alternative energy sources stem carib 2012
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ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES
STEM Carib 2012
Mike Cowdery Corporate Electric amp UCCI1
CONTENTSIntroductionWhy engineering a sustainable future matters
Energy sourcesWhere does energy come from
Energy alternativesRenewable energy optionsOther alternative energy sources
Conclusions2Some material courtesy Tom Murphy UCSD
INTRODUCTIONWhy engineering a sustainable future matters
3
4
Fossil fuelshellip Our per capita energy consumption is many times that of the
rest of the world Most energy comes from fossil fuels - a short finite lifetime What will our future hold
Will it be back to a simple life Or will we find new ways to produce all the energy we want Or will it be somewhere in the middle
2000 3000 4000 5000 6000100001000BC2000BC
year
ener
gy u
sage
Fossil fuels
People animals firewood
Nuclear geothermal solar energy ORPeople animals firewood
5
Global Energy Where Does it Come From
Source 1018 Joulesyr Percent of TotalPetroleum 158 400Coal 92 232Natural Gas 89 225Hydroelectric 287 72Nuclear Energy 26 66Biomass (burning) 16 04Geothermal 05 013Wind 013 003Solar Direct 003 0008Sun Abs by Earth 2000000 then radiated away
Ultimately derived from our sun Courtesy David Bodansky (UW)
6
The Great Energy Divide
Many countries in the world lie in this quarter-circle
Cayman
7
Economic Growth and Energy Use
Energy use is directly correlated with economic
prosperity
Energy usage
8
Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
9
Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
10
Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
Pasterze Glacier Austria 1874
Pasterze Glacier Austria 2000
11
What are we going to doWe are borrowing money from China to buy oil from the Gulf -and it all goes up in smoke
Energy sources and uses
13
Kinetic energy amp wind Kinetic Energy the energy of motion
KE = frac12mv2
KE of wind can be used (eg windmills sailing boats etc)
Example wind passing through a square meter at 8 meters per second (18mph) Each second we have 8 cubic meters Air has density of 13 kgm3 so (8 m3)(13
kgm3) = 104 kg of air each second frac12mv2 = frac12(104 kg)(8 ms)2 = 333 J 333J every second 333W per square meter
(but to get all of it yoursquod have to stop the wind) Stronger winds more power (~ v3)
14
Challenges for small islands
15
Gravitational energy Raising a Weight W through height h against
gravity requires an energy input (work) of E = W = F h = mgh
Rolling a boulder up a hill gives it gravitational potential energy
The higher the cliff the more kinetic energy the boulder will have when it reaches the ground mgh
becomes
frac12mv2
Conservation of energyfrac12mv2 = mghv2 = 2gh
h
16
Energy of the hydrologic cycle Evaporating 1g of water takes 2250J Raising 1g of water to top of the troposphere
(10000 m or 33000 ft)mgh = (0001 kg)(10 ms2)(10000 m) = 100 J
A tiny bit of PE remains IF rain falls on suitable terrain (eg higher than sea level) hydroelectric plants use this tiny left-over
energy damming concentrates PE in one location 401015 W of solar power goes into
evaporation Gravitational PE given to water vapor in the
atmosphere (per second)mgh = (161010 kg)(10 ms2)(2000 m) = 321014 J = 320 TW
US uses only 125 of that available
2012 17
Gravitational energy - water
Pumped storage
18
Waves global distribution of annual mean wave powerA GLOBAL WAVE ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Andrew M Cornett Proceedings of the Eighteenth (2008) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Vancouver BC Canada July 6-11 2008
Chemical Energy Electrostatic energy (associated
with charged particles like electrons) is stored in the atomic bonds of substances
Rearranging these bonds can release chemical energy (some reactions require energy to be put in)
Typical numbers 100ndash200 kJ per mole a mole is 60221023
moleculesparticles typical molecules are tens of
grams per mole several thousand Joules per gram
20
Chemical Energy Examples
Burning a wooden match releases about 1055 Joules a match is about 03 grams Energy release gt3kJg (3kJg)
Burning coal releases about 20kJg of chemical energy
Burning gasoline yields about 39kJg
Very few substances yield over about 45kJg
Power generation from diesel power plant
CUCs power system comprised of 17 generating units (15 diesel and two gas turbine) - capacity 1512 MW
Electricity price heavily dependent upon fuel cost
21
22
Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil Shale gas = natural gas
formed trapped within shale formations
An increasingly important source of natural gas in the US amp rest of the world
In 2000 shale gas provided 1 of US natural gas production by 2010 it was over 20
US governments Energy Information Administration predicts by 2035 46 of the US NG from shale gas
Source New York Mercantile Exchange
23
Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
Source BP energy outlook 2030 Jan 2012
Are fossil fuel resources finiteknown
May be too much fossil fuel - prices may be too low not too high
Availability not cost Abundant low-cost ldquoconventionalrdquo
oil (Middle East) has limited other sources
The revolution in shale gasshale oil has been transformational in the US
Is there another way forward using cheaper gas without increasing emissions Yes ndashfor the next couple of
decades Switching from coal to gas is
cheap ndash amp cuts emissions by roughly half
Does not solve climate change but gets emissions down much faster and cheaper than wind farms
24
Energy from crops - food Human energy derived from food
(stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)
Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like
gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means
20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power
This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)
25
Biomass
Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012
W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all
biological activity half occurs in oceans
Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity
Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy
15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency
26
How much landHow much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning
sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17
efficient Growing season is only part of year
(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)
= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace
petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012
m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a
side
27
Mass-energy Einstein theory of relativity
E = mc2 Relates mass to energy
one can be transformed into the other
physicists speak generally of mass-energy
Seldom experienced in daily life directly Happens at large scale in the
center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors
Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny
28
E = mc2 Examples
The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline
If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose
9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg
29
E = mc2 in Sun
Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons
Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27
kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons
251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200
kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times
more potent
4 protonsmass = 4029
4He nucleusmass = 40015
energy
Utilising solar energy PV types
Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy
production on earth of 331012 W
Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems
Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big
crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash
16 cheaper (cast in ingots)
Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on
a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around
23
Alternative energy options
32
The main energy alternatives
Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass
fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))
mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)
WHAT WORKS HERE
33
Renewable Resources Renewable = anything that
wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again
tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes
more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on
producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside
earth not used up fast)
34
Solar energy economics Current electricity cost in GC is
about CI$035 per kWh PV output assume 5 hours
peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in
a year installed cost is CI$5 per
peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years
so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity
CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a
few per year payback is ~ 6 years
thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of
investment capability Cost today is what matters
to many
35
The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully
compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar
implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp
let other power plants take up slack
Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need
development) hydrogen production (consume
later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity
grid (not for Cayman)
36
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean
waters The temperature of the water
varies top layer normally warmer
than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least
20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical
areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling
point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped
through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid
Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a
second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system
37
Transportation About 13 of US annual energy usage for
transportation Gasoline is a good fuel
Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20
Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar
as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to
mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable
gasoline
Working design
2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available (eg
Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards
14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations
Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan
How the EV charger works
Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure
Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger
or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid
Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =
$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile
= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y
Engineering considerations Technical
Type 1 2 or 3 ndash charge times
Power source CUC Renewable ndash
solarwind Mechanicalstructural
Withstand to natural and man-made hazards
Aesthetics Local or remote PV
array Harmonisation with
surroundings
Motor vehicles in the future
42
Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear Nuclear energy
Fission Fusion
Fission energy release 85 kinetic energy of
fission products (heat) 15 ke of neutrons +
radiation energy (γ) Energy release E
= mc2
1g equivalent 215 kilotons of TNT 568000 USG of
gasoline
43
Nuclear energy atomic structure Structure of the atom
Nucleus Protons Neutrons
Electrons
44
How a reactor works
Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
45
46
Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors
Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs
High level of passive or inherent safety
Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs
Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor
70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular
inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant
Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
CONTENTSIntroductionWhy engineering a sustainable future matters
Energy sourcesWhere does energy come from
Energy alternativesRenewable energy optionsOther alternative energy sources
Conclusions2Some material courtesy Tom Murphy UCSD
INTRODUCTIONWhy engineering a sustainable future matters
3
4
Fossil fuelshellip Our per capita energy consumption is many times that of the
rest of the world Most energy comes from fossil fuels - a short finite lifetime What will our future hold
Will it be back to a simple life Or will we find new ways to produce all the energy we want Or will it be somewhere in the middle
2000 3000 4000 5000 6000100001000BC2000BC
year
ener
gy u
sage
Fossil fuels
People animals firewood
Nuclear geothermal solar energy ORPeople animals firewood
5
Global Energy Where Does it Come From
Source 1018 Joulesyr Percent of TotalPetroleum 158 400Coal 92 232Natural Gas 89 225Hydroelectric 287 72Nuclear Energy 26 66Biomass (burning) 16 04Geothermal 05 013Wind 013 003Solar Direct 003 0008Sun Abs by Earth 2000000 then radiated away
Ultimately derived from our sun Courtesy David Bodansky (UW)
6
The Great Energy Divide
Many countries in the world lie in this quarter-circle
Cayman
7
Economic Growth and Energy Use
Energy use is directly correlated with economic
prosperity
Energy usage
8
Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
9
Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
10
Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
Pasterze Glacier Austria 1874
Pasterze Glacier Austria 2000
11
What are we going to doWe are borrowing money from China to buy oil from the Gulf -and it all goes up in smoke
Energy sources and uses
13
Kinetic energy amp wind Kinetic Energy the energy of motion
KE = frac12mv2
KE of wind can be used (eg windmills sailing boats etc)
Example wind passing through a square meter at 8 meters per second (18mph) Each second we have 8 cubic meters Air has density of 13 kgm3 so (8 m3)(13
kgm3) = 104 kg of air each second frac12mv2 = frac12(104 kg)(8 ms)2 = 333 J 333J every second 333W per square meter
(but to get all of it yoursquod have to stop the wind) Stronger winds more power (~ v3)
14
Challenges for small islands
15
Gravitational energy Raising a Weight W through height h against
gravity requires an energy input (work) of E = W = F h = mgh
Rolling a boulder up a hill gives it gravitational potential energy
The higher the cliff the more kinetic energy the boulder will have when it reaches the ground mgh
becomes
frac12mv2
Conservation of energyfrac12mv2 = mghv2 = 2gh
h
16
Energy of the hydrologic cycle Evaporating 1g of water takes 2250J Raising 1g of water to top of the troposphere
(10000 m or 33000 ft)mgh = (0001 kg)(10 ms2)(10000 m) = 100 J
A tiny bit of PE remains IF rain falls on suitable terrain (eg higher than sea level) hydroelectric plants use this tiny left-over
energy damming concentrates PE in one location 401015 W of solar power goes into
evaporation Gravitational PE given to water vapor in the
atmosphere (per second)mgh = (161010 kg)(10 ms2)(2000 m) = 321014 J = 320 TW
US uses only 125 of that available
2012 17
Gravitational energy - water
Pumped storage
18
Waves global distribution of annual mean wave powerA GLOBAL WAVE ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Andrew M Cornett Proceedings of the Eighteenth (2008) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Vancouver BC Canada July 6-11 2008
Chemical Energy Electrostatic energy (associated
with charged particles like electrons) is stored in the atomic bonds of substances
Rearranging these bonds can release chemical energy (some reactions require energy to be put in)
Typical numbers 100ndash200 kJ per mole a mole is 60221023
moleculesparticles typical molecules are tens of
grams per mole several thousand Joules per gram
20
Chemical Energy Examples
Burning a wooden match releases about 1055 Joules a match is about 03 grams Energy release gt3kJg (3kJg)
Burning coal releases about 20kJg of chemical energy
Burning gasoline yields about 39kJg
Very few substances yield over about 45kJg
Power generation from diesel power plant
CUCs power system comprised of 17 generating units (15 diesel and two gas turbine) - capacity 1512 MW
Electricity price heavily dependent upon fuel cost
21
22
Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil Shale gas = natural gas
formed trapped within shale formations
An increasingly important source of natural gas in the US amp rest of the world
In 2000 shale gas provided 1 of US natural gas production by 2010 it was over 20
US governments Energy Information Administration predicts by 2035 46 of the US NG from shale gas
Source New York Mercantile Exchange
23
Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
Source BP energy outlook 2030 Jan 2012
Are fossil fuel resources finiteknown
May be too much fossil fuel - prices may be too low not too high
Availability not cost Abundant low-cost ldquoconventionalrdquo
oil (Middle East) has limited other sources
The revolution in shale gasshale oil has been transformational in the US
Is there another way forward using cheaper gas without increasing emissions Yes ndashfor the next couple of
decades Switching from coal to gas is
cheap ndash amp cuts emissions by roughly half
Does not solve climate change but gets emissions down much faster and cheaper than wind farms
24
Energy from crops - food Human energy derived from food
(stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)
Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like
gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means
20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power
This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)
25
Biomass
Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012
W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all
biological activity half occurs in oceans
Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity
Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy
15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency
26
How much landHow much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning
sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17
efficient Growing season is only part of year
(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)
= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace
petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012
m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a
side
27
Mass-energy Einstein theory of relativity
E = mc2 Relates mass to energy
one can be transformed into the other
physicists speak generally of mass-energy
Seldom experienced in daily life directly Happens at large scale in the
center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors
Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny
28
E = mc2 Examples
The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline
If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose
9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg
29
E = mc2 in Sun
Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons
Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27
kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons
251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200
kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times
more potent
4 protonsmass = 4029
4He nucleusmass = 40015
energy
Utilising solar energy PV types
Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy
production on earth of 331012 W
Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems
Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big
crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash
16 cheaper (cast in ingots)
Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on
a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around
23
Alternative energy options
32
The main energy alternatives
Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass
fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))
mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)
WHAT WORKS HERE
33
Renewable Resources Renewable = anything that
wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again
tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes
more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on
producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside
earth not used up fast)
34
Solar energy economics Current electricity cost in GC is
about CI$035 per kWh PV output assume 5 hours
peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in
a year installed cost is CI$5 per
peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years
so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity
CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a
few per year payback is ~ 6 years
thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of
investment capability Cost today is what matters
to many
35
The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully
compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar
implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp
let other power plants take up slack
Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need
development) hydrogen production (consume
later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity
grid (not for Cayman)
36
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean
waters The temperature of the water
varies top layer normally warmer
than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least
20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical
areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling
point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped
through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid
Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a
second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system
37
Transportation About 13 of US annual energy usage for
transportation Gasoline is a good fuel
Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20
Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar
as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to
mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable
gasoline
Working design
2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available (eg
Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards
14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations
Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan
How the EV charger works
Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure
Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger
or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid
Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =
$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile
= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y
Engineering considerations Technical
Type 1 2 or 3 ndash charge times
Power source CUC Renewable ndash
solarwind Mechanicalstructural
Withstand to natural and man-made hazards
Aesthetics Local or remote PV
array Harmonisation with
surroundings
Motor vehicles in the future
42
Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear Nuclear energy
Fission Fusion
Fission energy release 85 kinetic energy of
fission products (heat) 15 ke of neutrons +
radiation energy (γ) Energy release E
= mc2
1g equivalent 215 kilotons of TNT 568000 USG of
gasoline
43
Nuclear energy atomic structure Structure of the atom
Nucleus Protons Neutrons
Electrons
44
How a reactor works
Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
45
46
Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors
Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs
High level of passive or inherent safety
Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs
Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor
70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular
inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant
Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
INTRODUCTIONWhy engineering a sustainable future matters
3
4
Fossil fuelshellip Our per capita energy consumption is many times that of the
rest of the world Most energy comes from fossil fuels - a short finite lifetime What will our future hold
Will it be back to a simple life Or will we find new ways to produce all the energy we want Or will it be somewhere in the middle
2000 3000 4000 5000 6000100001000BC2000BC
year
ener
gy u
sage
Fossil fuels
People animals firewood
Nuclear geothermal solar energy ORPeople animals firewood
5
Global Energy Where Does it Come From
Source 1018 Joulesyr Percent of TotalPetroleum 158 400Coal 92 232Natural Gas 89 225Hydroelectric 287 72Nuclear Energy 26 66Biomass (burning) 16 04Geothermal 05 013Wind 013 003Solar Direct 003 0008Sun Abs by Earth 2000000 then radiated away
Ultimately derived from our sun Courtesy David Bodansky (UW)
6
The Great Energy Divide
Many countries in the world lie in this quarter-circle
Cayman
7
Economic Growth and Energy Use
Energy use is directly correlated with economic
prosperity
Energy usage
8
Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
9
Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
10
Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
Pasterze Glacier Austria 1874
Pasterze Glacier Austria 2000
11
What are we going to doWe are borrowing money from China to buy oil from the Gulf -and it all goes up in smoke
Energy sources and uses
13
Kinetic energy amp wind Kinetic Energy the energy of motion
KE = frac12mv2
KE of wind can be used (eg windmills sailing boats etc)
Example wind passing through a square meter at 8 meters per second (18mph) Each second we have 8 cubic meters Air has density of 13 kgm3 so (8 m3)(13
kgm3) = 104 kg of air each second frac12mv2 = frac12(104 kg)(8 ms)2 = 333 J 333J every second 333W per square meter
(but to get all of it yoursquod have to stop the wind) Stronger winds more power (~ v3)
14
Challenges for small islands
15
Gravitational energy Raising a Weight W through height h against
gravity requires an energy input (work) of E = W = F h = mgh
Rolling a boulder up a hill gives it gravitational potential energy
The higher the cliff the more kinetic energy the boulder will have when it reaches the ground mgh
becomes
frac12mv2
Conservation of energyfrac12mv2 = mghv2 = 2gh
h
16
Energy of the hydrologic cycle Evaporating 1g of water takes 2250J Raising 1g of water to top of the troposphere
(10000 m or 33000 ft)mgh = (0001 kg)(10 ms2)(10000 m) = 100 J
A tiny bit of PE remains IF rain falls on suitable terrain (eg higher than sea level) hydroelectric plants use this tiny left-over
energy damming concentrates PE in one location 401015 W of solar power goes into
evaporation Gravitational PE given to water vapor in the
atmosphere (per second)mgh = (161010 kg)(10 ms2)(2000 m) = 321014 J = 320 TW
US uses only 125 of that available
2012 17
Gravitational energy - water
Pumped storage
18
Waves global distribution of annual mean wave powerA GLOBAL WAVE ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Andrew M Cornett Proceedings of the Eighteenth (2008) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Vancouver BC Canada July 6-11 2008
Chemical Energy Electrostatic energy (associated
with charged particles like electrons) is stored in the atomic bonds of substances
Rearranging these bonds can release chemical energy (some reactions require energy to be put in)
Typical numbers 100ndash200 kJ per mole a mole is 60221023
moleculesparticles typical molecules are tens of
grams per mole several thousand Joules per gram
20
Chemical Energy Examples
Burning a wooden match releases about 1055 Joules a match is about 03 grams Energy release gt3kJg (3kJg)
Burning coal releases about 20kJg of chemical energy
Burning gasoline yields about 39kJg
Very few substances yield over about 45kJg
Power generation from diesel power plant
CUCs power system comprised of 17 generating units (15 diesel and two gas turbine) - capacity 1512 MW
Electricity price heavily dependent upon fuel cost
21
22
Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil Shale gas = natural gas
formed trapped within shale formations
An increasingly important source of natural gas in the US amp rest of the world
In 2000 shale gas provided 1 of US natural gas production by 2010 it was over 20
US governments Energy Information Administration predicts by 2035 46 of the US NG from shale gas
Source New York Mercantile Exchange
23
Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
Source BP energy outlook 2030 Jan 2012
Are fossil fuel resources finiteknown
May be too much fossil fuel - prices may be too low not too high
Availability not cost Abundant low-cost ldquoconventionalrdquo
oil (Middle East) has limited other sources
The revolution in shale gasshale oil has been transformational in the US
Is there another way forward using cheaper gas without increasing emissions Yes ndashfor the next couple of
decades Switching from coal to gas is
cheap ndash amp cuts emissions by roughly half
Does not solve climate change but gets emissions down much faster and cheaper than wind farms
24
Energy from crops - food Human energy derived from food
(stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)
Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like
gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means
20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power
This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)
25
Biomass
Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012
W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all
biological activity half occurs in oceans
Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity
Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy
15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency
26
How much landHow much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning
sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17
efficient Growing season is only part of year
(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)
= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace
petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012
m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a
side
27
Mass-energy Einstein theory of relativity
E = mc2 Relates mass to energy
one can be transformed into the other
physicists speak generally of mass-energy
Seldom experienced in daily life directly Happens at large scale in the
center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors
Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny
28
E = mc2 Examples
The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline
If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose
9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg
29
E = mc2 in Sun
Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons
Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27
kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons
251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200
kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times
more potent
4 protonsmass = 4029
4He nucleusmass = 40015
energy
Utilising solar energy PV types
Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy
production on earth of 331012 W
Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems
Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big
crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash
16 cheaper (cast in ingots)
Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on
a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around
23
Alternative energy options
32
The main energy alternatives
Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass
fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))
mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)
WHAT WORKS HERE
33
Renewable Resources Renewable = anything that
wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again
tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes
more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on
producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside
earth not used up fast)
34
Solar energy economics Current electricity cost in GC is
about CI$035 per kWh PV output assume 5 hours
peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in
a year installed cost is CI$5 per
peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years
so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity
CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a
few per year payback is ~ 6 years
thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of
investment capability Cost today is what matters
to many
35
The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully
compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar
implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp
let other power plants take up slack
Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need
development) hydrogen production (consume
later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity
grid (not for Cayman)
36
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean
waters The temperature of the water
varies top layer normally warmer
than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least
20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical
areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling
point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped
through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid
Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a
second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system
37
Transportation About 13 of US annual energy usage for
transportation Gasoline is a good fuel
Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20
Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar
as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to
mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable
gasoline
Working design
2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available (eg
Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards
14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations
Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan
How the EV charger works
Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure
Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger
or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid
Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =
$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile
= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y
Engineering considerations Technical
Type 1 2 or 3 ndash charge times
Power source CUC Renewable ndash
solarwind Mechanicalstructural
Withstand to natural and man-made hazards
Aesthetics Local or remote PV
array Harmonisation with
surroundings
Motor vehicles in the future
42
Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear Nuclear energy
Fission Fusion
Fission energy release 85 kinetic energy of
fission products (heat) 15 ke of neutrons +
radiation energy (γ) Energy release E
= mc2
1g equivalent 215 kilotons of TNT 568000 USG of
gasoline
43
Nuclear energy atomic structure Structure of the atom
Nucleus Protons Neutrons
Electrons
44
How a reactor works
Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
45
46
Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors
Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs
High level of passive or inherent safety
Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs
Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor
70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular
inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant
Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
4
Fossil fuelshellip Our per capita energy consumption is many times that of the
rest of the world Most energy comes from fossil fuels - a short finite lifetime What will our future hold
Will it be back to a simple life Or will we find new ways to produce all the energy we want Or will it be somewhere in the middle
2000 3000 4000 5000 6000100001000BC2000BC
year
ener
gy u
sage
Fossil fuels
People animals firewood
Nuclear geothermal solar energy ORPeople animals firewood
5
Global Energy Where Does it Come From
Source 1018 Joulesyr Percent of TotalPetroleum 158 400Coal 92 232Natural Gas 89 225Hydroelectric 287 72Nuclear Energy 26 66Biomass (burning) 16 04Geothermal 05 013Wind 013 003Solar Direct 003 0008Sun Abs by Earth 2000000 then radiated away
Ultimately derived from our sun Courtesy David Bodansky (UW)
6
The Great Energy Divide
Many countries in the world lie in this quarter-circle
Cayman
7
Economic Growth and Energy Use
Energy use is directly correlated with economic
prosperity
Energy usage
8
Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
9
Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
10
Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
Pasterze Glacier Austria 1874
Pasterze Glacier Austria 2000
11
What are we going to doWe are borrowing money from China to buy oil from the Gulf -and it all goes up in smoke
Energy sources and uses
13
Kinetic energy amp wind Kinetic Energy the energy of motion
KE = frac12mv2
KE of wind can be used (eg windmills sailing boats etc)
Example wind passing through a square meter at 8 meters per second (18mph) Each second we have 8 cubic meters Air has density of 13 kgm3 so (8 m3)(13
kgm3) = 104 kg of air each second frac12mv2 = frac12(104 kg)(8 ms)2 = 333 J 333J every second 333W per square meter
(but to get all of it yoursquod have to stop the wind) Stronger winds more power (~ v3)
14
Challenges for small islands
15
Gravitational energy Raising a Weight W through height h against
gravity requires an energy input (work) of E = W = F h = mgh
Rolling a boulder up a hill gives it gravitational potential energy
The higher the cliff the more kinetic energy the boulder will have when it reaches the ground mgh
becomes
frac12mv2
Conservation of energyfrac12mv2 = mghv2 = 2gh
h
16
Energy of the hydrologic cycle Evaporating 1g of water takes 2250J Raising 1g of water to top of the troposphere
(10000 m or 33000 ft)mgh = (0001 kg)(10 ms2)(10000 m) = 100 J
A tiny bit of PE remains IF rain falls on suitable terrain (eg higher than sea level) hydroelectric plants use this tiny left-over
energy damming concentrates PE in one location 401015 W of solar power goes into
evaporation Gravitational PE given to water vapor in the
atmosphere (per second)mgh = (161010 kg)(10 ms2)(2000 m) = 321014 J = 320 TW
US uses only 125 of that available
2012 17
Gravitational energy - water
Pumped storage
18
Waves global distribution of annual mean wave powerA GLOBAL WAVE ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Andrew M Cornett Proceedings of the Eighteenth (2008) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Vancouver BC Canada July 6-11 2008
Chemical Energy Electrostatic energy (associated
with charged particles like electrons) is stored in the atomic bonds of substances
Rearranging these bonds can release chemical energy (some reactions require energy to be put in)
Typical numbers 100ndash200 kJ per mole a mole is 60221023
moleculesparticles typical molecules are tens of
grams per mole several thousand Joules per gram
20
Chemical Energy Examples
Burning a wooden match releases about 1055 Joules a match is about 03 grams Energy release gt3kJg (3kJg)
Burning coal releases about 20kJg of chemical energy
Burning gasoline yields about 39kJg
Very few substances yield over about 45kJg
Power generation from diesel power plant
CUCs power system comprised of 17 generating units (15 diesel and two gas turbine) - capacity 1512 MW
Electricity price heavily dependent upon fuel cost
21
22
Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil Shale gas = natural gas
formed trapped within shale formations
An increasingly important source of natural gas in the US amp rest of the world
In 2000 shale gas provided 1 of US natural gas production by 2010 it was over 20
US governments Energy Information Administration predicts by 2035 46 of the US NG from shale gas
Source New York Mercantile Exchange
23
Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
Source BP energy outlook 2030 Jan 2012
Are fossil fuel resources finiteknown
May be too much fossil fuel - prices may be too low not too high
Availability not cost Abundant low-cost ldquoconventionalrdquo
oil (Middle East) has limited other sources
The revolution in shale gasshale oil has been transformational in the US
Is there another way forward using cheaper gas without increasing emissions Yes ndashfor the next couple of
decades Switching from coal to gas is
cheap ndash amp cuts emissions by roughly half
Does not solve climate change but gets emissions down much faster and cheaper than wind farms
24
Energy from crops - food Human energy derived from food
(stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)
Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like
gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means
20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power
This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)
25
Biomass
Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012
W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all
biological activity half occurs in oceans
Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity
Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy
15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency
26
How much landHow much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning
sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17
efficient Growing season is only part of year
(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)
= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace
petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012
m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a
side
27
Mass-energy Einstein theory of relativity
E = mc2 Relates mass to energy
one can be transformed into the other
physicists speak generally of mass-energy
Seldom experienced in daily life directly Happens at large scale in the
center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors
Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny
28
E = mc2 Examples
The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline
If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose
9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg
29
E = mc2 in Sun
Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons
Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27
kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons
251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200
kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times
more potent
4 protonsmass = 4029
4He nucleusmass = 40015
energy
Utilising solar energy PV types
Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy
production on earth of 331012 W
Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems
Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big
crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash
16 cheaper (cast in ingots)
Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on
a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around
23
Alternative energy options
32
The main energy alternatives
Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass
fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))
mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)
WHAT WORKS HERE
33
Renewable Resources Renewable = anything that
wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again
tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes
more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on
producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside
earth not used up fast)
34
Solar energy economics Current electricity cost in GC is
about CI$035 per kWh PV output assume 5 hours
peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in
a year installed cost is CI$5 per
peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years
so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity
CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a
few per year payback is ~ 6 years
thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of
investment capability Cost today is what matters
to many
35
The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully
compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar
implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp
let other power plants take up slack
Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need
development) hydrogen production (consume
later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity
grid (not for Cayman)
36
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean
waters The temperature of the water
varies top layer normally warmer
than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least
20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical
areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling
point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped
through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid
Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a
second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system
37
Transportation About 13 of US annual energy usage for
transportation Gasoline is a good fuel
Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20
Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar
as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to
mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable
gasoline
Working design
2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available (eg
Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards
14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations
Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan
How the EV charger works
Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure
Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger
or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid
Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =
$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile
= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y
Engineering considerations Technical
Type 1 2 or 3 ndash charge times
Power source CUC Renewable ndash
solarwind Mechanicalstructural
Withstand to natural and man-made hazards
Aesthetics Local or remote PV
array Harmonisation with
surroundings
Motor vehicles in the future
42
Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear Nuclear energy
Fission Fusion
Fission energy release 85 kinetic energy of
fission products (heat) 15 ke of neutrons +
radiation energy (γ) Energy release E
= mc2
1g equivalent 215 kilotons of TNT 568000 USG of
gasoline
43
Nuclear energy atomic structure Structure of the atom
Nucleus Protons Neutrons
Electrons
44
How a reactor works
Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
45
46
Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors
Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs
High level of passive or inherent safety
Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs
Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor
70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular
inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant
Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
5
Global Energy Where Does it Come From
Source 1018 Joulesyr Percent of TotalPetroleum 158 400Coal 92 232Natural Gas 89 225Hydroelectric 287 72Nuclear Energy 26 66Biomass (burning) 16 04Geothermal 05 013Wind 013 003Solar Direct 003 0008Sun Abs by Earth 2000000 then radiated away
Ultimately derived from our sun Courtesy David Bodansky (UW)
6
The Great Energy Divide
Many countries in the world lie in this quarter-circle
Cayman
7
Economic Growth and Energy Use
Energy use is directly correlated with economic
prosperity
Energy usage
8
Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
9
Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
10
Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
Pasterze Glacier Austria 1874
Pasterze Glacier Austria 2000
11
What are we going to doWe are borrowing money from China to buy oil from the Gulf -and it all goes up in smoke
Energy sources and uses
13
Kinetic energy amp wind Kinetic Energy the energy of motion
KE = frac12mv2
KE of wind can be used (eg windmills sailing boats etc)
Example wind passing through a square meter at 8 meters per second (18mph) Each second we have 8 cubic meters Air has density of 13 kgm3 so (8 m3)(13
kgm3) = 104 kg of air each second frac12mv2 = frac12(104 kg)(8 ms)2 = 333 J 333J every second 333W per square meter
(but to get all of it yoursquod have to stop the wind) Stronger winds more power (~ v3)
14
Challenges for small islands
15
Gravitational energy Raising a Weight W through height h against
gravity requires an energy input (work) of E = W = F h = mgh
Rolling a boulder up a hill gives it gravitational potential energy
The higher the cliff the more kinetic energy the boulder will have when it reaches the ground mgh
becomes
frac12mv2
Conservation of energyfrac12mv2 = mghv2 = 2gh
h
16
Energy of the hydrologic cycle Evaporating 1g of water takes 2250J Raising 1g of water to top of the troposphere
(10000 m or 33000 ft)mgh = (0001 kg)(10 ms2)(10000 m) = 100 J
A tiny bit of PE remains IF rain falls on suitable terrain (eg higher than sea level) hydroelectric plants use this tiny left-over
energy damming concentrates PE in one location 401015 W of solar power goes into
evaporation Gravitational PE given to water vapor in the
atmosphere (per second)mgh = (161010 kg)(10 ms2)(2000 m) = 321014 J = 320 TW
US uses only 125 of that available
2012 17
Gravitational energy - water
Pumped storage
18
Waves global distribution of annual mean wave powerA GLOBAL WAVE ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Andrew M Cornett Proceedings of the Eighteenth (2008) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Vancouver BC Canada July 6-11 2008
Chemical Energy Electrostatic energy (associated
with charged particles like electrons) is stored in the atomic bonds of substances
Rearranging these bonds can release chemical energy (some reactions require energy to be put in)
Typical numbers 100ndash200 kJ per mole a mole is 60221023
moleculesparticles typical molecules are tens of
grams per mole several thousand Joules per gram
20
Chemical Energy Examples
Burning a wooden match releases about 1055 Joules a match is about 03 grams Energy release gt3kJg (3kJg)
Burning coal releases about 20kJg of chemical energy
Burning gasoline yields about 39kJg
Very few substances yield over about 45kJg
Power generation from diesel power plant
CUCs power system comprised of 17 generating units (15 diesel and two gas turbine) - capacity 1512 MW
Electricity price heavily dependent upon fuel cost
21
22
Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil Shale gas = natural gas
formed trapped within shale formations
An increasingly important source of natural gas in the US amp rest of the world
In 2000 shale gas provided 1 of US natural gas production by 2010 it was over 20
US governments Energy Information Administration predicts by 2035 46 of the US NG from shale gas
Source New York Mercantile Exchange
23
Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
Source BP energy outlook 2030 Jan 2012
Are fossil fuel resources finiteknown
May be too much fossil fuel - prices may be too low not too high
Availability not cost Abundant low-cost ldquoconventionalrdquo
oil (Middle East) has limited other sources
The revolution in shale gasshale oil has been transformational in the US
Is there another way forward using cheaper gas without increasing emissions Yes ndashfor the next couple of
decades Switching from coal to gas is
cheap ndash amp cuts emissions by roughly half
Does not solve climate change but gets emissions down much faster and cheaper than wind farms
24
Energy from crops - food Human energy derived from food
(stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)
Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like
gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means
20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power
This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)
25
Biomass
Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012
W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all
biological activity half occurs in oceans
Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity
Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy
15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency
26
How much landHow much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning
sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17
efficient Growing season is only part of year
(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)
= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace
petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012
m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a
side
27
Mass-energy Einstein theory of relativity
E = mc2 Relates mass to energy
one can be transformed into the other
physicists speak generally of mass-energy
Seldom experienced in daily life directly Happens at large scale in the
center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors
Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny
28
E = mc2 Examples
The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline
If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose
9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg
29
E = mc2 in Sun
Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons
Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27
kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons
251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200
kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times
more potent
4 protonsmass = 4029
4He nucleusmass = 40015
energy
Utilising solar energy PV types
Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy
production on earth of 331012 W
Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems
Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big
crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash
16 cheaper (cast in ingots)
Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on
a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around
23
Alternative energy options
32
The main energy alternatives
Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass
fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))
mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)
WHAT WORKS HERE
33
Renewable Resources Renewable = anything that
wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again
tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes
more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on
producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside
earth not used up fast)
34
Solar energy economics Current electricity cost in GC is
about CI$035 per kWh PV output assume 5 hours
peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in
a year installed cost is CI$5 per
peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years
so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity
CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a
few per year payback is ~ 6 years
thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of
investment capability Cost today is what matters
to many
35
The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully
compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar
implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp
let other power plants take up slack
Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need
development) hydrogen production (consume
later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity
grid (not for Cayman)
36
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean
waters The temperature of the water
varies top layer normally warmer
than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least
20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical
areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling
point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped
through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid
Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a
second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system
37
Transportation About 13 of US annual energy usage for
transportation Gasoline is a good fuel
Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20
Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar
as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to
mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable
gasoline
Working design
2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available (eg
Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards
14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations
Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan
How the EV charger works
Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure
Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger
or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid
Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =
$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile
= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y
Engineering considerations Technical
Type 1 2 or 3 ndash charge times
Power source CUC Renewable ndash
solarwind Mechanicalstructural
Withstand to natural and man-made hazards
Aesthetics Local or remote PV
array Harmonisation with
surroundings
Motor vehicles in the future
42
Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear Nuclear energy
Fission Fusion
Fission energy release 85 kinetic energy of
fission products (heat) 15 ke of neutrons +
radiation energy (γ) Energy release E
= mc2
1g equivalent 215 kilotons of TNT 568000 USG of
gasoline
43
Nuclear energy atomic structure Structure of the atom
Nucleus Protons Neutrons
Electrons
44
How a reactor works
Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
45
46
Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors
Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs
High level of passive or inherent safety
Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs
Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor
70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular
inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant
Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
6
The Great Energy Divide
Many countries in the world lie in this quarter-circle
Cayman
7
Economic Growth and Energy Use
Energy use is directly correlated with economic
prosperity
Energy usage
8
Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
9
Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
10
Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
Pasterze Glacier Austria 1874
Pasterze Glacier Austria 2000
11
What are we going to doWe are borrowing money from China to buy oil from the Gulf -and it all goes up in smoke
Energy sources and uses
13
Kinetic energy amp wind Kinetic Energy the energy of motion
KE = frac12mv2
KE of wind can be used (eg windmills sailing boats etc)
Example wind passing through a square meter at 8 meters per second (18mph) Each second we have 8 cubic meters Air has density of 13 kgm3 so (8 m3)(13
kgm3) = 104 kg of air each second frac12mv2 = frac12(104 kg)(8 ms)2 = 333 J 333J every second 333W per square meter
(but to get all of it yoursquod have to stop the wind) Stronger winds more power (~ v3)
14
Challenges for small islands
15
Gravitational energy Raising a Weight W through height h against
gravity requires an energy input (work) of E = W = F h = mgh
Rolling a boulder up a hill gives it gravitational potential energy
The higher the cliff the more kinetic energy the boulder will have when it reaches the ground mgh
becomes
frac12mv2
Conservation of energyfrac12mv2 = mghv2 = 2gh
h
16
Energy of the hydrologic cycle Evaporating 1g of water takes 2250J Raising 1g of water to top of the troposphere
(10000 m or 33000 ft)mgh = (0001 kg)(10 ms2)(10000 m) = 100 J
A tiny bit of PE remains IF rain falls on suitable terrain (eg higher than sea level) hydroelectric plants use this tiny left-over
energy damming concentrates PE in one location 401015 W of solar power goes into
evaporation Gravitational PE given to water vapor in the
atmosphere (per second)mgh = (161010 kg)(10 ms2)(2000 m) = 321014 J = 320 TW
US uses only 125 of that available
2012 17
Gravitational energy - water
Pumped storage
18
Waves global distribution of annual mean wave powerA GLOBAL WAVE ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Andrew M Cornett Proceedings of the Eighteenth (2008) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Vancouver BC Canada July 6-11 2008
Chemical Energy Electrostatic energy (associated
with charged particles like electrons) is stored in the atomic bonds of substances
Rearranging these bonds can release chemical energy (some reactions require energy to be put in)
Typical numbers 100ndash200 kJ per mole a mole is 60221023
moleculesparticles typical molecules are tens of
grams per mole several thousand Joules per gram
20
Chemical Energy Examples
Burning a wooden match releases about 1055 Joules a match is about 03 grams Energy release gt3kJg (3kJg)
Burning coal releases about 20kJg of chemical energy
Burning gasoline yields about 39kJg
Very few substances yield over about 45kJg
Power generation from diesel power plant
CUCs power system comprised of 17 generating units (15 diesel and two gas turbine) - capacity 1512 MW
Electricity price heavily dependent upon fuel cost
21
22
Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil Shale gas = natural gas
formed trapped within shale formations
An increasingly important source of natural gas in the US amp rest of the world
In 2000 shale gas provided 1 of US natural gas production by 2010 it was over 20
US governments Energy Information Administration predicts by 2035 46 of the US NG from shale gas
Source New York Mercantile Exchange
23
Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
Source BP energy outlook 2030 Jan 2012
Are fossil fuel resources finiteknown
May be too much fossil fuel - prices may be too low not too high
Availability not cost Abundant low-cost ldquoconventionalrdquo
oil (Middle East) has limited other sources
The revolution in shale gasshale oil has been transformational in the US
Is there another way forward using cheaper gas without increasing emissions Yes ndashfor the next couple of
decades Switching from coal to gas is
cheap ndash amp cuts emissions by roughly half
Does not solve climate change but gets emissions down much faster and cheaper than wind farms
24
Energy from crops - food Human energy derived from food
(stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)
Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like
gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means
20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power
This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)
25
Biomass
Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012
W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all
biological activity half occurs in oceans
Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity
Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy
15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency
26
How much landHow much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning
sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17
efficient Growing season is only part of year
(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)
= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace
petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012
m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a
side
27
Mass-energy Einstein theory of relativity
E = mc2 Relates mass to energy
one can be transformed into the other
physicists speak generally of mass-energy
Seldom experienced in daily life directly Happens at large scale in the
center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors
Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny
28
E = mc2 Examples
The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline
If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose
9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg
29
E = mc2 in Sun
Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons
Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27
kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons
251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200
kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times
more potent
4 protonsmass = 4029
4He nucleusmass = 40015
energy
Utilising solar energy PV types
Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy
production on earth of 331012 W
Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems
Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big
crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash
16 cheaper (cast in ingots)
Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on
a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around
23
Alternative energy options
32
The main energy alternatives
Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass
fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))
mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)
WHAT WORKS HERE
33
Renewable Resources Renewable = anything that
wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again
tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes
more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on
producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside
earth not used up fast)
34
Solar energy economics Current electricity cost in GC is
about CI$035 per kWh PV output assume 5 hours
peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in
a year installed cost is CI$5 per
peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years
so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity
CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a
few per year payback is ~ 6 years
thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of
investment capability Cost today is what matters
to many
35
The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully
compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar
implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp
let other power plants take up slack
Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need
development) hydrogen production (consume
later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity
grid (not for Cayman)
36
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean
waters The temperature of the water
varies top layer normally warmer
than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least
20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical
areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling
point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped
through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid
Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a
second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system
37
Transportation About 13 of US annual energy usage for
transportation Gasoline is a good fuel
Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20
Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar
as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to
mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable
gasoline
Working design
2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available (eg
Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards
14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations
Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan
How the EV charger works
Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure
Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger
or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid
Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =
$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile
= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y
Engineering considerations Technical
Type 1 2 or 3 ndash charge times
Power source CUC Renewable ndash
solarwind Mechanicalstructural
Withstand to natural and man-made hazards
Aesthetics Local or remote PV
array Harmonisation with
surroundings
Motor vehicles in the future
42
Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear Nuclear energy
Fission Fusion
Fission energy release 85 kinetic energy of
fission products (heat) 15 ke of neutrons +
radiation energy (γ) Energy release E
= mc2
1g equivalent 215 kilotons of TNT 568000 USG of
gasoline
43
Nuclear energy atomic structure Structure of the atom
Nucleus Protons Neutrons
Electrons
44
How a reactor works
Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
45
46
Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors
Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs
High level of passive or inherent safety
Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs
Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor
70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular
inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant
Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
7
Economic Growth and Energy Use
Energy use is directly correlated with economic
prosperity
Energy usage
8
Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
9
Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
10
Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
Pasterze Glacier Austria 1874
Pasterze Glacier Austria 2000
11
What are we going to doWe are borrowing money from China to buy oil from the Gulf -and it all goes up in smoke
Energy sources and uses
13
Kinetic energy amp wind Kinetic Energy the energy of motion
KE = frac12mv2
KE of wind can be used (eg windmills sailing boats etc)
Example wind passing through a square meter at 8 meters per second (18mph) Each second we have 8 cubic meters Air has density of 13 kgm3 so (8 m3)(13
kgm3) = 104 kg of air each second frac12mv2 = frac12(104 kg)(8 ms)2 = 333 J 333J every second 333W per square meter
(but to get all of it yoursquod have to stop the wind) Stronger winds more power (~ v3)
14
Challenges for small islands
15
Gravitational energy Raising a Weight W through height h against
gravity requires an energy input (work) of E = W = F h = mgh
Rolling a boulder up a hill gives it gravitational potential energy
The higher the cliff the more kinetic energy the boulder will have when it reaches the ground mgh
becomes
frac12mv2
Conservation of energyfrac12mv2 = mghv2 = 2gh
h
16
Energy of the hydrologic cycle Evaporating 1g of water takes 2250J Raising 1g of water to top of the troposphere
(10000 m or 33000 ft)mgh = (0001 kg)(10 ms2)(10000 m) = 100 J
A tiny bit of PE remains IF rain falls on suitable terrain (eg higher than sea level) hydroelectric plants use this tiny left-over
energy damming concentrates PE in one location 401015 W of solar power goes into
evaporation Gravitational PE given to water vapor in the
atmosphere (per second)mgh = (161010 kg)(10 ms2)(2000 m) = 321014 J = 320 TW
US uses only 125 of that available
2012 17
Gravitational energy - water
Pumped storage
18
Waves global distribution of annual mean wave powerA GLOBAL WAVE ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Andrew M Cornett Proceedings of the Eighteenth (2008) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Vancouver BC Canada July 6-11 2008
Chemical Energy Electrostatic energy (associated
with charged particles like electrons) is stored in the atomic bonds of substances
Rearranging these bonds can release chemical energy (some reactions require energy to be put in)
Typical numbers 100ndash200 kJ per mole a mole is 60221023
moleculesparticles typical molecules are tens of
grams per mole several thousand Joules per gram
20
Chemical Energy Examples
Burning a wooden match releases about 1055 Joules a match is about 03 grams Energy release gt3kJg (3kJg)
Burning coal releases about 20kJg of chemical energy
Burning gasoline yields about 39kJg
Very few substances yield over about 45kJg
Power generation from diesel power plant
CUCs power system comprised of 17 generating units (15 diesel and two gas turbine) - capacity 1512 MW
Electricity price heavily dependent upon fuel cost
21
22
Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil Shale gas = natural gas
formed trapped within shale formations
An increasingly important source of natural gas in the US amp rest of the world
In 2000 shale gas provided 1 of US natural gas production by 2010 it was over 20
US governments Energy Information Administration predicts by 2035 46 of the US NG from shale gas
Source New York Mercantile Exchange
23
Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
Source BP energy outlook 2030 Jan 2012
Are fossil fuel resources finiteknown
May be too much fossil fuel - prices may be too low not too high
Availability not cost Abundant low-cost ldquoconventionalrdquo
oil (Middle East) has limited other sources
The revolution in shale gasshale oil has been transformational in the US
Is there another way forward using cheaper gas without increasing emissions Yes ndashfor the next couple of
decades Switching from coal to gas is
cheap ndash amp cuts emissions by roughly half
Does not solve climate change but gets emissions down much faster and cheaper than wind farms
24
Energy from crops - food Human energy derived from food
(stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)
Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like
gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means
20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power
This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)
25
Biomass
Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012
W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all
biological activity half occurs in oceans
Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity
Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy
15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency
26
How much landHow much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning
sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17
efficient Growing season is only part of year
(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)
= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace
petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012
m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a
side
27
Mass-energy Einstein theory of relativity
E = mc2 Relates mass to energy
one can be transformed into the other
physicists speak generally of mass-energy
Seldom experienced in daily life directly Happens at large scale in the
center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors
Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny
28
E = mc2 Examples
The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline
If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose
9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg
29
E = mc2 in Sun
Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons
Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27
kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons
251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200
kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times
more potent
4 protonsmass = 4029
4He nucleusmass = 40015
energy
Utilising solar energy PV types
Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy
production on earth of 331012 W
Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems
Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big
crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash
16 cheaper (cast in ingots)
Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on
a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around
23
Alternative energy options
32
The main energy alternatives
Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass
fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))
mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)
WHAT WORKS HERE
33
Renewable Resources Renewable = anything that
wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again
tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes
more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on
producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside
earth not used up fast)
34
Solar energy economics Current electricity cost in GC is
about CI$035 per kWh PV output assume 5 hours
peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in
a year installed cost is CI$5 per
peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years
so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity
CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a
few per year payback is ~ 6 years
thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of
investment capability Cost today is what matters
to many
35
The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully
compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar
implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp
let other power plants take up slack
Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need
development) hydrogen production (consume
later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity
grid (not for Cayman)
36
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean
waters The temperature of the water
varies top layer normally warmer
than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least
20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical
areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling
point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped
through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid
Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a
second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system
37
Transportation About 13 of US annual energy usage for
transportation Gasoline is a good fuel
Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20
Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar
as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to
mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable
gasoline
Working design
2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available (eg
Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards
14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations
Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan
How the EV charger works
Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure
Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger
or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid
Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =
$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile
= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y
Engineering considerations Technical
Type 1 2 or 3 ndash charge times
Power source CUC Renewable ndash
solarwind Mechanicalstructural
Withstand to natural and man-made hazards
Aesthetics Local or remote PV
array Harmonisation with
surroundings
Motor vehicles in the future
42
Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear Nuclear energy
Fission Fusion
Fission energy release 85 kinetic energy of
fission products (heat) 15 ke of neutrons +
radiation energy (γ) Energy release E
= mc2
1g equivalent 215 kilotons of TNT 568000 USG of
gasoline
43
Nuclear energy atomic structure Structure of the atom
Nucleus Protons Neutrons
Electrons
44
How a reactor works
Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
45
46
Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors
Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs
High level of passive or inherent safety
Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs
Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor
70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular
inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant
Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
8
Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
9
Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
10
Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
Pasterze Glacier Austria 1874
Pasterze Glacier Austria 2000
11
What are we going to doWe are borrowing money from China to buy oil from the Gulf -and it all goes up in smoke
Energy sources and uses
13
Kinetic energy amp wind Kinetic Energy the energy of motion
KE = frac12mv2
KE of wind can be used (eg windmills sailing boats etc)
Example wind passing through a square meter at 8 meters per second (18mph) Each second we have 8 cubic meters Air has density of 13 kgm3 so (8 m3)(13
kgm3) = 104 kg of air each second frac12mv2 = frac12(104 kg)(8 ms)2 = 333 J 333J every second 333W per square meter
(but to get all of it yoursquod have to stop the wind) Stronger winds more power (~ v3)
14
Challenges for small islands
15
Gravitational energy Raising a Weight W through height h against
gravity requires an energy input (work) of E = W = F h = mgh
Rolling a boulder up a hill gives it gravitational potential energy
The higher the cliff the more kinetic energy the boulder will have when it reaches the ground mgh
becomes
frac12mv2
Conservation of energyfrac12mv2 = mghv2 = 2gh
h
16
Energy of the hydrologic cycle Evaporating 1g of water takes 2250J Raising 1g of water to top of the troposphere
(10000 m or 33000 ft)mgh = (0001 kg)(10 ms2)(10000 m) = 100 J
A tiny bit of PE remains IF rain falls on suitable terrain (eg higher than sea level) hydroelectric plants use this tiny left-over
energy damming concentrates PE in one location 401015 W of solar power goes into
evaporation Gravitational PE given to water vapor in the
atmosphere (per second)mgh = (161010 kg)(10 ms2)(2000 m) = 321014 J = 320 TW
US uses only 125 of that available
2012 17
Gravitational energy - water
Pumped storage
18
Waves global distribution of annual mean wave powerA GLOBAL WAVE ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Andrew M Cornett Proceedings of the Eighteenth (2008) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Vancouver BC Canada July 6-11 2008
Chemical Energy Electrostatic energy (associated
with charged particles like electrons) is stored in the atomic bonds of substances
Rearranging these bonds can release chemical energy (some reactions require energy to be put in)
Typical numbers 100ndash200 kJ per mole a mole is 60221023
moleculesparticles typical molecules are tens of
grams per mole several thousand Joules per gram
20
Chemical Energy Examples
Burning a wooden match releases about 1055 Joules a match is about 03 grams Energy release gt3kJg (3kJg)
Burning coal releases about 20kJg of chemical energy
Burning gasoline yields about 39kJg
Very few substances yield over about 45kJg
Power generation from diesel power plant
CUCs power system comprised of 17 generating units (15 diesel and two gas turbine) - capacity 1512 MW
Electricity price heavily dependent upon fuel cost
21
22
Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil Shale gas = natural gas
formed trapped within shale formations
An increasingly important source of natural gas in the US amp rest of the world
In 2000 shale gas provided 1 of US natural gas production by 2010 it was over 20
US governments Energy Information Administration predicts by 2035 46 of the US NG from shale gas
Source New York Mercantile Exchange
23
Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
Source BP energy outlook 2030 Jan 2012
Are fossil fuel resources finiteknown
May be too much fossil fuel - prices may be too low not too high
Availability not cost Abundant low-cost ldquoconventionalrdquo
oil (Middle East) has limited other sources
The revolution in shale gasshale oil has been transformational in the US
Is there another way forward using cheaper gas without increasing emissions Yes ndashfor the next couple of
decades Switching from coal to gas is
cheap ndash amp cuts emissions by roughly half
Does not solve climate change but gets emissions down much faster and cheaper than wind farms
24
Energy from crops - food Human energy derived from food
(stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)
Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like
gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means
20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power
This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)
25
Biomass
Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012
W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all
biological activity half occurs in oceans
Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity
Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy
15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency
26
How much landHow much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning
sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17
efficient Growing season is only part of year
(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)
= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace
petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012
m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a
side
27
Mass-energy Einstein theory of relativity
E = mc2 Relates mass to energy
one can be transformed into the other
physicists speak generally of mass-energy
Seldom experienced in daily life directly Happens at large scale in the
center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors
Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny
28
E = mc2 Examples
The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline
If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose
9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg
29
E = mc2 in Sun
Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons
Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27
kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons
251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200
kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times
more potent
4 protonsmass = 4029
4He nucleusmass = 40015
energy
Utilising solar energy PV types
Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy
production on earth of 331012 W
Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems
Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big
crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash
16 cheaper (cast in ingots)
Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on
a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around
23
Alternative energy options
32
The main energy alternatives
Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass
fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))
mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)
WHAT WORKS HERE
33
Renewable Resources Renewable = anything that
wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again
tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes
more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on
producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside
earth not used up fast)
34
Solar energy economics Current electricity cost in GC is
about CI$035 per kWh PV output assume 5 hours
peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in
a year installed cost is CI$5 per
peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years
so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity
CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a
few per year payback is ~ 6 years
thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of
investment capability Cost today is what matters
to many
35
The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully
compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar
implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp
let other power plants take up slack
Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need
development) hydrogen production (consume
later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity
grid (not for Cayman)
36
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean
waters The temperature of the water
varies top layer normally warmer
than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least
20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical
areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling
point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped
through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid
Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a
second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system
37
Transportation About 13 of US annual energy usage for
transportation Gasoline is a good fuel
Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20
Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar
as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to
mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable
gasoline
Working design
2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available (eg
Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards
14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations
Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan
How the EV charger works
Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure
Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger
or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid
Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =
$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile
= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y
Engineering considerations Technical
Type 1 2 or 3 ndash charge times
Power source CUC Renewable ndash
solarwind Mechanicalstructural
Withstand to natural and man-made hazards
Aesthetics Local or remote PV
array Harmonisation with
surroundings
Motor vehicles in the future
42
Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear Nuclear energy
Fission Fusion
Fission energy release 85 kinetic energy of
fission products (heat) 15 ke of neutrons +
radiation energy (γ) Energy release E
= mc2
1g equivalent 215 kilotons of TNT 568000 USG of
gasoline
43
Nuclear energy atomic structure Structure of the atom
Nucleus Protons Neutrons
Electrons
44
How a reactor works
Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
45
46
Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors
Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs
High level of passive or inherent safety
Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs
Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor
70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular
inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant
Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
9
Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
10
Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
Pasterze Glacier Austria 1874
Pasterze Glacier Austria 2000
11
What are we going to doWe are borrowing money from China to buy oil from the Gulf -and it all goes up in smoke
Energy sources and uses
13
Kinetic energy amp wind Kinetic Energy the energy of motion
KE = frac12mv2
KE of wind can be used (eg windmills sailing boats etc)
Example wind passing through a square meter at 8 meters per second (18mph) Each second we have 8 cubic meters Air has density of 13 kgm3 so (8 m3)(13
kgm3) = 104 kg of air each second frac12mv2 = frac12(104 kg)(8 ms)2 = 333 J 333J every second 333W per square meter
(but to get all of it yoursquod have to stop the wind) Stronger winds more power (~ v3)
14
Challenges for small islands
15
Gravitational energy Raising a Weight W through height h against
gravity requires an energy input (work) of E = W = F h = mgh
Rolling a boulder up a hill gives it gravitational potential energy
The higher the cliff the more kinetic energy the boulder will have when it reaches the ground mgh
becomes
frac12mv2
Conservation of energyfrac12mv2 = mghv2 = 2gh
h
16
Energy of the hydrologic cycle Evaporating 1g of water takes 2250J Raising 1g of water to top of the troposphere
(10000 m or 33000 ft)mgh = (0001 kg)(10 ms2)(10000 m) = 100 J
A tiny bit of PE remains IF rain falls on suitable terrain (eg higher than sea level) hydroelectric plants use this tiny left-over
energy damming concentrates PE in one location 401015 W of solar power goes into
evaporation Gravitational PE given to water vapor in the
atmosphere (per second)mgh = (161010 kg)(10 ms2)(2000 m) = 321014 J = 320 TW
US uses only 125 of that available
2012 17
Gravitational energy - water
Pumped storage
18
Waves global distribution of annual mean wave powerA GLOBAL WAVE ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Andrew M Cornett Proceedings of the Eighteenth (2008) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Vancouver BC Canada July 6-11 2008
Chemical Energy Electrostatic energy (associated
with charged particles like electrons) is stored in the atomic bonds of substances
Rearranging these bonds can release chemical energy (some reactions require energy to be put in)
Typical numbers 100ndash200 kJ per mole a mole is 60221023
moleculesparticles typical molecules are tens of
grams per mole several thousand Joules per gram
20
Chemical Energy Examples
Burning a wooden match releases about 1055 Joules a match is about 03 grams Energy release gt3kJg (3kJg)
Burning coal releases about 20kJg of chemical energy
Burning gasoline yields about 39kJg
Very few substances yield over about 45kJg
Power generation from diesel power plant
CUCs power system comprised of 17 generating units (15 diesel and two gas turbine) - capacity 1512 MW
Electricity price heavily dependent upon fuel cost
21
22
Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil Shale gas = natural gas
formed trapped within shale formations
An increasingly important source of natural gas in the US amp rest of the world
In 2000 shale gas provided 1 of US natural gas production by 2010 it was over 20
US governments Energy Information Administration predicts by 2035 46 of the US NG from shale gas
Source New York Mercantile Exchange
23
Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
Source BP energy outlook 2030 Jan 2012
Are fossil fuel resources finiteknown
May be too much fossil fuel - prices may be too low not too high
Availability not cost Abundant low-cost ldquoconventionalrdquo
oil (Middle East) has limited other sources
The revolution in shale gasshale oil has been transformational in the US
Is there another way forward using cheaper gas without increasing emissions Yes ndashfor the next couple of
decades Switching from coal to gas is
cheap ndash amp cuts emissions by roughly half
Does not solve climate change but gets emissions down much faster and cheaper than wind farms
24
Energy from crops - food Human energy derived from food
(stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)
Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like
gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means
20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power
This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)
25
Biomass
Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012
W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all
biological activity half occurs in oceans
Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity
Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy
15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency
26
How much landHow much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning
sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17
efficient Growing season is only part of year
(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)
= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace
petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012
m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a
side
27
Mass-energy Einstein theory of relativity
E = mc2 Relates mass to energy
one can be transformed into the other
physicists speak generally of mass-energy
Seldom experienced in daily life directly Happens at large scale in the
center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors
Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny
28
E = mc2 Examples
The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline
If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose
9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg
29
E = mc2 in Sun
Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons
Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27
kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons
251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200
kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times
more potent
4 protonsmass = 4029
4He nucleusmass = 40015
energy
Utilising solar energy PV types
Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy
production on earth of 331012 W
Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems
Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big
crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash
16 cheaper (cast in ingots)
Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on
a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around
23
Alternative energy options
32
The main energy alternatives
Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass
fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))
mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)
WHAT WORKS HERE
33
Renewable Resources Renewable = anything that
wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again
tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes
more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on
producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside
earth not used up fast)
34
Solar energy economics Current electricity cost in GC is
about CI$035 per kWh PV output assume 5 hours
peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in
a year installed cost is CI$5 per
peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years
so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity
CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a
few per year payback is ~ 6 years
thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of
investment capability Cost today is what matters
to many
35
The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully
compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar
implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp
let other power plants take up slack
Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need
development) hydrogen production (consume
later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity
grid (not for Cayman)
36
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean
waters The temperature of the water
varies top layer normally warmer
than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least
20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical
areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling
point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped
through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid
Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a
second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system
37
Transportation About 13 of US annual energy usage for
transportation Gasoline is a good fuel
Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20
Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar
as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to
mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable
gasoline
Working design
2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available (eg
Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards
14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations
Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan
How the EV charger works
Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure
Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger
or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid
Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =
$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile
= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y
Engineering considerations Technical
Type 1 2 or 3 ndash charge times
Power source CUC Renewable ndash
solarwind Mechanicalstructural
Withstand to natural and man-made hazards
Aesthetics Local or remote PV
array Harmonisation with
surroundings
Motor vehicles in the future
42
Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear Nuclear energy
Fission Fusion
Fission energy release 85 kinetic energy of
fission products (heat) 15 ke of neutrons +
radiation energy (γ) Energy release E
= mc2
1g equivalent 215 kilotons of TNT 568000 USG of
gasoline
43
Nuclear energy atomic structure Structure of the atom
Nucleus Protons Neutrons
Electrons
44
How a reactor works
Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
45
46
Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors
Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs
High level of passive or inherent safety
Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs
Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor
70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular
inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant
Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
10
Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
Pasterze Glacier Austria 1874
Pasterze Glacier Austria 2000
11
What are we going to doWe are borrowing money from China to buy oil from the Gulf -and it all goes up in smoke
Energy sources and uses
13
Kinetic energy amp wind Kinetic Energy the energy of motion
KE = frac12mv2
KE of wind can be used (eg windmills sailing boats etc)
Example wind passing through a square meter at 8 meters per second (18mph) Each second we have 8 cubic meters Air has density of 13 kgm3 so (8 m3)(13
kgm3) = 104 kg of air each second frac12mv2 = frac12(104 kg)(8 ms)2 = 333 J 333J every second 333W per square meter
(but to get all of it yoursquod have to stop the wind) Stronger winds more power (~ v3)
14
Challenges for small islands
15
Gravitational energy Raising a Weight W through height h against
gravity requires an energy input (work) of E = W = F h = mgh
Rolling a boulder up a hill gives it gravitational potential energy
The higher the cliff the more kinetic energy the boulder will have when it reaches the ground mgh
becomes
frac12mv2
Conservation of energyfrac12mv2 = mghv2 = 2gh
h
16
Energy of the hydrologic cycle Evaporating 1g of water takes 2250J Raising 1g of water to top of the troposphere
(10000 m or 33000 ft)mgh = (0001 kg)(10 ms2)(10000 m) = 100 J
A tiny bit of PE remains IF rain falls on suitable terrain (eg higher than sea level) hydroelectric plants use this tiny left-over
energy damming concentrates PE in one location 401015 W of solar power goes into
evaporation Gravitational PE given to water vapor in the
atmosphere (per second)mgh = (161010 kg)(10 ms2)(2000 m) = 321014 J = 320 TW
US uses only 125 of that available
2012 17
Gravitational energy - water
Pumped storage
18
Waves global distribution of annual mean wave powerA GLOBAL WAVE ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Andrew M Cornett Proceedings of the Eighteenth (2008) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Vancouver BC Canada July 6-11 2008
Chemical Energy Electrostatic energy (associated
with charged particles like electrons) is stored in the atomic bonds of substances
Rearranging these bonds can release chemical energy (some reactions require energy to be put in)
Typical numbers 100ndash200 kJ per mole a mole is 60221023
moleculesparticles typical molecules are tens of
grams per mole several thousand Joules per gram
20
Chemical Energy Examples
Burning a wooden match releases about 1055 Joules a match is about 03 grams Energy release gt3kJg (3kJg)
Burning coal releases about 20kJg of chemical energy
Burning gasoline yields about 39kJg
Very few substances yield over about 45kJg
Power generation from diesel power plant
CUCs power system comprised of 17 generating units (15 diesel and two gas turbine) - capacity 1512 MW
Electricity price heavily dependent upon fuel cost
21
22
Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil Shale gas = natural gas
formed trapped within shale formations
An increasingly important source of natural gas in the US amp rest of the world
In 2000 shale gas provided 1 of US natural gas production by 2010 it was over 20
US governments Energy Information Administration predicts by 2035 46 of the US NG from shale gas
Source New York Mercantile Exchange
23
Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
Source BP energy outlook 2030 Jan 2012
Are fossil fuel resources finiteknown
May be too much fossil fuel - prices may be too low not too high
Availability not cost Abundant low-cost ldquoconventionalrdquo
oil (Middle East) has limited other sources
The revolution in shale gasshale oil has been transformational in the US
Is there another way forward using cheaper gas without increasing emissions Yes ndashfor the next couple of
decades Switching from coal to gas is
cheap ndash amp cuts emissions by roughly half
Does not solve climate change but gets emissions down much faster and cheaper than wind farms
24
Energy from crops - food Human energy derived from food
(stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)
Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like
gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means
20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power
This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)
25
Biomass
Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012
W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all
biological activity half occurs in oceans
Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity
Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy
15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency
26
How much landHow much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning
sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17
efficient Growing season is only part of year
(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)
= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace
petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012
m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a
side
27
Mass-energy Einstein theory of relativity
E = mc2 Relates mass to energy
one can be transformed into the other
physicists speak generally of mass-energy
Seldom experienced in daily life directly Happens at large scale in the
center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors
Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny
28
E = mc2 Examples
The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline
If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose
9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg
29
E = mc2 in Sun
Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons
Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27
kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons
251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200
kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times
more potent
4 protonsmass = 4029
4He nucleusmass = 40015
energy
Utilising solar energy PV types
Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy
production on earth of 331012 W
Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems
Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big
crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash
16 cheaper (cast in ingots)
Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on
a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around
23
Alternative energy options
32
The main energy alternatives
Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass
fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))
mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)
WHAT WORKS HERE
33
Renewable Resources Renewable = anything that
wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again
tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes
more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on
producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside
earth not used up fast)
34
Solar energy economics Current electricity cost in GC is
about CI$035 per kWh PV output assume 5 hours
peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in
a year installed cost is CI$5 per
peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years
so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity
CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a
few per year payback is ~ 6 years
thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of
investment capability Cost today is what matters
to many
35
The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully
compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar
implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp
let other power plants take up slack
Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need
development) hydrogen production (consume
later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity
grid (not for Cayman)
36
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean
waters The temperature of the water
varies top layer normally warmer
than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least
20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical
areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling
point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped
through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid
Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a
second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system
37
Transportation About 13 of US annual energy usage for
transportation Gasoline is a good fuel
Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20
Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar
as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to
mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable
gasoline
Working design
2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available (eg
Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards
14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations
Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan
How the EV charger works
Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure
Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger
or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid
Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =
$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile
= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y
Engineering considerations Technical
Type 1 2 or 3 ndash charge times
Power source CUC Renewable ndash
solarwind Mechanicalstructural
Withstand to natural and man-made hazards
Aesthetics Local or remote PV
array Harmonisation with
surroundings
Motor vehicles in the future
42
Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear Nuclear energy
Fission Fusion
Fission energy release 85 kinetic energy of
fission products (heat) 15 ke of neutrons +
radiation energy (γ) Energy release E
= mc2
1g equivalent 215 kilotons of TNT 568000 USG of
gasoline
43
Nuclear energy atomic structure Structure of the atom
Nucleus Protons Neutrons
Electrons
44
How a reactor works
Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
45
46
Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors
Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs
High level of passive or inherent safety
Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs
Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor
70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular
inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant
Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
11
What are we going to doWe are borrowing money from China to buy oil from the Gulf -and it all goes up in smoke
Energy sources and uses
13
Kinetic energy amp wind Kinetic Energy the energy of motion
KE = frac12mv2
KE of wind can be used (eg windmills sailing boats etc)
Example wind passing through a square meter at 8 meters per second (18mph) Each second we have 8 cubic meters Air has density of 13 kgm3 so (8 m3)(13
kgm3) = 104 kg of air each second frac12mv2 = frac12(104 kg)(8 ms)2 = 333 J 333J every second 333W per square meter
(but to get all of it yoursquod have to stop the wind) Stronger winds more power (~ v3)
14
Challenges for small islands
15
Gravitational energy Raising a Weight W through height h against
gravity requires an energy input (work) of E = W = F h = mgh
Rolling a boulder up a hill gives it gravitational potential energy
The higher the cliff the more kinetic energy the boulder will have when it reaches the ground mgh
becomes
frac12mv2
Conservation of energyfrac12mv2 = mghv2 = 2gh
h
16
Energy of the hydrologic cycle Evaporating 1g of water takes 2250J Raising 1g of water to top of the troposphere
(10000 m or 33000 ft)mgh = (0001 kg)(10 ms2)(10000 m) = 100 J
A tiny bit of PE remains IF rain falls on suitable terrain (eg higher than sea level) hydroelectric plants use this tiny left-over
energy damming concentrates PE in one location 401015 W of solar power goes into
evaporation Gravitational PE given to water vapor in the
atmosphere (per second)mgh = (161010 kg)(10 ms2)(2000 m) = 321014 J = 320 TW
US uses only 125 of that available
2012 17
Gravitational energy - water
Pumped storage
18
Waves global distribution of annual mean wave powerA GLOBAL WAVE ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Andrew M Cornett Proceedings of the Eighteenth (2008) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Vancouver BC Canada July 6-11 2008
Chemical Energy Electrostatic energy (associated
with charged particles like electrons) is stored in the atomic bonds of substances
Rearranging these bonds can release chemical energy (some reactions require energy to be put in)
Typical numbers 100ndash200 kJ per mole a mole is 60221023
moleculesparticles typical molecules are tens of
grams per mole several thousand Joules per gram
20
Chemical Energy Examples
Burning a wooden match releases about 1055 Joules a match is about 03 grams Energy release gt3kJg (3kJg)
Burning coal releases about 20kJg of chemical energy
Burning gasoline yields about 39kJg
Very few substances yield over about 45kJg
Power generation from diesel power plant
CUCs power system comprised of 17 generating units (15 diesel and two gas turbine) - capacity 1512 MW
Electricity price heavily dependent upon fuel cost
21
22
Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil Shale gas = natural gas
formed trapped within shale formations
An increasingly important source of natural gas in the US amp rest of the world
In 2000 shale gas provided 1 of US natural gas production by 2010 it was over 20
US governments Energy Information Administration predicts by 2035 46 of the US NG from shale gas
Source New York Mercantile Exchange
23
Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
Source BP energy outlook 2030 Jan 2012
Are fossil fuel resources finiteknown
May be too much fossil fuel - prices may be too low not too high
Availability not cost Abundant low-cost ldquoconventionalrdquo
oil (Middle East) has limited other sources
The revolution in shale gasshale oil has been transformational in the US
Is there another way forward using cheaper gas without increasing emissions Yes ndashfor the next couple of
decades Switching from coal to gas is
cheap ndash amp cuts emissions by roughly half
Does not solve climate change but gets emissions down much faster and cheaper than wind farms
24
Energy from crops - food Human energy derived from food
(stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)
Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like
gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means
20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power
This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)
25
Biomass
Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012
W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all
biological activity half occurs in oceans
Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity
Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy
15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency
26
How much landHow much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning
sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17
efficient Growing season is only part of year
(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)
= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace
petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012
m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a
side
27
Mass-energy Einstein theory of relativity
E = mc2 Relates mass to energy
one can be transformed into the other
physicists speak generally of mass-energy
Seldom experienced in daily life directly Happens at large scale in the
center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors
Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny
28
E = mc2 Examples
The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline
If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose
9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg
29
E = mc2 in Sun
Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons
Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27
kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons
251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200
kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times
more potent
4 protonsmass = 4029
4He nucleusmass = 40015
energy
Utilising solar energy PV types
Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy
production on earth of 331012 W
Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems
Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big
crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash
16 cheaper (cast in ingots)
Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on
a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around
23
Alternative energy options
32
The main energy alternatives
Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass
fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))
mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)
WHAT WORKS HERE
33
Renewable Resources Renewable = anything that
wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again
tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes
more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on
producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside
earth not used up fast)
34
Solar energy economics Current electricity cost in GC is
about CI$035 per kWh PV output assume 5 hours
peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in
a year installed cost is CI$5 per
peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years
so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity
CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a
few per year payback is ~ 6 years
thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of
investment capability Cost today is what matters
to many
35
The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully
compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar
implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp
let other power plants take up slack
Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need
development) hydrogen production (consume
later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity
grid (not for Cayman)
36
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean
waters The temperature of the water
varies top layer normally warmer
than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least
20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical
areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling
point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped
through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid
Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a
second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system
37
Transportation About 13 of US annual energy usage for
transportation Gasoline is a good fuel
Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20
Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar
as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to
mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable
gasoline
Working design
2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available (eg
Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards
14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations
Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan
How the EV charger works
Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure
Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger
or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid
Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =
$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile
= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y
Engineering considerations Technical
Type 1 2 or 3 ndash charge times
Power source CUC Renewable ndash
solarwind Mechanicalstructural
Withstand to natural and man-made hazards
Aesthetics Local or remote PV
array Harmonisation with
surroundings
Motor vehicles in the future
42
Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear Nuclear energy
Fission Fusion
Fission energy release 85 kinetic energy of
fission products (heat) 15 ke of neutrons +
radiation energy (γ) Energy release E
= mc2
1g equivalent 215 kilotons of TNT 568000 USG of
gasoline
43
Nuclear energy atomic structure Structure of the atom
Nucleus Protons Neutrons
Electrons
44
How a reactor works
Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
45
46
Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors
Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs
High level of passive or inherent safety
Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs
Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor
70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular
inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant
Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
Energy sources and uses
13
Kinetic energy amp wind Kinetic Energy the energy of motion
KE = frac12mv2
KE of wind can be used (eg windmills sailing boats etc)
Example wind passing through a square meter at 8 meters per second (18mph) Each second we have 8 cubic meters Air has density of 13 kgm3 so (8 m3)(13
kgm3) = 104 kg of air each second frac12mv2 = frac12(104 kg)(8 ms)2 = 333 J 333J every second 333W per square meter
(but to get all of it yoursquod have to stop the wind) Stronger winds more power (~ v3)
14
Challenges for small islands
15
Gravitational energy Raising a Weight W through height h against
gravity requires an energy input (work) of E = W = F h = mgh
Rolling a boulder up a hill gives it gravitational potential energy
The higher the cliff the more kinetic energy the boulder will have when it reaches the ground mgh
becomes
frac12mv2
Conservation of energyfrac12mv2 = mghv2 = 2gh
h
16
Energy of the hydrologic cycle Evaporating 1g of water takes 2250J Raising 1g of water to top of the troposphere
(10000 m or 33000 ft)mgh = (0001 kg)(10 ms2)(10000 m) = 100 J
A tiny bit of PE remains IF rain falls on suitable terrain (eg higher than sea level) hydroelectric plants use this tiny left-over
energy damming concentrates PE in one location 401015 W of solar power goes into
evaporation Gravitational PE given to water vapor in the
atmosphere (per second)mgh = (161010 kg)(10 ms2)(2000 m) = 321014 J = 320 TW
US uses only 125 of that available
2012 17
Gravitational energy - water
Pumped storage
18
Waves global distribution of annual mean wave powerA GLOBAL WAVE ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Andrew M Cornett Proceedings of the Eighteenth (2008) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Vancouver BC Canada July 6-11 2008
Chemical Energy Electrostatic energy (associated
with charged particles like electrons) is stored in the atomic bonds of substances
Rearranging these bonds can release chemical energy (some reactions require energy to be put in)
Typical numbers 100ndash200 kJ per mole a mole is 60221023
moleculesparticles typical molecules are tens of
grams per mole several thousand Joules per gram
20
Chemical Energy Examples
Burning a wooden match releases about 1055 Joules a match is about 03 grams Energy release gt3kJg (3kJg)
Burning coal releases about 20kJg of chemical energy
Burning gasoline yields about 39kJg
Very few substances yield over about 45kJg
Power generation from diesel power plant
CUCs power system comprised of 17 generating units (15 diesel and two gas turbine) - capacity 1512 MW
Electricity price heavily dependent upon fuel cost
21
22
Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil Shale gas = natural gas
formed trapped within shale formations
An increasingly important source of natural gas in the US amp rest of the world
In 2000 shale gas provided 1 of US natural gas production by 2010 it was over 20
US governments Energy Information Administration predicts by 2035 46 of the US NG from shale gas
Source New York Mercantile Exchange
23
Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
Source BP energy outlook 2030 Jan 2012
Are fossil fuel resources finiteknown
May be too much fossil fuel - prices may be too low not too high
Availability not cost Abundant low-cost ldquoconventionalrdquo
oil (Middle East) has limited other sources
The revolution in shale gasshale oil has been transformational in the US
Is there another way forward using cheaper gas without increasing emissions Yes ndashfor the next couple of
decades Switching from coal to gas is
cheap ndash amp cuts emissions by roughly half
Does not solve climate change but gets emissions down much faster and cheaper than wind farms
24
Energy from crops - food Human energy derived from food
(stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)
Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like
gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means
20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power
This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)
25
Biomass
Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012
W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all
biological activity half occurs in oceans
Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity
Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy
15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency
26
How much landHow much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning
sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17
efficient Growing season is only part of year
(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)
= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace
petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012
m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a
side
27
Mass-energy Einstein theory of relativity
E = mc2 Relates mass to energy
one can be transformed into the other
physicists speak generally of mass-energy
Seldom experienced in daily life directly Happens at large scale in the
center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors
Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny
28
E = mc2 Examples
The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline
If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose
9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg
29
E = mc2 in Sun
Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons
Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27
kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons
251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200
kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times
more potent
4 protonsmass = 4029
4He nucleusmass = 40015
energy
Utilising solar energy PV types
Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy
production on earth of 331012 W
Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems
Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big
crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash
16 cheaper (cast in ingots)
Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on
a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around
23
Alternative energy options
32
The main energy alternatives
Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass
fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))
mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)
WHAT WORKS HERE
33
Renewable Resources Renewable = anything that
wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again
tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes
more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on
producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside
earth not used up fast)
34
Solar energy economics Current electricity cost in GC is
about CI$035 per kWh PV output assume 5 hours
peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in
a year installed cost is CI$5 per
peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years
so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity
CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a
few per year payback is ~ 6 years
thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of
investment capability Cost today is what matters
to many
35
The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully
compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar
implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp
let other power plants take up slack
Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need
development) hydrogen production (consume
later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity
grid (not for Cayman)
36
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean
waters The temperature of the water
varies top layer normally warmer
than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least
20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical
areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling
point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped
through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid
Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a
second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system
37
Transportation About 13 of US annual energy usage for
transportation Gasoline is a good fuel
Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20
Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar
as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to
mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable
gasoline
Working design
2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available (eg
Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards
14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations
Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan
How the EV charger works
Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure
Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger
or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid
Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =
$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile
= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y
Engineering considerations Technical
Type 1 2 or 3 ndash charge times
Power source CUC Renewable ndash
solarwind Mechanicalstructural
Withstand to natural and man-made hazards
Aesthetics Local or remote PV
array Harmonisation with
surroundings
Motor vehicles in the future
42
Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear Nuclear energy
Fission Fusion
Fission energy release 85 kinetic energy of
fission products (heat) 15 ke of neutrons +
radiation energy (γ) Energy release E
= mc2
1g equivalent 215 kilotons of TNT 568000 USG of
gasoline
43
Nuclear energy atomic structure Structure of the atom
Nucleus Protons Neutrons
Electrons
44
How a reactor works
Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
45
46
Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors
Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs
High level of passive or inherent safety
Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs
Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor
70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular
inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant
Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
13
Kinetic energy amp wind Kinetic Energy the energy of motion
KE = frac12mv2
KE of wind can be used (eg windmills sailing boats etc)
Example wind passing through a square meter at 8 meters per second (18mph) Each second we have 8 cubic meters Air has density of 13 kgm3 so (8 m3)(13
kgm3) = 104 kg of air each second frac12mv2 = frac12(104 kg)(8 ms)2 = 333 J 333J every second 333W per square meter
(but to get all of it yoursquod have to stop the wind) Stronger winds more power (~ v3)
14
Challenges for small islands
15
Gravitational energy Raising a Weight W through height h against
gravity requires an energy input (work) of E = W = F h = mgh
Rolling a boulder up a hill gives it gravitational potential energy
The higher the cliff the more kinetic energy the boulder will have when it reaches the ground mgh
becomes
frac12mv2
Conservation of energyfrac12mv2 = mghv2 = 2gh
h
16
Energy of the hydrologic cycle Evaporating 1g of water takes 2250J Raising 1g of water to top of the troposphere
(10000 m or 33000 ft)mgh = (0001 kg)(10 ms2)(10000 m) = 100 J
A tiny bit of PE remains IF rain falls on suitable terrain (eg higher than sea level) hydroelectric plants use this tiny left-over
energy damming concentrates PE in one location 401015 W of solar power goes into
evaporation Gravitational PE given to water vapor in the
atmosphere (per second)mgh = (161010 kg)(10 ms2)(2000 m) = 321014 J = 320 TW
US uses only 125 of that available
2012 17
Gravitational energy - water
Pumped storage
18
Waves global distribution of annual mean wave powerA GLOBAL WAVE ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Andrew M Cornett Proceedings of the Eighteenth (2008) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Vancouver BC Canada July 6-11 2008
Chemical Energy Electrostatic energy (associated
with charged particles like electrons) is stored in the atomic bonds of substances
Rearranging these bonds can release chemical energy (some reactions require energy to be put in)
Typical numbers 100ndash200 kJ per mole a mole is 60221023
moleculesparticles typical molecules are tens of
grams per mole several thousand Joules per gram
20
Chemical Energy Examples
Burning a wooden match releases about 1055 Joules a match is about 03 grams Energy release gt3kJg (3kJg)
Burning coal releases about 20kJg of chemical energy
Burning gasoline yields about 39kJg
Very few substances yield over about 45kJg
Power generation from diesel power plant
CUCs power system comprised of 17 generating units (15 diesel and two gas turbine) - capacity 1512 MW
Electricity price heavily dependent upon fuel cost
21
22
Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil Shale gas = natural gas
formed trapped within shale formations
An increasingly important source of natural gas in the US amp rest of the world
In 2000 shale gas provided 1 of US natural gas production by 2010 it was over 20
US governments Energy Information Administration predicts by 2035 46 of the US NG from shale gas
Source New York Mercantile Exchange
23
Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
Source BP energy outlook 2030 Jan 2012
Are fossil fuel resources finiteknown
May be too much fossil fuel - prices may be too low not too high
Availability not cost Abundant low-cost ldquoconventionalrdquo
oil (Middle East) has limited other sources
The revolution in shale gasshale oil has been transformational in the US
Is there another way forward using cheaper gas without increasing emissions Yes ndashfor the next couple of
decades Switching from coal to gas is
cheap ndash amp cuts emissions by roughly half
Does not solve climate change but gets emissions down much faster and cheaper than wind farms
24
Energy from crops - food Human energy derived from food
(stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)
Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like
gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means
20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power
This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)
25
Biomass
Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012
W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all
biological activity half occurs in oceans
Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity
Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy
15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency
26
How much landHow much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning
sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17
efficient Growing season is only part of year
(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)
= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace
petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012
m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a
side
27
Mass-energy Einstein theory of relativity
E = mc2 Relates mass to energy
one can be transformed into the other
physicists speak generally of mass-energy
Seldom experienced in daily life directly Happens at large scale in the
center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors
Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny
28
E = mc2 Examples
The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline
If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose
9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg
29
E = mc2 in Sun
Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons
Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27
kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons
251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200
kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times
more potent
4 protonsmass = 4029
4He nucleusmass = 40015
energy
Utilising solar energy PV types
Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy
production on earth of 331012 W
Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems
Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big
crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash
16 cheaper (cast in ingots)
Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on
a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around
23
Alternative energy options
32
The main energy alternatives
Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass
fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))
mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)
WHAT WORKS HERE
33
Renewable Resources Renewable = anything that
wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again
tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes
more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on
producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside
earth not used up fast)
34
Solar energy economics Current electricity cost in GC is
about CI$035 per kWh PV output assume 5 hours
peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in
a year installed cost is CI$5 per
peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years
so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity
CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a
few per year payback is ~ 6 years
thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of
investment capability Cost today is what matters
to many
35
The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully
compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar
implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp
let other power plants take up slack
Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need
development) hydrogen production (consume
later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity
grid (not for Cayman)
36
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean
waters The temperature of the water
varies top layer normally warmer
than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least
20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical
areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling
point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped
through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid
Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a
second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system
37
Transportation About 13 of US annual energy usage for
transportation Gasoline is a good fuel
Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20
Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar
as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to
mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable
gasoline
Working design
2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available (eg
Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards
14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations
Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan
How the EV charger works
Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure
Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger
or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid
Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =
$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile
= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y
Engineering considerations Technical
Type 1 2 or 3 ndash charge times
Power source CUC Renewable ndash
solarwind Mechanicalstructural
Withstand to natural and man-made hazards
Aesthetics Local or remote PV
array Harmonisation with
surroundings
Motor vehicles in the future
42
Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear Nuclear energy
Fission Fusion
Fission energy release 85 kinetic energy of
fission products (heat) 15 ke of neutrons +
radiation energy (γ) Energy release E
= mc2
1g equivalent 215 kilotons of TNT 568000 USG of
gasoline
43
Nuclear energy atomic structure Structure of the atom
Nucleus Protons Neutrons
Electrons
44
How a reactor works
Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
45
46
Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors
Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs
High level of passive or inherent safety
Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs
Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor
70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular
inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant
Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
14
Challenges for small islands
15
Gravitational energy Raising a Weight W through height h against
gravity requires an energy input (work) of E = W = F h = mgh
Rolling a boulder up a hill gives it gravitational potential energy
The higher the cliff the more kinetic energy the boulder will have when it reaches the ground mgh
becomes
frac12mv2
Conservation of energyfrac12mv2 = mghv2 = 2gh
h
16
Energy of the hydrologic cycle Evaporating 1g of water takes 2250J Raising 1g of water to top of the troposphere
(10000 m or 33000 ft)mgh = (0001 kg)(10 ms2)(10000 m) = 100 J
A tiny bit of PE remains IF rain falls on suitable terrain (eg higher than sea level) hydroelectric plants use this tiny left-over
energy damming concentrates PE in one location 401015 W of solar power goes into
evaporation Gravitational PE given to water vapor in the
atmosphere (per second)mgh = (161010 kg)(10 ms2)(2000 m) = 321014 J = 320 TW
US uses only 125 of that available
2012 17
Gravitational energy - water
Pumped storage
18
Waves global distribution of annual mean wave powerA GLOBAL WAVE ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Andrew M Cornett Proceedings of the Eighteenth (2008) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Vancouver BC Canada July 6-11 2008
Chemical Energy Electrostatic energy (associated
with charged particles like electrons) is stored in the atomic bonds of substances
Rearranging these bonds can release chemical energy (some reactions require energy to be put in)
Typical numbers 100ndash200 kJ per mole a mole is 60221023
moleculesparticles typical molecules are tens of
grams per mole several thousand Joules per gram
20
Chemical Energy Examples
Burning a wooden match releases about 1055 Joules a match is about 03 grams Energy release gt3kJg (3kJg)
Burning coal releases about 20kJg of chemical energy
Burning gasoline yields about 39kJg
Very few substances yield over about 45kJg
Power generation from diesel power plant
CUCs power system comprised of 17 generating units (15 diesel and two gas turbine) - capacity 1512 MW
Electricity price heavily dependent upon fuel cost
21
22
Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil Shale gas = natural gas
formed trapped within shale formations
An increasingly important source of natural gas in the US amp rest of the world
In 2000 shale gas provided 1 of US natural gas production by 2010 it was over 20
US governments Energy Information Administration predicts by 2035 46 of the US NG from shale gas
Source New York Mercantile Exchange
23
Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
Source BP energy outlook 2030 Jan 2012
Are fossil fuel resources finiteknown
May be too much fossil fuel - prices may be too low not too high
Availability not cost Abundant low-cost ldquoconventionalrdquo
oil (Middle East) has limited other sources
The revolution in shale gasshale oil has been transformational in the US
Is there another way forward using cheaper gas without increasing emissions Yes ndashfor the next couple of
decades Switching from coal to gas is
cheap ndash amp cuts emissions by roughly half
Does not solve climate change but gets emissions down much faster and cheaper than wind farms
24
Energy from crops - food Human energy derived from food
(stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)
Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like
gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means
20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power
This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)
25
Biomass
Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012
W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all
biological activity half occurs in oceans
Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity
Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy
15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency
26
How much landHow much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning
sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17
efficient Growing season is only part of year
(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)
= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace
petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012
m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a
side
27
Mass-energy Einstein theory of relativity
E = mc2 Relates mass to energy
one can be transformed into the other
physicists speak generally of mass-energy
Seldom experienced in daily life directly Happens at large scale in the
center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors
Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny
28
E = mc2 Examples
The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline
If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose
9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg
29
E = mc2 in Sun
Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons
Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27
kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons
251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200
kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times
more potent
4 protonsmass = 4029
4He nucleusmass = 40015
energy
Utilising solar energy PV types
Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy
production on earth of 331012 W
Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems
Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big
crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash
16 cheaper (cast in ingots)
Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on
a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around
23
Alternative energy options
32
The main energy alternatives
Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass
fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))
mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)
WHAT WORKS HERE
33
Renewable Resources Renewable = anything that
wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again
tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes
more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on
producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside
earth not used up fast)
34
Solar energy economics Current electricity cost in GC is
about CI$035 per kWh PV output assume 5 hours
peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in
a year installed cost is CI$5 per
peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years
so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity
CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a
few per year payback is ~ 6 years
thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of
investment capability Cost today is what matters
to many
35
The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully
compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar
implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp
let other power plants take up slack
Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need
development) hydrogen production (consume
later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity
grid (not for Cayman)
36
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean
waters The temperature of the water
varies top layer normally warmer
than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least
20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical
areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling
point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped
through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid
Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a
second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system
37
Transportation About 13 of US annual energy usage for
transportation Gasoline is a good fuel
Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20
Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar
as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to
mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable
gasoline
Working design
2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available (eg
Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards
14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations
Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan
How the EV charger works
Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure
Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger
or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid
Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =
$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile
= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y
Engineering considerations Technical
Type 1 2 or 3 ndash charge times
Power source CUC Renewable ndash
solarwind Mechanicalstructural
Withstand to natural and man-made hazards
Aesthetics Local or remote PV
array Harmonisation with
surroundings
Motor vehicles in the future
42
Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear Nuclear energy
Fission Fusion
Fission energy release 85 kinetic energy of
fission products (heat) 15 ke of neutrons +
radiation energy (γ) Energy release E
= mc2
1g equivalent 215 kilotons of TNT 568000 USG of
gasoline
43
Nuclear energy atomic structure Structure of the atom
Nucleus Protons Neutrons
Electrons
44
How a reactor works
Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
45
46
Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors
Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs
High level of passive or inherent safety
Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs
Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor
70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular
inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant
Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
15
Gravitational energy Raising a Weight W through height h against
gravity requires an energy input (work) of E = W = F h = mgh
Rolling a boulder up a hill gives it gravitational potential energy
The higher the cliff the more kinetic energy the boulder will have when it reaches the ground mgh
becomes
frac12mv2
Conservation of energyfrac12mv2 = mghv2 = 2gh
h
16
Energy of the hydrologic cycle Evaporating 1g of water takes 2250J Raising 1g of water to top of the troposphere
(10000 m or 33000 ft)mgh = (0001 kg)(10 ms2)(10000 m) = 100 J
A tiny bit of PE remains IF rain falls on suitable terrain (eg higher than sea level) hydroelectric plants use this tiny left-over
energy damming concentrates PE in one location 401015 W of solar power goes into
evaporation Gravitational PE given to water vapor in the
atmosphere (per second)mgh = (161010 kg)(10 ms2)(2000 m) = 321014 J = 320 TW
US uses only 125 of that available
2012 17
Gravitational energy - water
Pumped storage
18
Waves global distribution of annual mean wave powerA GLOBAL WAVE ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Andrew M Cornett Proceedings of the Eighteenth (2008) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Vancouver BC Canada July 6-11 2008
Chemical Energy Electrostatic energy (associated
with charged particles like electrons) is stored in the atomic bonds of substances
Rearranging these bonds can release chemical energy (some reactions require energy to be put in)
Typical numbers 100ndash200 kJ per mole a mole is 60221023
moleculesparticles typical molecules are tens of
grams per mole several thousand Joules per gram
20
Chemical Energy Examples
Burning a wooden match releases about 1055 Joules a match is about 03 grams Energy release gt3kJg (3kJg)
Burning coal releases about 20kJg of chemical energy
Burning gasoline yields about 39kJg
Very few substances yield over about 45kJg
Power generation from diesel power plant
CUCs power system comprised of 17 generating units (15 diesel and two gas turbine) - capacity 1512 MW
Electricity price heavily dependent upon fuel cost
21
22
Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil Shale gas = natural gas
formed trapped within shale formations
An increasingly important source of natural gas in the US amp rest of the world
In 2000 shale gas provided 1 of US natural gas production by 2010 it was over 20
US governments Energy Information Administration predicts by 2035 46 of the US NG from shale gas
Source New York Mercantile Exchange
23
Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
Source BP energy outlook 2030 Jan 2012
Are fossil fuel resources finiteknown
May be too much fossil fuel - prices may be too low not too high
Availability not cost Abundant low-cost ldquoconventionalrdquo
oil (Middle East) has limited other sources
The revolution in shale gasshale oil has been transformational in the US
Is there another way forward using cheaper gas without increasing emissions Yes ndashfor the next couple of
decades Switching from coal to gas is
cheap ndash amp cuts emissions by roughly half
Does not solve climate change but gets emissions down much faster and cheaper than wind farms
24
Energy from crops - food Human energy derived from food
(stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)
Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like
gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means
20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power
This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)
25
Biomass
Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012
W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all
biological activity half occurs in oceans
Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity
Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy
15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency
26
How much landHow much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning
sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17
efficient Growing season is only part of year
(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)
= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace
petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012
m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a
side
27
Mass-energy Einstein theory of relativity
E = mc2 Relates mass to energy
one can be transformed into the other
physicists speak generally of mass-energy
Seldom experienced in daily life directly Happens at large scale in the
center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors
Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny
28
E = mc2 Examples
The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline
If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose
9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg
29
E = mc2 in Sun
Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons
Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27
kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons
251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200
kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times
more potent
4 protonsmass = 4029
4He nucleusmass = 40015
energy
Utilising solar energy PV types
Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy
production on earth of 331012 W
Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems
Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big
crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash
16 cheaper (cast in ingots)
Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on
a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around
23
Alternative energy options
32
The main energy alternatives
Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass
fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))
mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)
WHAT WORKS HERE
33
Renewable Resources Renewable = anything that
wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again
tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes
more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on
producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside
earth not used up fast)
34
Solar energy economics Current electricity cost in GC is
about CI$035 per kWh PV output assume 5 hours
peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in
a year installed cost is CI$5 per
peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years
so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity
CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a
few per year payback is ~ 6 years
thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of
investment capability Cost today is what matters
to many
35
The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully
compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar
implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp
let other power plants take up slack
Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need
development) hydrogen production (consume
later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity
grid (not for Cayman)
36
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean
waters The temperature of the water
varies top layer normally warmer
than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least
20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical
areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling
point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped
through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid
Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a
second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system
37
Transportation About 13 of US annual energy usage for
transportation Gasoline is a good fuel
Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20
Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar
as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to
mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable
gasoline
Working design
2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available (eg
Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards
14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations
Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan
How the EV charger works
Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure
Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger
or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid
Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =
$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile
= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y
Engineering considerations Technical
Type 1 2 or 3 ndash charge times
Power source CUC Renewable ndash
solarwind Mechanicalstructural
Withstand to natural and man-made hazards
Aesthetics Local or remote PV
array Harmonisation with
surroundings
Motor vehicles in the future
42
Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear Nuclear energy
Fission Fusion
Fission energy release 85 kinetic energy of
fission products (heat) 15 ke of neutrons +
radiation energy (γ) Energy release E
= mc2
1g equivalent 215 kilotons of TNT 568000 USG of
gasoline
43
Nuclear energy atomic structure Structure of the atom
Nucleus Protons Neutrons
Electrons
44
How a reactor works
Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
45
46
Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors
Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs
High level of passive or inherent safety
Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs
Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor
70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular
inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant
Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
16
Energy of the hydrologic cycle Evaporating 1g of water takes 2250J Raising 1g of water to top of the troposphere
(10000 m or 33000 ft)mgh = (0001 kg)(10 ms2)(10000 m) = 100 J
A tiny bit of PE remains IF rain falls on suitable terrain (eg higher than sea level) hydroelectric plants use this tiny left-over
energy damming concentrates PE in one location 401015 W of solar power goes into
evaporation Gravitational PE given to water vapor in the
atmosphere (per second)mgh = (161010 kg)(10 ms2)(2000 m) = 321014 J = 320 TW
US uses only 125 of that available
2012 17
Gravitational energy - water
Pumped storage
18
Waves global distribution of annual mean wave powerA GLOBAL WAVE ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Andrew M Cornett Proceedings of the Eighteenth (2008) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Vancouver BC Canada July 6-11 2008
Chemical Energy Electrostatic energy (associated
with charged particles like electrons) is stored in the atomic bonds of substances
Rearranging these bonds can release chemical energy (some reactions require energy to be put in)
Typical numbers 100ndash200 kJ per mole a mole is 60221023
moleculesparticles typical molecules are tens of
grams per mole several thousand Joules per gram
20
Chemical Energy Examples
Burning a wooden match releases about 1055 Joules a match is about 03 grams Energy release gt3kJg (3kJg)
Burning coal releases about 20kJg of chemical energy
Burning gasoline yields about 39kJg
Very few substances yield over about 45kJg
Power generation from diesel power plant
CUCs power system comprised of 17 generating units (15 diesel and two gas turbine) - capacity 1512 MW
Electricity price heavily dependent upon fuel cost
21
22
Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil Shale gas = natural gas
formed trapped within shale formations
An increasingly important source of natural gas in the US amp rest of the world
In 2000 shale gas provided 1 of US natural gas production by 2010 it was over 20
US governments Energy Information Administration predicts by 2035 46 of the US NG from shale gas
Source New York Mercantile Exchange
23
Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
Source BP energy outlook 2030 Jan 2012
Are fossil fuel resources finiteknown
May be too much fossil fuel - prices may be too low not too high
Availability not cost Abundant low-cost ldquoconventionalrdquo
oil (Middle East) has limited other sources
The revolution in shale gasshale oil has been transformational in the US
Is there another way forward using cheaper gas without increasing emissions Yes ndashfor the next couple of
decades Switching from coal to gas is
cheap ndash amp cuts emissions by roughly half
Does not solve climate change but gets emissions down much faster and cheaper than wind farms
24
Energy from crops - food Human energy derived from food
(stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)
Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like
gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means
20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power
This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)
25
Biomass
Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012
W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all
biological activity half occurs in oceans
Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity
Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy
15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency
26
How much landHow much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning
sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17
efficient Growing season is only part of year
(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)
= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace
petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012
m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a
side
27
Mass-energy Einstein theory of relativity
E = mc2 Relates mass to energy
one can be transformed into the other
physicists speak generally of mass-energy
Seldom experienced in daily life directly Happens at large scale in the
center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors
Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny
28
E = mc2 Examples
The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline
If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose
9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg
29
E = mc2 in Sun
Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons
Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27
kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons
251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200
kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times
more potent
4 protonsmass = 4029
4He nucleusmass = 40015
energy
Utilising solar energy PV types
Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy
production on earth of 331012 W
Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems
Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big
crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash
16 cheaper (cast in ingots)
Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on
a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around
23
Alternative energy options
32
The main energy alternatives
Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass
fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))
mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)
WHAT WORKS HERE
33
Renewable Resources Renewable = anything that
wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again
tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes
more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on
producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside
earth not used up fast)
34
Solar energy economics Current electricity cost in GC is
about CI$035 per kWh PV output assume 5 hours
peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in
a year installed cost is CI$5 per
peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years
so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity
CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a
few per year payback is ~ 6 years
thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of
investment capability Cost today is what matters
to many
35
The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully
compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar
implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp
let other power plants take up slack
Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need
development) hydrogen production (consume
later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity
grid (not for Cayman)
36
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean
waters The temperature of the water
varies top layer normally warmer
than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least
20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical
areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling
point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped
through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid
Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a
second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system
37
Transportation About 13 of US annual energy usage for
transportation Gasoline is a good fuel
Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20
Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar
as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to
mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable
gasoline
Working design
2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available (eg
Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards
14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations
Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan
How the EV charger works
Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure
Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger
or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid
Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =
$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile
= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y
Engineering considerations Technical
Type 1 2 or 3 ndash charge times
Power source CUC Renewable ndash
solarwind Mechanicalstructural
Withstand to natural and man-made hazards
Aesthetics Local or remote PV
array Harmonisation with
surroundings
Motor vehicles in the future
42
Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear Nuclear energy
Fission Fusion
Fission energy release 85 kinetic energy of
fission products (heat) 15 ke of neutrons +
radiation energy (γ) Energy release E
= mc2
1g equivalent 215 kilotons of TNT 568000 USG of
gasoline
43
Nuclear energy atomic structure Structure of the atom
Nucleus Protons Neutrons
Electrons
44
How a reactor works
Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
45
46
Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors
Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs
High level of passive or inherent safety
Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs
Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor
70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular
inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant
Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
2012 17
Gravitational energy - water
Pumped storage
18
Waves global distribution of annual mean wave powerA GLOBAL WAVE ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Andrew M Cornett Proceedings of the Eighteenth (2008) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Vancouver BC Canada July 6-11 2008
Chemical Energy Electrostatic energy (associated
with charged particles like electrons) is stored in the atomic bonds of substances
Rearranging these bonds can release chemical energy (some reactions require energy to be put in)
Typical numbers 100ndash200 kJ per mole a mole is 60221023
moleculesparticles typical molecules are tens of
grams per mole several thousand Joules per gram
20
Chemical Energy Examples
Burning a wooden match releases about 1055 Joules a match is about 03 grams Energy release gt3kJg (3kJg)
Burning coal releases about 20kJg of chemical energy
Burning gasoline yields about 39kJg
Very few substances yield over about 45kJg
Power generation from diesel power plant
CUCs power system comprised of 17 generating units (15 diesel and two gas turbine) - capacity 1512 MW
Electricity price heavily dependent upon fuel cost
21
22
Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil Shale gas = natural gas
formed trapped within shale formations
An increasingly important source of natural gas in the US amp rest of the world
In 2000 shale gas provided 1 of US natural gas production by 2010 it was over 20
US governments Energy Information Administration predicts by 2035 46 of the US NG from shale gas
Source New York Mercantile Exchange
23
Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
Source BP energy outlook 2030 Jan 2012
Are fossil fuel resources finiteknown
May be too much fossil fuel - prices may be too low not too high
Availability not cost Abundant low-cost ldquoconventionalrdquo
oil (Middle East) has limited other sources
The revolution in shale gasshale oil has been transformational in the US
Is there another way forward using cheaper gas without increasing emissions Yes ndashfor the next couple of
decades Switching from coal to gas is
cheap ndash amp cuts emissions by roughly half
Does not solve climate change but gets emissions down much faster and cheaper than wind farms
24
Energy from crops - food Human energy derived from food
(stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)
Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like
gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means
20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power
This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)
25
Biomass
Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012
W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all
biological activity half occurs in oceans
Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity
Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy
15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency
26
How much landHow much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning
sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17
efficient Growing season is only part of year
(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)
= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace
petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012
m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a
side
27
Mass-energy Einstein theory of relativity
E = mc2 Relates mass to energy
one can be transformed into the other
physicists speak generally of mass-energy
Seldom experienced in daily life directly Happens at large scale in the
center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors
Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny
28
E = mc2 Examples
The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline
If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose
9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg
29
E = mc2 in Sun
Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons
Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27
kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons
251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200
kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times
more potent
4 protonsmass = 4029
4He nucleusmass = 40015
energy
Utilising solar energy PV types
Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy
production on earth of 331012 W
Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems
Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big
crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash
16 cheaper (cast in ingots)
Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on
a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around
23
Alternative energy options
32
The main energy alternatives
Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass
fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))
mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)
WHAT WORKS HERE
33
Renewable Resources Renewable = anything that
wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again
tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes
more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on
producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside
earth not used up fast)
34
Solar energy economics Current electricity cost in GC is
about CI$035 per kWh PV output assume 5 hours
peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in
a year installed cost is CI$5 per
peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years
so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity
CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a
few per year payback is ~ 6 years
thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of
investment capability Cost today is what matters
to many
35
The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully
compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar
implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp
let other power plants take up slack
Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need
development) hydrogen production (consume
later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity
grid (not for Cayman)
36
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean
waters The temperature of the water
varies top layer normally warmer
than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least
20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical
areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling
point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped
through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid
Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a
second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system
37
Transportation About 13 of US annual energy usage for
transportation Gasoline is a good fuel
Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20
Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar
as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to
mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable
gasoline
Working design
2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available (eg
Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards
14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations
Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan
How the EV charger works
Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure
Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger
or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid
Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =
$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile
= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y
Engineering considerations Technical
Type 1 2 or 3 ndash charge times
Power source CUC Renewable ndash
solarwind Mechanicalstructural
Withstand to natural and man-made hazards
Aesthetics Local or remote PV
array Harmonisation with
surroundings
Motor vehicles in the future
42
Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear Nuclear energy
Fission Fusion
Fission energy release 85 kinetic energy of
fission products (heat) 15 ke of neutrons +
radiation energy (γ) Energy release E
= mc2
1g equivalent 215 kilotons of TNT 568000 USG of
gasoline
43
Nuclear energy atomic structure Structure of the atom
Nucleus Protons Neutrons
Electrons
44
How a reactor works
Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
45
46
Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors
Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs
High level of passive or inherent safety
Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs
Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor
70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular
inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant
Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
18
Waves global distribution of annual mean wave powerA GLOBAL WAVE ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Andrew M Cornett Proceedings of the Eighteenth (2008) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Vancouver BC Canada July 6-11 2008
Chemical Energy Electrostatic energy (associated
with charged particles like electrons) is stored in the atomic bonds of substances
Rearranging these bonds can release chemical energy (some reactions require energy to be put in)
Typical numbers 100ndash200 kJ per mole a mole is 60221023
moleculesparticles typical molecules are tens of
grams per mole several thousand Joules per gram
20
Chemical Energy Examples
Burning a wooden match releases about 1055 Joules a match is about 03 grams Energy release gt3kJg (3kJg)
Burning coal releases about 20kJg of chemical energy
Burning gasoline yields about 39kJg
Very few substances yield over about 45kJg
Power generation from diesel power plant
CUCs power system comprised of 17 generating units (15 diesel and two gas turbine) - capacity 1512 MW
Electricity price heavily dependent upon fuel cost
21
22
Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil Shale gas = natural gas
formed trapped within shale formations
An increasingly important source of natural gas in the US amp rest of the world
In 2000 shale gas provided 1 of US natural gas production by 2010 it was over 20
US governments Energy Information Administration predicts by 2035 46 of the US NG from shale gas
Source New York Mercantile Exchange
23
Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
Source BP energy outlook 2030 Jan 2012
Are fossil fuel resources finiteknown
May be too much fossil fuel - prices may be too low not too high
Availability not cost Abundant low-cost ldquoconventionalrdquo
oil (Middle East) has limited other sources
The revolution in shale gasshale oil has been transformational in the US
Is there another way forward using cheaper gas without increasing emissions Yes ndashfor the next couple of
decades Switching from coal to gas is
cheap ndash amp cuts emissions by roughly half
Does not solve climate change but gets emissions down much faster and cheaper than wind farms
24
Energy from crops - food Human energy derived from food
(stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)
Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like
gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means
20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power
This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)
25
Biomass
Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012
W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all
biological activity half occurs in oceans
Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity
Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy
15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency
26
How much landHow much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning
sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17
efficient Growing season is only part of year
(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)
= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace
petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012
m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a
side
27
Mass-energy Einstein theory of relativity
E = mc2 Relates mass to energy
one can be transformed into the other
physicists speak generally of mass-energy
Seldom experienced in daily life directly Happens at large scale in the
center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors
Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny
28
E = mc2 Examples
The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline
If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose
9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg
29
E = mc2 in Sun
Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons
Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27
kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons
251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200
kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times
more potent
4 protonsmass = 4029
4He nucleusmass = 40015
energy
Utilising solar energy PV types
Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy
production on earth of 331012 W
Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems
Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big
crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash
16 cheaper (cast in ingots)
Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on
a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around
23
Alternative energy options
32
The main energy alternatives
Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass
fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))
mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)
WHAT WORKS HERE
33
Renewable Resources Renewable = anything that
wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again
tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes
more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on
producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside
earth not used up fast)
34
Solar energy economics Current electricity cost in GC is
about CI$035 per kWh PV output assume 5 hours
peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in
a year installed cost is CI$5 per
peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years
so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity
CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a
few per year payback is ~ 6 years
thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of
investment capability Cost today is what matters
to many
35
The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully
compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar
implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp
let other power plants take up slack
Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need
development) hydrogen production (consume
later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity
grid (not for Cayman)
36
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean
waters The temperature of the water
varies top layer normally warmer
than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least
20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical
areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling
point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped
through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid
Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a
second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system
37
Transportation About 13 of US annual energy usage for
transportation Gasoline is a good fuel
Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20
Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar
as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to
mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable
gasoline
Working design
2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available (eg
Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards
14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations
Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan
How the EV charger works
Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure
Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger
or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid
Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =
$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile
= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y
Engineering considerations Technical
Type 1 2 or 3 ndash charge times
Power source CUC Renewable ndash
solarwind Mechanicalstructural
Withstand to natural and man-made hazards
Aesthetics Local or remote PV
array Harmonisation with
surroundings
Motor vehicles in the future
42
Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear Nuclear energy
Fission Fusion
Fission energy release 85 kinetic energy of
fission products (heat) 15 ke of neutrons +
radiation energy (γ) Energy release E
= mc2
1g equivalent 215 kilotons of TNT 568000 USG of
gasoline
43
Nuclear energy atomic structure Structure of the atom
Nucleus Protons Neutrons
Electrons
44
How a reactor works
Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
45
46
Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors
Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs
High level of passive or inherent safety
Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs
Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor
70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular
inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant
Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
Chemical Energy Electrostatic energy (associated
with charged particles like electrons) is stored in the atomic bonds of substances
Rearranging these bonds can release chemical energy (some reactions require energy to be put in)
Typical numbers 100ndash200 kJ per mole a mole is 60221023
moleculesparticles typical molecules are tens of
grams per mole several thousand Joules per gram
20
Chemical Energy Examples
Burning a wooden match releases about 1055 Joules a match is about 03 grams Energy release gt3kJg (3kJg)
Burning coal releases about 20kJg of chemical energy
Burning gasoline yields about 39kJg
Very few substances yield over about 45kJg
Power generation from diesel power plant
CUCs power system comprised of 17 generating units (15 diesel and two gas turbine) - capacity 1512 MW
Electricity price heavily dependent upon fuel cost
21
22
Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil Shale gas = natural gas
formed trapped within shale formations
An increasingly important source of natural gas in the US amp rest of the world
In 2000 shale gas provided 1 of US natural gas production by 2010 it was over 20
US governments Energy Information Administration predicts by 2035 46 of the US NG from shale gas
Source New York Mercantile Exchange
23
Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
Source BP energy outlook 2030 Jan 2012
Are fossil fuel resources finiteknown
May be too much fossil fuel - prices may be too low not too high
Availability not cost Abundant low-cost ldquoconventionalrdquo
oil (Middle East) has limited other sources
The revolution in shale gasshale oil has been transformational in the US
Is there another way forward using cheaper gas without increasing emissions Yes ndashfor the next couple of
decades Switching from coal to gas is
cheap ndash amp cuts emissions by roughly half
Does not solve climate change but gets emissions down much faster and cheaper than wind farms
24
Energy from crops - food Human energy derived from food
(stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)
Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like
gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means
20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power
This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)
25
Biomass
Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012
W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all
biological activity half occurs in oceans
Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity
Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy
15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency
26
How much landHow much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning
sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17
efficient Growing season is only part of year
(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)
= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace
petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012
m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a
side
27
Mass-energy Einstein theory of relativity
E = mc2 Relates mass to energy
one can be transformed into the other
physicists speak generally of mass-energy
Seldom experienced in daily life directly Happens at large scale in the
center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors
Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny
28
E = mc2 Examples
The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline
If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose
9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg
29
E = mc2 in Sun
Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons
Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27
kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons
251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200
kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times
more potent
4 protonsmass = 4029
4He nucleusmass = 40015
energy
Utilising solar energy PV types
Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy
production on earth of 331012 W
Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems
Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big
crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash
16 cheaper (cast in ingots)
Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on
a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around
23
Alternative energy options
32
The main energy alternatives
Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass
fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))
mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)
WHAT WORKS HERE
33
Renewable Resources Renewable = anything that
wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again
tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes
more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on
producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside
earth not used up fast)
34
Solar energy economics Current electricity cost in GC is
about CI$035 per kWh PV output assume 5 hours
peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in
a year installed cost is CI$5 per
peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years
so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity
CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a
few per year payback is ~ 6 years
thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of
investment capability Cost today is what matters
to many
35
The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully
compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar
implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp
let other power plants take up slack
Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need
development) hydrogen production (consume
later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity
grid (not for Cayman)
36
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean
waters The temperature of the water
varies top layer normally warmer
than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least
20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical
areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling
point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped
through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid
Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a
second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system
37
Transportation About 13 of US annual energy usage for
transportation Gasoline is a good fuel
Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20
Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar
as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to
mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable
gasoline
Working design
2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available (eg
Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards
14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations
Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan
How the EV charger works
Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure
Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger
or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid
Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =
$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile
= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y
Engineering considerations Technical
Type 1 2 or 3 ndash charge times
Power source CUC Renewable ndash
solarwind Mechanicalstructural
Withstand to natural and man-made hazards
Aesthetics Local or remote PV
array Harmonisation with
surroundings
Motor vehicles in the future
42
Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear Nuclear energy
Fission Fusion
Fission energy release 85 kinetic energy of
fission products (heat) 15 ke of neutrons +
radiation energy (γ) Energy release E
= mc2
1g equivalent 215 kilotons of TNT 568000 USG of
gasoline
43
Nuclear energy atomic structure Structure of the atom
Nucleus Protons Neutrons
Electrons
44
How a reactor works
Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
45
46
Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors
Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs
High level of passive or inherent safety
Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs
Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor
70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular
inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant
Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
20
Chemical Energy Examples
Burning a wooden match releases about 1055 Joules a match is about 03 grams Energy release gt3kJg (3kJg)
Burning coal releases about 20kJg of chemical energy
Burning gasoline yields about 39kJg
Very few substances yield over about 45kJg
Power generation from diesel power plant
CUCs power system comprised of 17 generating units (15 diesel and two gas turbine) - capacity 1512 MW
Electricity price heavily dependent upon fuel cost
21
22
Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil Shale gas = natural gas
formed trapped within shale formations
An increasingly important source of natural gas in the US amp rest of the world
In 2000 shale gas provided 1 of US natural gas production by 2010 it was over 20
US governments Energy Information Administration predicts by 2035 46 of the US NG from shale gas
Source New York Mercantile Exchange
23
Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
Source BP energy outlook 2030 Jan 2012
Are fossil fuel resources finiteknown
May be too much fossil fuel - prices may be too low not too high
Availability not cost Abundant low-cost ldquoconventionalrdquo
oil (Middle East) has limited other sources
The revolution in shale gasshale oil has been transformational in the US
Is there another way forward using cheaper gas without increasing emissions Yes ndashfor the next couple of
decades Switching from coal to gas is
cheap ndash amp cuts emissions by roughly half
Does not solve climate change but gets emissions down much faster and cheaper than wind farms
24
Energy from crops - food Human energy derived from food
(stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)
Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like
gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means
20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power
This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)
25
Biomass
Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012
W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all
biological activity half occurs in oceans
Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity
Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy
15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency
26
How much landHow much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning
sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17
efficient Growing season is only part of year
(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)
= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace
petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012
m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a
side
27
Mass-energy Einstein theory of relativity
E = mc2 Relates mass to energy
one can be transformed into the other
physicists speak generally of mass-energy
Seldom experienced in daily life directly Happens at large scale in the
center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors
Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny
28
E = mc2 Examples
The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline
If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose
9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg
29
E = mc2 in Sun
Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons
Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27
kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons
251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200
kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times
more potent
4 protonsmass = 4029
4He nucleusmass = 40015
energy
Utilising solar energy PV types
Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy
production on earth of 331012 W
Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems
Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big
crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash
16 cheaper (cast in ingots)
Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on
a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around
23
Alternative energy options
32
The main energy alternatives
Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass
fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))
mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)
WHAT WORKS HERE
33
Renewable Resources Renewable = anything that
wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again
tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes
more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on
producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside
earth not used up fast)
34
Solar energy economics Current electricity cost in GC is
about CI$035 per kWh PV output assume 5 hours
peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in
a year installed cost is CI$5 per
peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years
so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity
CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a
few per year payback is ~ 6 years
thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of
investment capability Cost today is what matters
to many
35
The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully
compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar
implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp
let other power plants take up slack
Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need
development) hydrogen production (consume
later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity
grid (not for Cayman)
36
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean
waters The temperature of the water
varies top layer normally warmer
than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least
20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical
areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling
point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped
through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid
Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a
second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system
37
Transportation About 13 of US annual energy usage for
transportation Gasoline is a good fuel
Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20
Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar
as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to
mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable
gasoline
Working design
2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available (eg
Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards
14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations
Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan
How the EV charger works
Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure
Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger
or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid
Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =
$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile
= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y
Engineering considerations Technical
Type 1 2 or 3 ndash charge times
Power source CUC Renewable ndash
solarwind Mechanicalstructural
Withstand to natural and man-made hazards
Aesthetics Local or remote PV
array Harmonisation with
surroundings
Motor vehicles in the future
42
Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear Nuclear energy
Fission Fusion
Fission energy release 85 kinetic energy of
fission products (heat) 15 ke of neutrons +
radiation energy (γ) Energy release E
= mc2
1g equivalent 215 kilotons of TNT 568000 USG of
gasoline
43
Nuclear energy atomic structure Structure of the atom
Nucleus Protons Neutrons
Electrons
44
How a reactor works
Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
45
46
Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors
Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs
High level of passive or inherent safety
Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs
Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor
70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular
inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant
Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
Power generation from diesel power plant
CUCs power system comprised of 17 generating units (15 diesel and two gas turbine) - capacity 1512 MW
Electricity price heavily dependent upon fuel cost
21
22
Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil Shale gas = natural gas
formed trapped within shale formations
An increasingly important source of natural gas in the US amp rest of the world
In 2000 shale gas provided 1 of US natural gas production by 2010 it was over 20
US governments Energy Information Administration predicts by 2035 46 of the US NG from shale gas
Source New York Mercantile Exchange
23
Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
Source BP energy outlook 2030 Jan 2012
Are fossil fuel resources finiteknown
May be too much fossil fuel - prices may be too low not too high
Availability not cost Abundant low-cost ldquoconventionalrdquo
oil (Middle East) has limited other sources
The revolution in shale gasshale oil has been transformational in the US
Is there another way forward using cheaper gas without increasing emissions Yes ndashfor the next couple of
decades Switching from coal to gas is
cheap ndash amp cuts emissions by roughly half
Does not solve climate change but gets emissions down much faster and cheaper than wind farms
24
Energy from crops - food Human energy derived from food
(stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)
Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like
gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means
20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power
This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)
25
Biomass
Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012
W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all
biological activity half occurs in oceans
Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity
Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy
15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency
26
How much landHow much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning
sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17
efficient Growing season is only part of year
(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)
= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace
petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012
m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a
side
27
Mass-energy Einstein theory of relativity
E = mc2 Relates mass to energy
one can be transformed into the other
physicists speak generally of mass-energy
Seldom experienced in daily life directly Happens at large scale in the
center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors
Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny
28
E = mc2 Examples
The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline
If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose
9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg
29
E = mc2 in Sun
Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons
Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27
kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons
251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200
kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times
more potent
4 protonsmass = 4029
4He nucleusmass = 40015
energy
Utilising solar energy PV types
Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy
production on earth of 331012 W
Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems
Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big
crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash
16 cheaper (cast in ingots)
Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on
a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around
23
Alternative energy options
32
The main energy alternatives
Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass
fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))
mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)
WHAT WORKS HERE
33
Renewable Resources Renewable = anything that
wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again
tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes
more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on
producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside
earth not used up fast)
34
Solar energy economics Current electricity cost in GC is
about CI$035 per kWh PV output assume 5 hours
peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in
a year installed cost is CI$5 per
peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years
so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity
CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a
few per year payback is ~ 6 years
thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of
investment capability Cost today is what matters
to many
35
The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully
compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar
implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp
let other power plants take up slack
Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need
development) hydrogen production (consume
later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity
grid (not for Cayman)
36
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean
waters The temperature of the water
varies top layer normally warmer
than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least
20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical
areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling
point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped
through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid
Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a
second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system
37
Transportation About 13 of US annual energy usage for
transportation Gasoline is a good fuel
Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20
Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar
as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to
mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable
gasoline
Working design
2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available (eg
Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards
14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations
Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan
How the EV charger works
Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure
Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger
or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid
Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =
$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile
= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y
Engineering considerations Technical
Type 1 2 or 3 ndash charge times
Power source CUC Renewable ndash
solarwind Mechanicalstructural
Withstand to natural and man-made hazards
Aesthetics Local or remote PV
array Harmonisation with
surroundings
Motor vehicles in the future
42
Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear Nuclear energy
Fission Fusion
Fission energy release 85 kinetic energy of
fission products (heat) 15 ke of neutrons +
radiation energy (γ) Energy release E
= mc2
1g equivalent 215 kilotons of TNT 568000 USG of
gasoline
43
Nuclear energy atomic structure Structure of the atom
Nucleus Protons Neutrons
Electrons
44
How a reactor works
Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
45
46
Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors
Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs
High level of passive or inherent safety
Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs
Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor
70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular
inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant
Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
22
Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil Shale gas = natural gas
formed trapped within shale formations
An increasingly important source of natural gas in the US amp rest of the world
In 2000 shale gas provided 1 of US natural gas production by 2010 it was over 20
US governments Energy Information Administration predicts by 2035 46 of the US NG from shale gas
Source New York Mercantile Exchange
23
Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
Source BP energy outlook 2030 Jan 2012
Are fossil fuel resources finiteknown
May be too much fossil fuel - prices may be too low not too high
Availability not cost Abundant low-cost ldquoconventionalrdquo
oil (Middle East) has limited other sources
The revolution in shale gasshale oil has been transformational in the US
Is there another way forward using cheaper gas without increasing emissions Yes ndashfor the next couple of
decades Switching from coal to gas is
cheap ndash amp cuts emissions by roughly half
Does not solve climate change but gets emissions down much faster and cheaper than wind farms
24
Energy from crops - food Human energy derived from food
(stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)
Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like
gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means
20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power
This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)
25
Biomass
Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012
W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all
biological activity half occurs in oceans
Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity
Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy
15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency
26
How much landHow much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning
sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17
efficient Growing season is only part of year
(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)
= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace
petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012
m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a
side
27
Mass-energy Einstein theory of relativity
E = mc2 Relates mass to energy
one can be transformed into the other
physicists speak generally of mass-energy
Seldom experienced in daily life directly Happens at large scale in the
center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors
Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny
28
E = mc2 Examples
The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline
If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose
9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg
29
E = mc2 in Sun
Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons
Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27
kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons
251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200
kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times
more potent
4 protonsmass = 4029
4He nucleusmass = 40015
energy
Utilising solar energy PV types
Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy
production on earth of 331012 W
Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems
Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big
crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash
16 cheaper (cast in ingots)
Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on
a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around
23
Alternative energy options
32
The main energy alternatives
Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass
fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))
mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)
WHAT WORKS HERE
33
Renewable Resources Renewable = anything that
wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again
tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes
more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on
producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside
earth not used up fast)
34
Solar energy economics Current electricity cost in GC is
about CI$035 per kWh PV output assume 5 hours
peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in
a year installed cost is CI$5 per
peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years
so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity
CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a
few per year payback is ~ 6 years
thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of
investment capability Cost today is what matters
to many
35
The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully
compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar
implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp
let other power plants take up slack
Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need
development) hydrogen production (consume
later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity
grid (not for Cayman)
36
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean
waters The temperature of the water
varies top layer normally warmer
than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least
20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical
areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling
point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped
through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid
Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a
second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system
37
Transportation About 13 of US annual energy usage for
transportation Gasoline is a good fuel
Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20
Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar
as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to
mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable
gasoline
Working design
2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available (eg
Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards
14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations
Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan
How the EV charger works
Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure
Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger
or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid
Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =
$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile
= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y
Engineering considerations Technical
Type 1 2 or 3 ndash charge times
Power source CUC Renewable ndash
solarwind Mechanicalstructural
Withstand to natural and man-made hazards
Aesthetics Local or remote PV
array Harmonisation with
surroundings
Motor vehicles in the future
42
Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear Nuclear energy
Fission Fusion
Fission energy release 85 kinetic energy of
fission products (heat) 15 ke of neutrons +
radiation energy (γ) Energy release E
= mc2
1g equivalent 215 kilotons of TNT 568000 USG of
gasoline
43
Nuclear energy atomic structure Structure of the atom
Nucleus Protons Neutrons
Electrons
44
How a reactor works
Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
45
46
Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors
Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs
High level of passive or inherent safety
Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs
Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor
70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular
inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant
Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
23
Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
Source BP energy outlook 2030 Jan 2012
Are fossil fuel resources finiteknown
May be too much fossil fuel - prices may be too low not too high
Availability not cost Abundant low-cost ldquoconventionalrdquo
oil (Middle East) has limited other sources
The revolution in shale gasshale oil has been transformational in the US
Is there another way forward using cheaper gas without increasing emissions Yes ndashfor the next couple of
decades Switching from coal to gas is
cheap ndash amp cuts emissions by roughly half
Does not solve climate change but gets emissions down much faster and cheaper than wind farms
24
Energy from crops - food Human energy derived from food
(stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)
Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like
gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means
20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power
This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)
25
Biomass
Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012
W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all
biological activity half occurs in oceans
Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity
Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy
15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency
26
How much landHow much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning
sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17
efficient Growing season is only part of year
(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)
= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace
petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012
m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a
side
27
Mass-energy Einstein theory of relativity
E = mc2 Relates mass to energy
one can be transformed into the other
physicists speak generally of mass-energy
Seldom experienced in daily life directly Happens at large scale in the
center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors
Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny
28
E = mc2 Examples
The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline
If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose
9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg
29
E = mc2 in Sun
Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons
Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27
kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons
251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200
kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times
more potent
4 protonsmass = 4029
4He nucleusmass = 40015
energy
Utilising solar energy PV types
Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy
production on earth of 331012 W
Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems
Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big
crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash
16 cheaper (cast in ingots)
Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on
a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around
23
Alternative energy options
32
The main energy alternatives
Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass
fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))
mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)
WHAT WORKS HERE
33
Renewable Resources Renewable = anything that
wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again
tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes
more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on
producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside
earth not used up fast)
34
Solar energy economics Current electricity cost in GC is
about CI$035 per kWh PV output assume 5 hours
peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in
a year installed cost is CI$5 per
peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years
so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity
CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a
few per year payback is ~ 6 years
thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of
investment capability Cost today is what matters
to many
35
The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully
compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar
implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp
let other power plants take up slack
Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need
development) hydrogen production (consume
later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity
grid (not for Cayman)
36
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean
waters The temperature of the water
varies top layer normally warmer
than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least
20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical
areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling
point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped
through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid
Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a
second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system
37
Transportation About 13 of US annual energy usage for
transportation Gasoline is a good fuel
Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20
Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar
as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to
mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable
gasoline
Working design
2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available (eg
Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards
14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations
Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan
How the EV charger works
Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure
Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger
or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid
Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =
$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile
= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y
Engineering considerations Technical
Type 1 2 or 3 ndash charge times
Power source CUC Renewable ndash
solarwind Mechanicalstructural
Withstand to natural and man-made hazards
Aesthetics Local or remote PV
array Harmonisation with
surroundings
Motor vehicles in the future
42
Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear Nuclear energy
Fission Fusion
Fission energy release 85 kinetic energy of
fission products (heat) 15 ke of neutrons +
radiation energy (γ) Energy release E
= mc2
1g equivalent 215 kilotons of TNT 568000 USG of
gasoline
43
Nuclear energy atomic structure Structure of the atom
Nucleus Protons Neutrons
Electrons
44
How a reactor works
Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
45
46
Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors
Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs
High level of passive or inherent safety
Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs
Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor
70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular
inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant
Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
24
Energy from crops - food Human energy derived from food
(stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)
Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like
gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means
20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power
This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)
25
Biomass
Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012
W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all
biological activity half occurs in oceans
Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity
Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy
15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency
26
How much landHow much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning
sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17
efficient Growing season is only part of year
(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)
= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace
petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012
m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a
side
27
Mass-energy Einstein theory of relativity
E = mc2 Relates mass to energy
one can be transformed into the other
physicists speak generally of mass-energy
Seldom experienced in daily life directly Happens at large scale in the
center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors
Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny
28
E = mc2 Examples
The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline
If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose
9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg
29
E = mc2 in Sun
Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons
Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27
kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons
251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200
kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times
more potent
4 protonsmass = 4029
4He nucleusmass = 40015
energy
Utilising solar energy PV types
Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy
production on earth of 331012 W
Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems
Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big
crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash
16 cheaper (cast in ingots)
Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on
a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around
23
Alternative energy options
32
The main energy alternatives
Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass
fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))
mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)
WHAT WORKS HERE
33
Renewable Resources Renewable = anything that
wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again
tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes
more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on
producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside
earth not used up fast)
34
Solar energy economics Current electricity cost in GC is
about CI$035 per kWh PV output assume 5 hours
peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in
a year installed cost is CI$5 per
peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years
so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity
CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a
few per year payback is ~ 6 years
thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of
investment capability Cost today is what matters
to many
35
The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully
compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar
implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp
let other power plants take up slack
Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need
development) hydrogen production (consume
later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity
grid (not for Cayman)
36
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean
waters The temperature of the water
varies top layer normally warmer
than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least
20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical
areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling
point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped
through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid
Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a
second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system
37
Transportation About 13 of US annual energy usage for
transportation Gasoline is a good fuel
Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20
Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar
as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to
mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable
gasoline
Working design
2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available (eg
Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards
14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations
Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan
How the EV charger works
Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure
Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger
or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid
Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =
$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile
= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y
Engineering considerations Technical
Type 1 2 or 3 ndash charge times
Power source CUC Renewable ndash
solarwind Mechanicalstructural
Withstand to natural and man-made hazards
Aesthetics Local or remote PV
array Harmonisation with
surroundings
Motor vehicles in the future
42
Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear Nuclear energy
Fission Fusion
Fission energy release 85 kinetic energy of
fission products (heat) 15 ke of neutrons +
radiation energy (γ) Energy release E
= mc2
1g equivalent 215 kilotons of TNT 568000 USG of
gasoline
43
Nuclear energy atomic structure Structure of the atom
Nucleus Protons Neutrons
Electrons
44
How a reactor works
Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
45
46
Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors
Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs
High level of passive or inherent safety
Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs
Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor
70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular
inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant
Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
25
Biomass
Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012
W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all
biological activity half occurs in oceans
Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity
Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy
15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency
26
How much landHow much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning
sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17
efficient Growing season is only part of year
(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)
= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace
petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012
m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a
side
27
Mass-energy Einstein theory of relativity
E = mc2 Relates mass to energy
one can be transformed into the other
physicists speak generally of mass-energy
Seldom experienced in daily life directly Happens at large scale in the
center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors
Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny
28
E = mc2 Examples
The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline
If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose
9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg
29
E = mc2 in Sun
Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons
Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27
kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons
251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200
kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times
more potent
4 protonsmass = 4029
4He nucleusmass = 40015
energy
Utilising solar energy PV types
Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy
production on earth of 331012 W
Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems
Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big
crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash
16 cheaper (cast in ingots)
Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on
a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around
23
Alternative energy options
32
The main energy alternatives
Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass
fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))
mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)
WHAT WORKS HERE
33
Renewable Resources Renewable = anything that
wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again
tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes
more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on
producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside
earth not used up fast)
34
Solar energy economics Current electricity cost in GC is
about CI$035 per kWh PV output assume 5 hours
peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in
a year installed cost is CI$5 per
peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years
so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity
CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a
few per year payback is ~ 6 years
thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of
investment capability Cost today is what matters
to many
35
The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully
compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar
implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp
let other power plants take up slack
Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need
development) hydrogen production (consume
later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity
grid (not for Cayman)
36
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean
waters The temperature of the water
varies top layer normally warmer
than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least
20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical
areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling
point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped
through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid
Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a
second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system
37
Transportation About 13 of US annual energy usage for
transportation Gasoline is a good fuel
Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20
Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar
as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to
mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable
gasoline
Working design
2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available (eg
Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards
14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations
Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan
How the EV charger works
Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure
Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger
or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid
Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =
$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile
= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y
Engineering considerations Technical
Type 1 2 or 3 ndash charge times
Power source CUC Renewable ndash
solarwind Mechanicalstructural
Withstand to natural and man-made hazards
Aesthetics Local or remote PV
array Harmonisation with
surroundings
Motor vehicles in the future
42
Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear Nuclear energy
Fission Fusion
Fission energy release 85 kinetic energy of
fission products (heat) 15 ke of neutrons +
radiation energy (γ) Energy release E
= mc2
1g equivalent 215 kilotons of TNT 568000 USG of
gasoline
43
Nuclear energy atomic structure Structure of the atom
Nucleus Protons Neutrons
Electrons
44
How a reactor works
Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
45
46
Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors
Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs
High level of passive or inherent safety
Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs
Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor
70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular
inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant
Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
26
How much landHow much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning
sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17
efficient Growing season is only part of year
(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)
= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace
petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012
m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a
side
27
Mass-energy Einstein theory of relativity
E = mc2 Relates mass to energy
one can be transformed into the other
physicists speak generally of mass-energy
Seldom experienced in daily life directly Happens at large scale in the
center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors
Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny
28
E = mc2 Examples
The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline
If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose
9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg
29
E = mc2 in Sun
Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons
Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27
kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons
251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200
kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times
more potent
4 protonsmass = 4029
4He nucleusmass = 40015
energy
Utilising solar energy PV types
Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy
production on earth of 331012 W
Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems
Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big
crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash
16 cheaper (cast in ingots)
Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on
a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around
23
Alternative energy options
32
The main energy alternatives
Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass
fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))
mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)
WHAT WORKS HERE
33
Renewable Resources Renewable = anything that
wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again
tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes
more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on
producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside
earth not used up fast)
34
Solar energy economics Current electricity cost in GC is
about CI$035 per kWh PV output assume 5 hours
peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in
a year installed cost is CI$5 per
peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years
so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity
CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a
few per year payback is ~ 6 years
thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of
investment capability Cost today is what matters
to many
35
The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully
compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar
implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp
let other power plants take up slack
Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need
development) hydrogen production (consume
later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity
grid (not for Cayman)
36
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean
waters The temperature of the water
varies top layer normally warmer
than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least
20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical
areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling
point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped
through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid
Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a
second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system
37
Transportation About 13 of US annual energy usage for
transportation Gasoline is a good fuel
Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20
Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar
as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to
mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable
gasoline
Working design
2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available (eg
Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards
14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations
Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan
How the EV charger works
Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure
Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger
or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid
Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =
$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile
= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y
Engineering considerations Technical
Type 1 2 or 3 ndash charge times
Power source CUC Renewable ndash
solarwind Mechanicalstructural
Withstand to natural and man-made hazards
Aesthetics Local or remote PV
array Harmonisation with
surroundings
Motor vehicles in the future
42
Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear Nuclear energy
Fission Fusion
Fission energy release 85 kinetic energy of
fission products (heat) 15 ke of neutrons +
radiation energy (γ) Energy release E
= mc2
1g equivalent 215 kilotons of TNT 568000 USG of
gasoline
43
Nuclear energy atomic structure Structure of the atom
Nucleus Protons Neutrons
Electrons
44
How a reactor works
Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
45
46
Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors
Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs
High level of passive or inherent safety
Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs
Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor
70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular
inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant
Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
27
Mass-energy Einstein theory of relativity
E = mc2 Relates mass to energy
one can be transformed into the other
physicists speak generally of mass-energy
Seldom experienced in daily life directly Happens at large scale in the
center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors
Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny
28
E = mc2 Examples
The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline
If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose
9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg
29
E = mc2 in Sun
Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons
Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27
kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons
251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200
kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times
more potent
4 protonsmass = 4029
4He nucleusmass = 40015
energy
Utilising solar energy PV types
Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy
production on earth of 331012 W
Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems
Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big
crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash
16 cheaper (cast in ingots)
Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on
a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around
23
Alternative energy options
32
The main energy alternatives
Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass
fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))
mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)
WHAT WORKS HERE
33
Renewable Resources Renewable = anything that
wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again
tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes
more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on
producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside
earth not used up fast)
34
Solar energy economics Current electricity cost in GC is
about CI$035 per kWh PV output assume 5 hours
peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in
a year installed cost is CI$5 per
peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years
so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity
CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a
few per year payback is ~ 6 years
thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of
investment capability Cost today is what matters
to many
35
The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully
compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar
implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp
let other power plants take up slack
Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need
development) hydrogen production (consume
later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity
grid (not for Cayman)
36
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean
waters The temperature of the water
varies top layer normally warmer
than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least
20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical
areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling
point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped
through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid
Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a
second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system
37
Transportation About 13 of US annual energy usage for
transportation Gasoline is a good fuel
Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20
Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar
as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to
mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable
gasoline
Working design
2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available (eg
Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards
14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations
Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan
How the EV charger works
Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure
Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger
or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid
Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =
$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile
= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y
Engineering considerations Technical
Type 1 2 or 3 ndash charge times
Power source CUC Renewable ndash
solarwind Mechanicalstructural
Withstand to natural and man-made hazards
Aesthetics Local or remote PV
array Harmonisation with
surroundings
Motor vehicles in the future
42
Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear Nuclear energy
Fission Fusion
Fission energy release 85 kinetic energy of
fission products (heat) 15 ke of neutrons +
radiation energy (γ) Energy release E
= mc2
1g equivalent 215 kilotons of TNT 568000 USG of
gasoline
43
Nuclear energy atomic structure Structure of the atom
Nucleus Protons Neutrons
Electrons
44
How a reactor works
Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
45
46
Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors
Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs
High level of passive or inherent safety
Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs
Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor
70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular
inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant
Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
28
E = mc2 Examples
The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline
If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose
9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg
29
E = mc2 in Sun
Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons
Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27
kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons
251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200
kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times
more potent
4 protonsmass = 4029
4He nucleusmass = 40015
energy
Utilising solar energy PV types
Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy
production on earth of 331012 W
Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems
Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big
crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash
16 cheaper (cast in ingots)
Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on
a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around
23
Alternative energy options
32
The main energy alternatives
Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass
fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))
mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)
WHAT WORKS HERE
33
Renewable Resources Renewable = anything that
wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again
tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes
more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on
producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside
earth not used up fast)
34
Solar energy economics Current electricity cost in GC is
about CI$035 per kWh PV output assume 5 hours
peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in
a year installed cost is CI$5 per
peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years
so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity
CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a
few per year payback is ~ 6 years
thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of
investment capability Cost today is what matters
to many
35
The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully
compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar
implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp
let other power plants take up slack
Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need
development) hydrogen production (consume
later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity
grid (not for Cayman)
36
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean
waters The temperature of the water
varies top layer normally warmer
than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least
20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical
areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling
point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped
through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid
Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a
second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system
37
Transportation About 13 of US annual energy usage for
transportation Gasoline is a good fuel
Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20
Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar
as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to
mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable
gasoline
Working design
2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available (eg
Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards
14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations
Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan
How the EV charger works
Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure
Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger
or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid
Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =
$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile
= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y
Engineering considerations Technical
Type 1 2 or 3 ndash charge times
Power source CUC Renewable ndash
solarwind Mechanicalstructural
Withstand to natural and man-made hazards
Aesthetics Local or remote PV
array Harmonisation with
surroundings
Motor vehicles in the future
42
Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear Nuclear energy
Fission Fusion
Fission energy release 85 kinetic energy of
fission products (heat) 15 ke of neutrons +
radiation energy (γ) Energy release E
= mc2
1g equivalent 215 kilotons of TNT 568000 USG of
gasoline
43
Nuclear energy atomic structure Structure of the atom
Nucleus Protons Neutrons
Electrons
44
How a reactor works
Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
45
46
Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors
Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs
High level of passive or inherent safety
Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs
Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor
70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular
inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant
Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
29
E = mc2 in Sun
Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons
Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27
kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons
251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200
kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times
more potent
4 protonsmass = 4029
4He nucleusmass = 40015
energy
Utilising solar energy PV types
Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy
production on earth of 331012 W
Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems
Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big
crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash
16 cheaper (cast in ingots)
Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on
a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around
23
Alternative energy options
32
The main energy alternatives
Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass
fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))
mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)
WHAT WORKS HERE
33
Renewable Resources Renewable = anything that
wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again
tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes
more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on
producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside
earth not used up fast)
34
Solar energy economics Current electricity cost in GC is
about CI$035 per kWh PV output assume 5 hours
peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in
a year installed cost is CI$5 per
peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years
so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity
CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a
few per year payback is ~ 6 years
thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of
investment capability Cost today is what matters
to many
35
The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully
compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar
implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp
let other power plants take up slack
Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need
development) hydrogen production (consume
later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity
grid (not for Cayman)
36
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean
waters The temperature of the water
varies top layer normally warmer
than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least
20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical
areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling
point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped
through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid
Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a
second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system
37
Transportation About 13 of US annual energy usage for
transportation Gasoline is a good fuel
Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20
Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar
as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to
mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable
gasoline
Working design
2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available (eg
Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards
14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations
Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan
How the EV charger works
Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure
Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger
or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid
Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =
$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile
= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y
Engineering considerations Technical
Type 1 2 or 3 ndash charge times
Power source CUC Renewable ndash
solarwind Mechanicalstructural
Withstand to natural and man-made hazards
Aesthetics Local or remote PV
array Harmonisation with
surroundings
Motor vehicles in the future
42
Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear Nuclear energy
Fission Fusion
Fission energy release 85 kinetic energy of
fission products (heat) 15 ke of neutrons +
radiation energy (γ) Energy release E
= mc2
1g equivalent 215 kilotons of TNT 568000 USG of
gasoline
43
Nuclear energy atomic structure Structure of the atom
Nucleus Protons Neutrons
Electrons
44
How a reactor works
Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
45
46
Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors
Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs
High level of passive or inherent safety
Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs
Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor
70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular
inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant
Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
Utilising solar energy PV types
Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy
production on earth of 331012 W
Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems
Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big
crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash
16 cheaper (cast in ingots)
Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on
a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around
23
Alternative energy options
32
The main energy alternatives
Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass
fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))
mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)
WHAT WORKS HERE
33
Renewable Resources Renewable = anything that
wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again
tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes
more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on
producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside
earth not used up fast)
34
Solar energy economics Current electricity cost in GC is
about CI$035 per kWh PV output assume 5 hours
peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in
a year installed cost is CI$5 per
peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years
so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity
CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a
few per year payback is ~ 6 years
thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of
investment capability Cost today is what matters
to many
35
The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully
compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar
implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp
let other power plants take up slack
Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need
development) hydrogen production (consume
later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity
grid (not for Cayman)
36
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean
waters The temperature of the water
varies top layer normally warmer
than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least
20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical
areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling
point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped
through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid
Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a
second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system
37
Transportation About 13 of US annual energy usage for
transportation Gasoline is a good fuel
Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20
Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar
as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to
mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable
gasoline
Working design
2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available (eg
Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards
14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations
Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan
How the EV charger works
Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure
Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger
or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid
Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =
$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile
= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y
Engineering considerations Technical
Type 1 2 or 3 ndash charge times
Power source CUC Renewable ndash
solarwind Mechanicalstructural
Withstand to natural and man-made hazards
Aesthetics Local or remote PV
array Harmonisation with
surroundings
Motor vehicles in the future
42
Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear Nuclear energy
Fission Fusion
Fission energy release 85 kinetic energy of
fission products (heat) 15 ke of neutrons +
radiation energy (γ) Energy release E
= mc2
1g equivalent 215 kilotons of TNT 568000 USG of
gasoline
43
Nuclear energy atomic structure Structure of the atom
Nucleus Protons Neutrons
Electrons
44
How a reactor works
Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
45
46
Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors
Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs
High level of passive or inherent safety
Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs
Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor
70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular
inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant
Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
Alternative energy options
32
The main energy alternatives
Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass
fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))
mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)
WHAT WORKS HERE
33
Renewable Resources Renewable = anything that
wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again
tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes
more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on
producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside
earth not used up fast)
34
Solar energy economics Current electricity cost in GC is
about CI$035 per kWh PV output assume 5 hours
peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in
a year installed cost is CI$5 per
peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years
so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity
CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a
few per year payback is ~ 6 years
thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of
investment capability Cost today is what matters
to many
35
The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully
compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar
implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp
let other power plants take up slack
Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need
development) hydrogen production (consume
later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity
grid (not for Cayman)
36
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean
waters The temperature of the water
varies top layer normally warmer
than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least
20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical
areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling
point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped
through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid
Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a
second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system
37
Transportation About 13 of US annual energy usage for
transportation Gasoline is a good fuel
Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20
Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar
as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to
mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable
gasoline
Working design
2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available (eg
Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards
14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations
Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan
How the EV charger works
Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure
Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger
or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid
Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =
$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile
= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y
Engineering considerations Technical
Type 1 2 or 3 ndash charge times
Power source CUC Renewable ndash
solarwind Mechanicalstructural
Withstand to natural and man-made hazards
Aesthetics Local or remote PV
array Harmonisation with
surroundings
Motor vehicles in the future
42
Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear Nuclear energy
Fission Fusion
Fission energy release 85 kinetic energy of
fission products (heat) 15 ke of neutrons +
radiation energy (γ) Energy release E
= mc2
1g equivalent 215 kilotons of TNT 568000 USG of
gasoline
43
Nuclear energy atomic structure Structure of the atom
Nucleus Protons Neutrons
Electrons
44
How a reactor works
Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
45
46
Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors
Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs
High level of passive or inherent safety
Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs
Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor
70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular
inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant
Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
32
The main energy alternatives
Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass
fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))
mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)
WHAT WORKS HERE
33
Renewable Resources Renewable = anything that
wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again
tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes
more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on
producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside
earth not used up fast)
34
Solar energy economics Current electricity cost in GC is
about CI$035 per kWh PV output assume 5 hours
peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in
a year installed cost is CI$5 per
peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years
so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity
CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a
few per year payback is ~ 6 years
thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of
investment capability Cost today is what matters
to many
35
The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully
compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar
implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp
let other power plants take up slack
Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need
development) hydrogen production (consume
later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity
grid (not for Cayman)
36
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean
waters The temperature of the water
varies top layer normally warmer
than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least
20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical
areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling
point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped
through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid
Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a
second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system
37
Transportation About 13 of US annual energy usage for
transportation Gasoline is a good fuel
Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20
Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar
as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to
mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable
gasoline
Working design
2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available (eg
Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards
14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations
Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan
How the EV charger works
Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure
Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger
or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid
Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =
$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile
= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y
Engineering considerations Technical
Type 1 2 or 3 ndash charge times
Power source CUC Renewable ndash
solarwind Mechanicalstructural
Withstand to natural and man-made hazards
Aesthetics Local or remote PV
array Harmonisation with
surroundings
Motor vehicles in the future
42
Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear Nuclear energy
Fission Fusion
Fission energy release 85 kinetic energy of
fission products (heat) 15 ke of neutrons +
radiation energy (γ) Energy release E
= mc2
1g equivalent 215 kilotons of TNT 568000 USG of
gasoline
43
Nuclear energy atomic structure Structure of the atom
Nucleus Protons Neutrons
Electrons
44
How a reactor works
Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
45
46
Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors
Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs
High level of passive or inherent safety
Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs
Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor
70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular
inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant
Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
33
Renewable Resources Renewable = anything that
wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again
tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes
more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on
producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside
earth not used up fast)
34
Solar energy economics Current electricity cost in GC is
about CI$035 per kWh PV output assume 5 hours
peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in
a year installed cost is CI$5 per
peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years
so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity
CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a
few per year payback is ~ 6 years
thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of
investment capability Cost today is what matters
to many
35
The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully
compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar
implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp
let other power plants take up slack
Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need
development) hydrogen production (consume
later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity
grid (not for Cayman)
36
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean
waters The temperature of the water
varies top layer normally warmer
than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least
20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical
areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling
point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped
through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid
Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a
second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system
37
Transportation About 13 of US annual energy usage for
transportation Gasoline is a good fuel
Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20
Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar
as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to
mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable
gasoline
Working design
2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available (eg
Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards
14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations
Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan
How the EV charger works
Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure
Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger
or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid
Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =
$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile
= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y
Engineering considerations Technical
Type 1 2 or 3 ndash charge times
Power source CUC Renewable ndash
solarwind Mechanicalstructural
Withstand to natural and man-made hazards
Aesthetics Local or remote PV
array Harmonisation with
surroundings
Motor vehicles in the future
42
Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear Nuclear energy
Fission Fusion
Fission energy release 85 kinetic energy of
fission products (heat) 15 ke of neutrons +
radiation energy (γ) Energy release E
= mc2
1g equivalent 215 kilotons of TNT 568000 USG of
gasoline
43
Nuclear energy atomic structure Structure of the atom
Nucleus Protons Neutrons
Electrons
44
How a reactor works
Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
45
46
Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors
Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs
High level of passive or inherent safety
Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs
Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor
70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular
inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant
Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
34
Solar energy economics Current electricity cost in GC is
about CI$035 per kWh PV output assume 5 hours
peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in
a year installed cost is CI$5 per
peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years
so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity
CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a
few per year payback is ~ 6 years
thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of
investment capability Cost today is what matters
to many
35
The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully
compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar
implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp
let other power plants take up slack
Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need
development) hydrogen production (consume
later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity
grid (not for Cayman)
36
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean
waters The temperature of the water
varies top layer normally warmer
than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least
20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical
areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling
point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped
through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid
Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a
second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system
37
Transportation About 13 of US annual energy usage for
transportation Gasoline is a good fuel
Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20
Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar
as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to
mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable
gasoline
Working design
2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available (eg
Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards
14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations
Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan
How the EV charger works
Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure
Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger
or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid
Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =
$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile
= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y
Engineering considerations Technical
Type 1 2 or 3 ndash charge times
Power source CUC Renewable ndash
solarwind Mechanicalstructural
Withstand to natural and man-made hazards
Aesthetics Local or remote PV
array Harmonisation with
surroundings
Motor vehicles in the future
42
Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear Nuclear energy
Fission Fusion
Fission energy release 85 kinetic energy of
fission products (heat) 15 ke of neutrons +
radiation energy (γ) Energy release E
= mc2
1g equivalent 215 kilotons of TNT 568000 USG of
gasoline
43
Nuclear energy atomic structure Structure of the atom
Nucleus Protons Neutrons
Electrons
44
How a reactor works
Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
45
46
Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors
Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs
High level of passive or inherent safety
Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs
Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor
70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular
inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant
Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
35
The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully
compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar
implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp
let other power plants take up slack
Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need
development) hydrogen production (consume
later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity
grid (not for Cayman)
36
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean
waters The temperature of the water
varies top layer normally warmer
than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least
20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical
areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling
point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped
through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid
Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a
second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system
37
Transportation About 13 of US annual energy usage for
transportation Gasoline is a good fuel
Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20
Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar
as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to
mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable
gasoline
Working design
2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available (eg
Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards
14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations
Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan
How the EV charger works
Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure
Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger
or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid
Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =
$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile
= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y
Engineering considerations Technical
Type 1 2 or 3 ndash charge times
Power source CUC Renewable ndash
solarwind Mechanicalstructural
Withstand to natural and man-made hazards
Aesthetics Local or remote PV
array Harmonisation with
surroundings
Motor vehicles in the future
42
Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear Nuclear energy
Fission Fusion
Fission energy release 85 kinetic energy of
fission products (heat) 15 ke of neutrons +
radiation energy (γ) Energy release E
= mc2
1g equivalent 215 kilotons of TNT 568000 USG of
gasoline
43
Nuclear energy atomic structure Structure of the atom
Nucleus Protons Neutrons
Electrons
44
How a reactor works
Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
45
46
Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors
Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs
High level of passive or inherent safety
Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs
Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor
70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular
inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant
Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
36
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean
waters The temperature of the water
varies top layer normally warmer
than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least
20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical
areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling
point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped
through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid
Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a
second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system
37
Transportation About 13 of US annual energy usage for
transportation Gasoline is a good fuel
Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20
Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar
as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to
mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable
gasoline
Working design
2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available (eg
Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards
14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations
Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan
How the EV charger works
Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure
Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger
or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid
Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =
$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile
= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y
Engineering considerations Technical
Type 1 2 or 3 ndash charge times
Power source CUC Renewable ndash
solarwind Mechanicalstructural
Withstand to natural and man-made hazards
Aesthetics Local or remote PV
array Harmonisation with
surroundings
Motor vehicles in the future
42
Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear Nuclear energy
Fission Fusion
Fission energy release 85 kinetic energy of
fission products (heat) 15 ke of neutrons +
radiation energy (γ) Energy release E
= mc2
1g equivalent 215 kilotons of TNT 568000 USG of
gasoline
43
Nuclear energy atomic structure Structure of the atom
Nucleus Protons Neutrons
Electrons
44
How a reactor works
Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
45
46
Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors
Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs
High level of passive or inherent safety
Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs
Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor
70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular
inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant
Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
37
Transportation About 13 of US annual energy usage for
transportation Gasoline is a good fuel
Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20
Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar
as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to
mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable
gasoline
Working design
2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available (eg
Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards
14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations
Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan
How the EV charger works
Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure
Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger
or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid
Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =
$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile
= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y
Engineering considerations Technical
Type 1 2 or 3 ndash charge times
Power source CUC Renewable ndash
solarwind Mechanicalstructural
Withstand to natural and man-made hazards
Aesthetics Local or remote PV
array Harmonisation with
surroundings
Motor vehicles in the future
42
Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear Nuclear energy
Fission Fusion
Fission energy release 85 kinetic energy of
fission products (heat) 15 ke of neutrons +
radiation energy (γ) Energy release E
= mc2
1g equivalent 215 kilotons of TNT 568000 USG of
gasoline
43
Nuclear energy atomic structure Structure of the atom
Nucleus Protons Neutrons
Electrons
44
How a reactor works
Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
45
46
Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors
Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs
High level of passive or inherent safety
Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs
Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor
70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular
inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant
Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
Working design
2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available (eg
Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards
14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations
Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan
How the EV charger works
Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure
Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger
or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid
Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =
$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile
= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y
Engineering considerations Technical
Type 1 2 or 3 ndash charge times
Power source CUC Renewable ndash
solarwind Mechanicalstructural
Withstand to natural and man-made hazards
Aesthetics Local or remote PV
array Harmonisation with
surroundings
Motor vehicles in the future
42
Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear Nuclear energy
Fission Fusion
Fission energy release 85 kinetic energy of
fission products (heat) 15 ke of neutrons +
radiation energy (γ) Energy release E
= mc2
1g equivalent 215 kilotons of TNT 568000 USG of
gasoline
43
Nuclear energy atomic structure Structure of the atom
Nucleus Protons Neutrons
Electrons
44
How a reactor works
Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
45
46
Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors
Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs
High level of passive or inherent safety
Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs
Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor
70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular
inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant
Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
How the EV charger works
Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure
Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger
or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid
Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =
$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile
= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y
Engineering considerations Technical
Type 1 2 or 3 ndash charge times
Power source CUC Renewable ndash
solarwind Mechanicalstructural
Withstand to natural and man-made hazards
Aesthetics Local or remote PV
array Harmonisation with
surroundings
Motor vehicles in the future
42
Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear Nuclear energy
Fission Fusion
Fission energy release 85 kinetic energy of
fission products (heat) 15 ke of neutrons +
radiation energy (γ) Energy release E
= mc2
1g equivalent 215 kilotons of TNT 568000 USG of
gasoline
43
Nuclear energy atomic structure Structure of the atom
Nucleus Protons Neutrons
Electrons
44
How a reactor works
Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
45
46
Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors
Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs
High level of passive or inherent safety
Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs
Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor
70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular
inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant
Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
Engineering considerations Technical
Type 1 2 or 3 ndash charge times
Power source CUC Renewable ndash
solarwind Mechanicalstructural
Withstand to natural and man-made hazards
Aesthetics Local or remote PV
array Harmonisation with
surroundings
Motor vehicles in the future
42
Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear Nuclear energy
Fission Fusion
Fission energy release 85 kinetic energy of
fission products (heat) 15 ke of neutrons +
radiation energy (γ) Energy release E
= mc2
1g equivalent 215 kilotons of TNT 568000 USG of
gasoline
43
Nuclear energy atomic structure Structure of the atom
Nucleus Protons Neutrons
Electrons
44
How a reactor works
Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
45
46
Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors
Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs
High level of passive or inherent safety
Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs
Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor
70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular
inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant
Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
Motor vehicles in the future
42
Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear Nuclear energy
Fission Fusion
Fission energy release 85 kinetic energy of
fission products (heat) 15 ke of neutrons +
radiation energy (γ) Energy release E
= mc2
1g equivalent 215 kilotons of TNT 568000 USG of
gasoline
43
Nuclear energy atomic structure Structure of the atom
Nucleus Protons Neutrons
Electrons
44
How a reactor works
Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
45
46
Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors
Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs
High level of passive or inherent safety
Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs
Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor
70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular
inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant
Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
42
Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear Nuclear energy
Fission Fusion
Fission energy release 85 kinetic energy of
fission products (heat) 15 ke of neutrons +
radiation energy (γ) Energy release E
= mc2
1g equivalent 215 kilotons of TNT 568000 USG of
gasoline
43
Nuclear energy atomic structure Structure of the atom
Nucleus Protons Neutrons
Electrons
44
How a reactor works
Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
45
46
Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors
Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs
High level of passive or inherent safety
Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs
Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor
70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular
inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant
Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
43
Nuclear energy atomic structure Structure of the atom
Nucleus Protons Neutrons
Electrons
44
How a reactor works
Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
45
46
Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors
Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs
High level of passive or inherent safety
Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs
Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor
70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular
inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant
Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
44
How a reactor works
Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
45
46
Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors
Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs
High level of passive or inherent safety
Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs
Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor
70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular
inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant
Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
45
46
Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors
Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs
High level of passive or inherent safety
Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs
Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor
70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular
inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant
Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
46
Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors
Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs
High level of passive or inherent safety
Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs
Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor
70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular
inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant
Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
Conclusions
47
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
48
What are the alternative-energy options Do nothing
Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil
from overseas Global warming
Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles
Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
49
What do you think
Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment
- ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Fossil fuelshellip
- Global Energy Where Does it Come From
- The Great Energy Divide
- Economic Growth and Energy Use
- Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
- Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
- Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
- What are we going to do
- Energy sources and uses
- Kinetic energy amp wind
- Challenges for small islands
- Gravitational energy
- Energy of the hydrologic cycle
- Gravitational energy - water
- Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
- Chemical Energy
- Chemical Energy Examples
- Power generation from diesel power plant
- Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
- Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
- Energy from crops - food
- Biomass
- How much land
- Mass-energy
- E = mc2 Examples
- E = mc2 in Sun
- Utilising solar energy PV types
- Alternative energy options
- The main energy alternatives
- Renewable Resources
- Solar energy economics
- The downside of solar
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Transportation
- Working design
- How the EV charger works
- Engineering considerations
- Motor vehicles in the future
- Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
- Nuclear energy atomic structure
- How a reactor works
- Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
- Small modular reactor Hyperion
- Conclusions
- What are the alternative-energy options
- What do you think
-
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