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The interplay of eventsWhen Bonifacio started the Revolution, the
Cubans were already fighting for their independence (1895) headed by Jose Marti who was hailed as their national hero.
Interest of America in CubaAguinaldo in Hong KongCommodore Dewey in Hong KongTheodore RooseveltAssistant Secretary of the US Navy
AMERICAN OCCUPATION, 1898-1946
“The Filipinos under the second colonizers – United States of
America.”
The Spanish-American War
and the Battle of Manila Bay:
A Prelude to America’s Intervention in Philippine Affairs
The Spanish-American War
Two events that hastened the aggressive attitudes of the United States towards Spain.
The Enrique Dupuy de Lome letter
Bombing of the warship Maine in the harbor of Havana in Cuba
Enrique Dupuy de Lome’s letter about McKinley
De Lome’s Letter
In that letter, Pres. McKinley was called by de Lome as a “ weak, soft-handed politician and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd.”
Letter was secretly obtained. The remarks of the Spanish
diplomatic minister created a strong feeling of resentment that needed more than de Lome’s recall as Spanish minister to cover this diplomatic blunder
William McKinley
Warship Maine in the harbor of Havana in Cuba
Bombing of the warship Maine in the harbor of Havana in Cuba – Feb. 15,
1898
Remember the Maine!
The Americans blamed the Spaniards for their wrong accusations. A court inquiry composed of the American navy officers investigated the incident and found no evidence. The Americans and anti-Spanish newspapers convicted Spain in 1898 – without any proof of guilt.
The US ResponseOn April 11, 1898, in a message to
Congress, President McKinley asked for an advice regarding the most appropriate action that must be done.
In a resolution signed by McKinley on April 20, the United States Congress announced that the Cubans are free and independent.
The United States government demand that Spain must relinquish its authority and government control over Cuba and withdraw its land and naval forces from Cuba and its water
US Declaration of War
Spain was criticized by the United States for her unfitness and inability to maintain colonies.
The war declaration was passed on April 25, 1898.
Spain’s misrule and colonial unfitness in the Philippines were not mentioned.
Mahan, Cabot Lodge and Roosevelt: Architects of the US Battle Plan against Spain
Captain Alfred Mahan Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge
Theodore Roosevelt
Assistant Secretary of the US Navy
In Roosevelt’s letter to Sen. Lodge, he wrote that “our Asiatic Squadron should blockade and if possible, take Manila.
Roosevelt also decided on who should be the best person to act as commanding officer of the Asiatic squadron .
A naval officer “with a record for aggressiveness.”
Commodore George Dewey
Battle of Manila Bay
Dewey vs. Montojo: Battle of Manila Bay
Battle of Manila Bay
Battle on Manila Bay
American Asiatic Squadron in Hong KongMay 1, 18989 vessels, 6 of which are warships – US12 vessels, 7 were war ships – Spain5:41 till 12 noonOlympia vs. Reina Cristina167 killed214 wounded
Pratt to Aguinaldo: “No need to put the agreement into writing”
Pratt and Dewey’s words “were sacred and would be fulfilled unlike the Spaniards.”
The “United States government was an honorable, just and powerful one.”
Official policy of the Washington State Department
Diplomatic talks between the American consuls and Aguinaldo were acceptable.
Washington wanted diplomats to utilize the help of Aguinaldo.
What was prohibited by the State Department was the forging of any agreement that gives assurance to Aguinaldo that the United States government will help the Filipinos achieve their independence.
After the defeat of the Spaniards in the Battle of Manila Bay, the Spanish forces were willing to surrender Manila to the American forces.
Spaniards insisted that there should be no joint occupation of Manila by the American and Filipino revolutionary forces.
Negotiations were made between the Spaniards and the American forces in Manila.
British Consul Rawson Walker and Belgian Consul Andre acted as negotiators.
Mock Battle of Manila
The Agreement
To save the Spanish honor, a token of bombardment would be made by the Americans after which the Spaniards would raise the white flag.
Mock Battle of ManilaOn the morning of
August 13, 1898, the American forces conducted a brief bombardment of the outer fortifications in Fort San Antonio in Malate and other Spanish fortifications in the walled city.
Mock Battle of ManilaAt 10:25 am, a white flag was flying on the
appointed place on the southwestern bastion of the city wall.
American soldiers entered the city. Spanish flags were hauled down and the
American flag was raised over the walled city. The guns of all American ships were fired.The American regiments played the Star-
Spangled Banner; troops saluted; officers uncovered and raised the American flag for the first time in Manila
Protocol of PeaceThe Protocol of Peace was signed on August 12, 1898 by Secretary William
R. Day for the United States and Ambassador Jules Cambon for the Spanish government.
William Day Jules Cambon
Protocol of PeaceSpain relinquished her claim over
Cuba and ceded Guam, Puerto Rico to the United States.
The armistice ended the Spanish-American War but it created new problems and the most difficult among these problems was the disposition of the Philippines.
According to Article III of the Peace Protocol:
“The United States will occupy and hold the city, bay and harbor of Manila, pending the conclusion of a Treaty of Peace which shall determine the control, disposition and government of the Philippines.”
The Treaty of Paris
The Protocol of Peace had provided for the opening of the peace conference in Paris on October 1, 1898.
Pres. William McKinley
American Panel Members
Cushman K. Davis Minnesota (Republican)
Member, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations
William D. Fyre Maine (Republican)
President Pro-tempore of the Senate and Member of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations
George Gray Delaware (Democrat) and Member of the Senate
Committee on Foreign Relations
William R. DaySecretary of State
Whitelaw ReidEditor of the New York Tribune
John Moore
Assistant Secretary of State Secretary and Counsel of the American panel
Spanish Panel MembersDon Eugenio Montero Rios, President
of the SenateDon Buenaventura de Abarzuza,
Senator of the Kingdom and former minister of the crown
Don Jose de Garnica, Deputy to the Cortes
Don Rafael Cerero, General of the Division
Don Wenceslao Ramirez de Villa- UrrutiaEnvoy extraordinary
Final Decision: Acquire the entire archipelago
After consulting a number of people, McKinley changed his original policy and decided to acquire the entire archipelago.
His change of heart can be attributed to a number of factors.
McKinley’s Final Decision: Acquire the entire archipelago
Leaving the islands to Spain would not be justified on political, commercial and humanitarian grounds.
Annexation of the entire islands will cause less problem and best secure the interest of the Filipinos.
McKinley finally ordered the commissioners to acquire all of the islands
The Spanish and American commissioners signed the treaty on December 10, 1898.
The Treaty of Paris
The Treaty of ParisSpain relinquishes her claim of
sovereignty over and title to Cuba. She cedes to the United States the
island of Puerto Rico and other islands under the Spanish sovereignty in the West Indies and the island of Guam in the Marianas.
Spain also cedes to the United States the Philippine archipelago.
The Treaty of Paris
In exchange for the ceded territories, the United States will pay Spain US$20,000,000 within three months after the exchange of ratifications of the treaty
The Treaty of Paris
Under the treaty, the United States respects all private property owned by public or private establishments, both ecclesiastical and civic bodies and any other association, having legal capacity to acquire and possess property.
The treaty also provides for the free exercise of religion of the inhabitants.
Protocol of Peace and Treaty of Paris:
A Violation of Philippine Declaration of Independence
MOTIVES OF USA
DOLLARSRESOURCES- SUGAR, COCONUT OIL,
TOBACCO, ABACAMARKET FOR AMERICAN GOODSFOOTHOLD TO THE MARKETS OF EAST
ASIASOURCE OF CAPITAL AND INVESTMENT
FOR AMERICAN BUSINESS
DEFENSETO BE A NAVAL POWER – COALING
AND REFUELING STATION
DEITY
SPREAD OF PROTESTANTISM
RHETORICS - WHITE MAN’S BURDEN
BENEVOLENT ASSIMILATION PROCLAMATION
DEC, 21, 1898ROLE OF THE UNITED STATES TO
PROTECT THE LIFE, LIBERTY AND PROPERTY OF THE FILIPINOS
TO CIVILIZE AND EDUCATE THE FILIPINOS
NEW MANIFEST DESTINY
USA DESTINED TO CONTROL PHILIPPINES AS THEIR COLONY IN THE PACIFIC
ANTI-EXPANSIONIST GROUP
AGRICULTURAL GROUPSLABOR GROUPSPOLITICIANSLITERARY FIGURES
Sen. George Hoar
POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC POLICIES
“The different political and economical policies that the Americans imposed on
the Philippines.”
POLITICAL POLICIES:
Establishment of a Military Government August 1898-July 4, 1901
General Wesley Merritt
General Wesley Merritt
POLITICAL AND ECONOMICAL POLICIES:Military Government
General Elwell Otis (succeeded late in 1898)
General Elwell Otis
Arthur MacArthur
POLITICAL POLICIES:SENDING OF
INVESTIGATIVE COMMISSIONS
SCHURMAN COMMISSION (4th of March 1899)Dr. Jacob Schurman
Dr. Jacob Schurman
Second Commission in the Philippines ( 16th of March 1900)Taft CommissionHeaded by William H. TaftJune 1900 – September
1900 – toured the PhilippinesSeptember 1900- acted as
legislature of the Military Government
July 1901- Taft became civil governor
POLITICAL POLICIES:
POLITICAL POLICIES:
Establishment of the Civil Government
Spooner Amendment of 1901
John Spooner of Wisconsin
Civil Government in the Philippines
John Spooner of Wisconsin
WILLIAM TAFT, FIRST CIVIL GOVERNOR
Philippine Bill of 1902
Cooper ActFreedom of ReligionBill of RightsCensus of the Philippines in 1903Establishment of the Philippine Assembly
in 1907
Jones Law
Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916
Independence after a stable government had been established
Establishment of the House of Representatives and the Philippine Senate
William Atkinson Jones
FILIPINIZATION PROGRAM
FRANCIS BURTON HARRISON
Hare-Hawes Cutting Act
Tydings-McDuffie Law
TYDINGS-MCDUFFIE LAW
EXACT DATE OF INDEPENDENCE- JULY 4, 1946CREATION OF THE COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENTDRAFTING OF THE COMMONWEALTH
CONSTITUTIONESTABLISHMENT OF A NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT
1935-19451O YEAR TRANSITION GOVERNMENTPRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENT
WILL BE ELECTEDNATIONAL ASSEMBLY LATER AMENDED INTO HOUSE OF
REPRESENTATIVES AND SENATENATIONAL DEFENSE ACT
ECONOMIC POLICIES
PAYNE-ALDRICH ACTUNDERWOOD-SIMMONS ACTTYDINGS-MCDUFFIE LAWHOMESTEAD ACTFREE PATENT ACTPURCHASE OF FRIAR LANDS
PAYNE-ALDRICH ACT
PARTIAL FREE TRADEFREE TRADE WITH QUOTA LIMITSFULL TARIFF BEYOND QUOTA LIMITUS GOODS ENTERING THE PHILIPPINES
NO QUOTA AND TARIFF
UNDERWOOD-SIMMONS ACT
TOTAL FREE TRADENO QUOTA OR TARIFF ON FILIPINO
GOODS TO US
TYDINGS-MCDUFFIE LAW
FIRST 5 YEARS, 1936-1940 – FREE TRADE WITH QUOTA
6TH YEAR, 1941 – THERE WILL BE A 5% GRADUATED TARIFF. ON THE 11TH YEAR, GOODS WILL BE IMPOSED WITH 100% TARIFF.
FREE PATENT
ANCESTRAL LANDS CAN BE OWNED BY FILIPINOS
PROVE THAT LAND WAS OWNED BY ANCESTORS
NEED FOR LANDS TO BE SURVEYED
HOMESTEAD
FIND AN UNOCCUPIED LANDPROVE THAT THE LAND IS
UNOCCUPIEDOWNERS MUST SETTLE IN THE
LANDS THAT THEY OCCUPY
SELLING OF FRIAR LANDS
TAFT SOUGHT AN AUDIENCE TO THE POPE REGARDING THE PURCHASE OF THE FRIAR LANDS FROM THE SPANISH FRIARS IN THE PHILIPPINES.
SOCIO-CULTURAL POLICIES
DISEASE CONTROL- PGHINFRASTRACTURE- BAGUIOPUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEMFREEDOM OF RELIGIONAMERICANIZATION OF FILIPINOS
FILIPINO RESPONSE
PRO-USAPEDRO PATERNOCAYETANO ARELLANOTRINIDAD PARDO DE TAVERAMANUEL QUEZONFELIPE BUENCAMINO
Macabebe Scouts
Throng of Macabebes awaiting enlistment into the United
States Army, Macabebe, P.I. Photo was taken in 1900.
ANTI- USA
EMILIO AGUINALDOANTONIO LUNAAPOLINARIO MABINIMACARIO SAKAYREVOLUTIONARY GENERALS
SIMEON OLA
VICENTE LUKBAN
LUCIANO SAN MIGUEL
CALLE SOCIEGO, STA.MESA, MANILA
Filipino outpost at the Santa Mesa end of the San Juan Bridge
Corner of Sociego and Silencio Streets, Santa Mesa District, Manila
Pvt. William W. Grayson (1876-1941): The Englishman who fired the shot that ignited the Philippine-American
War.
Pvt. William W. Grayson: Photo was taken near
Blockhouse No. 7 on the spot where he fired the first shot.
FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR, 1899-1902
Father and son killed by Americans
Feb. 5, 1899: Americans fire on Filipino forces from Blockhouse No. 13 in Manila while a Filipino boy --seemingly
oblivious to the fighting behind him-- ponders the camera
US soldier on picket duty. Photo taken in 1899
Americans with loot and prisoners; photo taken in 1899
WATER CURE
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