Ubaygah pitched his camp at Fihl, the Christian inhabitants of the

country wrote to the Arabs, saying : ’O, Muslims, we prefer you to the

Byzantines, though they are of our own faith, because you keep better

faith with us and are more merciful to us and refrain from doing us

injustice and your rule over us is better than theirs, for they have

robbed us of our goods and our homes’. The people of Emessa closed

the gates of their city against the army of Heraclius and told the

Muslims that they preferred their government and justice to the

injustice and oppression of the Greeks.”

Intolerance• “Such was the state of feeling in Syria during the campa pf 633 – 639 in which the

Arabs gradually drove the Romans army out of the province. And when Damascus,

in 637set the example of making terms with the Arabs, and thus secured immunity

from plunder and other unfavourable condition, the rest of the cities of Syria were

not slow to follow Emessa, Arethusa, Hieropolis and other towns entered into

treaties whereby they became tributary to the Arabs. Even the patriarch of

Jerusalem surrendered the city on similar terms. The fear of religious compulsion

on the part of the heretical emperor made the promise of Muslim toleration

appear more attractive than the connection with the Roman Empire and a Christian

government , and after the first terrors caused by the passage of an invading army,

there succeeded a profound, revulsion of feeling in favour of the Arab conquerors.”

What Made My Ancestors Accept The Religion Of The Conquerors

• The Columbia History of The World, 1st Ed., pp. 264:

“For the conquered peoples, the task of shifting from old to new rulers

was not difficult. Most of them had long been alienated by cruel and

corrupt Persian and Byzantine bureaucratic administrations. Moreover,

in Egypt and Syria the Christian population was strongly opposed to the

centralizing and Hellenizing tendencies of the Byzantine bureaucracy and

the Orthodox Church. Umar’s organizational abilities also contributed

greatly to the Arabs’ success. He regularized the legal position of the

millions of non-Muslim subjects in his domain and set up an efficient

administrative system for the empire. Muhammad established the

precedent of ‘tolerance’ for the ‘People of the Book,’ the Jewish and

Christian communities in the northern Hijaz.”

What Made My Ancestors Accept The Religion Of The Conquerors

“Umar left these communities undistributed except for the payment of an annual

tribute in the form of poll tax (jizya); indeed, he extended the principle of toleration

to cover not only all Christians and Jews in the empire, but also the Zoroastrians of

Persia. Non-Muslims groups formed their own self-administered communities,

lived under their own civil codes, and were governed by their own religious leaders.

This system prevailed throughout Islam until the end of the Ottoman period and

still exists in a restricted way in parts of the Middle East that have not yet been

thoroughly secularized. European Christian claimed that the Muslims gave

unbelievers, mainly Christian and Jews, the choice of conversion to Islam or death

by sword, but this was not the case. From a practical point of view, mass

conversions to Islam would have meant abandoning the jizya, a considerable source

of revenue.”

Who were the early Muslims fighting?

Do They Care?• Britannica: “On October 2 Jerusalem, then defended by

only a handful under the command of Balian of Ibelin,

capitulated to Saladin, who agreed to allow the

inhabitants to leave once they had paid a ransom.

Though Saladin's offer included the poor, several

thousand apparently were not redeemed and probably

were sold into slavery ... Somewhat later Saladin

permitted a number of Jews to settle in the city.”

Stages• “After Philip returned to France, he preyed upon Richard's

lands; Richard … had been in constant communication with

Saladin and his brother al-'Adil, and various peace proposals

were made … Finally, on September 2, 1192, the two signed

a three-year peace treaty. The coast from Jaffa north

remained in Christian hands, but Ascalon was to be restored

to Saladin after Richard's men demolished the fortifications

that they had painstakingly built.”

We Keep the Peace

• Encyclopædia Britannica: “Forced by the

Crusaders to convert or die, many Jews

chose death. There are accounts of Jews'

committing suicide and even killing their

children rather than converting or

submitting to execution by the Crusaders.”

Intolerance of Own

• “Antioch had not been returned to the emperor, and

Bohemond had consolidated his position there. The

city was predominantly Greek in population, though

there were also Syrians and Armenians, and the latent

Greek-Latin friction was intensified when Bohemond

replaced the Greek patriarch with a Latin one.”

Intolerance• “Tancred and Raymond entered, and the Muslim governor

surrendered to the latter in the Tower of David. The governor, along

with his bodyguard, was escorted out of the city. Tancred promised

protection in the Aqsa Mosque, but his orders were disobeyed.

Hundreds of men, women, and children, both Muslim and Jewish,

perished in the general slaughter that followed. [Runciman[1]: no one

can tell, yet he agreed it was a huge massacre and Raymond had to

walk through the bodies whose flesh and blood reached his knees;

Ibn al-Atheer: 70,000+”*2]

Which Version is Closer to the Truth?

• The pillage of Jerusalem according to Raymond d'Aguilers:

“ Now that our men had possession of the walls and towers,

wonderful sights were to be seen. Some of our men (and this

was merciful) cut off the heads of their enemies; others shot

them with arrows, so that they fell from the towers; others

tortured them longer by casting them into the flames. Piles of

heads, hands and feet were to be seen in the streets of the

city. It was necessary to pick one's way over the bodies of men

and horses.”

“But these were small matters compared with what happened in

the Temple of Solomon, a place where religious services are

normally chanted. What happened there? If I tell the truth, you

would not believe it. Suffice to say that, in the Temple and Porch

of Solomon, men rode in blood up to their knees and bridle

reins. Indeed, it was a just and splendid judgment of God that

this place should be filled with the blood of the unbelievers,

since it had suffered so long from their blasphemies. The city

was filled with corpses and blood.”

Intolerance

• “In the midst of near civil war, Reginald of Châtillon,

lord of Kerak and Montréal, broke the truce with the

Muslims by attacking a caravan. Saladin replied by

proclaiming jihad against the Latin kingdom. In 1187

he left Egypt, crossed the Jordan south of the Sea of

Galilee, and took up a position close to the river.”*1]

Intolerance

• “When Saladin failed to pay the first installment of the

ransom for the prisoners on schedule, Richard flew into a

rage. He ordered that all 2,700 members of the Muslim

garrison be marched outside the city and executed in

view of Saladin and his army [The Encyclopedia fails to

mention that their women and children were slaughtered

with them, Runciman 3/53+.”

Intolerance

• “Most mosques were appropriated during the

conquest, but some were restored, and no

attempt was made to restrict Muslim religious

observance ... The tolerance of the Franks, noted

by Arab visitors, often surprised and disturbed

newcomers from the West.”

Does It End?

• King Peter I of Cyprus finally organized an expedition

that in 1365 succeeded in the temporary occupation

of Alexandria. After a horrible sack and massacre, the

unruly Crusaders returned to Cyprus with immense

booty. Peter planned to return, but no European aid

was forthcoming, and after his murder in 1369 a

peace treaty was signed.

Expansion of The Muslim State & The Protection of Pilgrims

• The Seljuq Turks, one of several tribes on the

northeastern frontier of the Muslim world who had

embraced Islam in the 11th century, were beginning

to move south and west into Iran and beyond with

all the enthusiasm of a new convert.”*1]

Expansion of Muslim State & Protection of Pilgrims• ‘By the middle of the 11th century, the Seljuq Turks had

wrested political authority from the 'Abbasid caliphs of

Baghdad. Seljuq policy, originally directed southward

against the Fatimids of Egypt, was increasingly diverted by

the pressure of Turkmen raids into Anatolia and Byzantine

Armenia. A Byzantine army was defeated and Emperor

Romanus IV Diogenes was captured at Manzikert in 1071,

and Christian Asia Minor was thereby opened to eventual

Turkish occupation.”*1]

Different Map, Isn’t It?

The Most Fanatic Can Still Be Deterred

• Encyclopædia Britannica: “The situation seemed so

hopeless [i.e.,the siege of Antioch] that some

Crusaders deserted and attempted to return home.

Among these was Peter the Hermit, who was

caught and returned to the host, where he was

quietly forgiven.”

WHO WERE THE CRUSADERS?

• “Moreover, by 1304 rumours (probably false) of

irreligious practices and blasphemies committed by the

Templars during their secret rites of initiation had

begun to circulate through Europe. At this juncture,

King Philip IV the Fair of France had every Templar in

France arrested on Oct. 13, 1307, and sequestered all

the Templars' property in France.”

Where Does It Stop?

• Encyclopædia Britannica: “King Louis once again took

up the cross, but his second venture, the Eighth

Crusade, never reached the East. The expedition

instead went to Tunis, probably because of the

influence of Louis's brother....

Motives: Diverting Problems from Europe!• Encyclopædia Britannica: “… he apparently stressed

the plight of Eastern Christians, the molestation of

pilgrims, and the desecration of the holy places. He

urged those who were guilty of disturbing the peace

to turn their warlike energies toward a holy cause. He

emphasized the need for penance along with the

acceptance of suffering.”

Motives: Population Growth in Europe• Encyclopædia Britannica: “Although still backward

when compared with the other civilizations of the

Mediterranean basin, western Europe had become a

significant power by the end of the 11th century … At

the same time, Europe was feeling the effects of

population growth that had begun toward the end of

the 10th century.”

• Encyclopædia Britannica: “Yet another element in the popular

religious consciousness of the 11th century … was the belief that

the end of the world was imminent. Some scholars have

discovered evidence of apocalyptic expectations around the

years 1000 and 1033 (the millennium of the birth and Passion of

Jesus, respectively)... Moreover, in certain late 11th-century

portrayals…, the “last emperor,” … the final successor of

Charlemagne, was to lead the faithful to Jerusalem to await the

Second Coming of Christ.”

Apocalyptic Motives!

Apocalyptic Motives!• “After having allegedly received divine instruction, Nicholas set

out to rescue Jerusalem from the Muslims. He believed that

when he reached the Mediterranean, God would dry up the

waters so that he could walk across to Palestine. Hundreds and

then thousands of children, adolescents, women, the elderly,

the poor, parish clergy, and the occasional thief joined him in

his march south. In every town the people hailed the

“Crusaders” as heroes, although the educated clergy ridiculed

them as deranged or deceived.”

Apocalyptic Motives!

• Encyclopædia Britannica: “ ... Nicholas himself arrived with a

large gathering at Genoa on August 25. To the great

disappointment of the “Crusaders,” the sea did not open for

them, nor did it allow them to walk across its waves. At this

point many probably returned home, while others remained in

Genoa. It was said that some marched to Rome, where

Innocent III praised their zeal but released them from their

“vows.”

Some Were Sincere, but Misguided.• Extract from a letter sent during the siege [of Antioch] by Stephen,

Count of Blois, to his wife, Adele – March 29, 1098

“We found the city of Antioch very extensive, fortified with incredible

strength and almost impregnable. In addition, more than 5,000 bold

Turkish soldiers had entered the city, not counting the Saracens,

Publicans, Arabs, Turcopolitans, Syrians, Armenians and other different

races .... In fighting against these enemies of God and of our own we

have, by God's grace, endured many sufferings and innumerable evils up

to the present time. Many also have already exhausted all their

resources in this very holy passion ... “

Crusades Vs. Islamic Expansion• Britannica: “European settlers in

the Crusader states, however,

were only a small minority of the

population….

• Muslims who had not fled were

captured and put to menial tasks.

Some, it is true, appeared in Italian

slave marts, but royal and

ecclesiastical ordinances at least

restricted slave owners' actions.

Krak Des Chavaliers, Where They Lived

Baptism brought with it immediate

freedom.

They Were Convinced the Inhabitants of the Land Don’t Deserve Better Treatment

• 1: Samuel, 18-27: “David and his men went out and

killed two hundred Philistines. He brought their

foreskins and presented the full number to the king so

that he might become the king's son-in-law. Then Saul

gave him his daughter Michal in marriage.”

Think!• Crusaders

accepting

surrender of

Arabs.

(Notice the

sizes)

THE WORK OF THE MEDIA

• Muslim soldiers

besieging

Crusaders in a

tower.

All the sudden

Muslims are much

bigger.

• Latin View of

The Saracens

Not About Talking Only - Short Term:1) Do not do anything hasty and irresponsible.

2) Visit the masjids; be around your brethren if you feel too frustrated. Listen to

news in moderation; stay in touch; don't allow yourself to get overwhelmed.

Prophet Musa was harmed by Pharaoh and Prophet Yahya’s head was given as a

gift to a prostitute.

3) Do not despair. Put your trust in Allah.

4) Supplicate, but first repent; seek waseelah (means).

5) Donate through legal channels. Harm will not touch you inshallah. But, if it did,

then let it be.

6) Protest and be vocal, but, learn the facts and commit the most important to

memory, to communicate an intelligible argument to the people of conscience.

We must feel angry at ourselves

without acquitting the

victimizers of their crimes. Help

revive the ummah – Starting

with yourself.

Not About Talking Only – Long Term:

al quds thermometer of our honor

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