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American Studies
The Cold War
Two opposing world views dominate international relations:US believes whole world should model itself after us
Democracy: Free elections, multiple parties to choose for Capitalism: Free market, consumerism and materialism Individualism: Your needs and wants are most important Religious expression: Mostly Christianity (1954 added “under God”)
USSR believes their way is better Communism: One party system Planned economy: Everyone contributes and gets the same back Collectivism: The group’s needs and wants are most important Atheism: Religion should not effect govt or divide citizen groups
Cold War: No “hot” violent conflict between these two nations Both sides use propaganda, military expansion, threats, espionage,
and economic influence to achieve goals
The Cold War Era: US vs. USSR
USSR wants to be a world power and spread CommunismSoviets lost about 20 million during WWIIAfterward, 25 million are homeless and hungryThey need to expand in order to recover
European leaders want to protect borders from any further invasions Establish buffer zone or “satellite nations”
along western borderUS wants to help foster democracy thereUS emerges more powerful than ever
USSR After WWII
What were the goals of the Soviet Union in the Cold War?
a. To not get involved .b. Spread Democracy and build
friendships.c. Create satellite nations and spread
communism.d. To create capitalistic economies for all
nations.
Practice Question
Feb. 1945: Meeting of Big 3 Allied leaders: FDR, Churchill and Stalin
We agree to give USSR Poland and territory in the Balkans in exchange for help with Japan
Establish idea for the United Nations: International council to help nations solve problems without war
Soviets will occupy Eastern Europe until free elections can be held in the near future (never happens)
Soviets want Germans to pay high reparationsOther Allies know they won’t be able to and want to
occupy Germany and help them insteadAgree to split Germany into “spheres of influence” in
order to help them recoverSeeds of the Cold War: Creates severe tension
1945: Yalta Conference
Potsdam Conference1945: US is the only one with atomic bomb and
uses it to take a strong negotiation stanceThe New Big 3 Allies: Truman, Stalin, and
AttleeMeeting to finalize all plans made at Yalta
Conference:War crimes trials in Nuremburg and Tokyo after
the warThe Potsdam Declaration: They agree that we
should use the bomb on Japan
In the United Nations Charter, member nations pledge to “unite our strength to maintain international peace and security.” Since ratification of its charter following World War II, the primary goal of the United Nations has been to
A. restore world trade disrupted by World War II. B. encourage industrial growth begun during World
War II. C. establish policies to help nations pay World War II
debts. D. intervene in world conflicts to prevent another war
such as World War II.
Practice Question
Feb. 1946: Stalin announces he will break off trade with all western nations and build up his weapons systems
March 1946, Winston Churchill gives a speech at a college in Fulton, Missouri
“A shadow has fallen upon the scene so lately lighted by the Allied Victory…an iron curtain has descended across the continent”Metaphor: NOT a real wall or curtain! Churchill says western nations must join
together to fight communist aggression
The Iron Curtain Speech
“There is nothing the Communists admire so much as strength and nothing for which they have less respect than for military weakness.”
Iron Curtain Metaphor
Iron Curtain
In the years following World War II, the countries of communist Eastern Europe were often referred to as being “behind the iron curtain.” These countries were perceived as a single region based on
A. a common cultural heritageB. unique physical featuresC. economic and political characteristicsD. widespread immigration from other
regions
Practice Question
“Communism must be confronted and contained whenever and wherever it seeks to extend influence.”US Diplomat in Moscow George Kennan: Expert on the
USSR, says they will avoid confrontationContainment Policy:
The US won’t fight Communism where it already existsThe US will try to stop all further communist
expansion1947: Becomes the Truman Doctrine: US foreign
policy for next 45 yearsUses it to justify providing aid to Greece and Turkey so
that they could fight against communist influence
Containment
The Truman Doctrine - 1947
“At the present moment every nation must choose between alternative ways of life. The choice is often not a free one.”
“One way of life is based upon the will of the majority and is distinguished by free institutions, representative government, free elections, guarantees of individual liberty, freedom of speech and religion, and freedom from political oppression.”
The Truman Doctrine - 1947
“The second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed upon the majority. It relies upon terror and oppression, a controlled press and radio, fixed elections and the suppression of personal freedom.”
“I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures.”
The Truman Doctrine - 1947
During the Cold War the United States was involved in different conflicts because they assured the world that
the U.S. would help in any way to stop the spread of communism. What was this policy of containment called?
a. Marshall Planb. Domino Theoryc. Isolationism d. Truman Doctrine
Practice Question
Europe was devastated by WW II: DepressionCities, farms, factories, roads, etc. = destroyedMillions are homeless and hungry
The conditions were ripe for the spread of
CommunismGaining support in France and ItalyUS economy needs Europe to be stable in
order for all nations to grow and benefit
The Marshall Plan - 1948
George Marshall Truman’s Secretary of StateArmy Chief of Staff in WW IILater will be Secretary of Defense
Served in WW I and WW II5 Star General2 Distinguished Service Crosses and a silver star
Nobel Peace Prize for his work with the Marshall Plan
Sends Herbert Hoover over to find out what Europe needs so that we can help them
The Marshall Plan
US will help rebuild the European nationsIn exchange, they agree to spend a portion of
the $ on US goodsThe US will spend $13 Billion helping 16 countries
Soviets refuse to participate say it’s a US plot to take over Europe.However, in 1948 it was the USSR that seized
control of CzechoslovakiaVery Successful: Europe recovers quickly, world
economies benefit, US business prospersGains us allies and eliminates appeal of
communism
The Marshall Plan - 1948
At the end of World War II, Soviet armies liberated the countries of Eastern Europe from Nazi Germany. The occupation of these countries by the Soviet Union contributed to the development of the Cold War by
A. contributing to conflict in the Middle EastB. bringing about the reunification of GermanyC. strengthening the authority of the United
NationsD. dividing Europe into communist and non-
communist spheres
Practice Question
Berlin is located 100 miles inside East Germany
Berlin was divided into West and East
West Berlin was part of Allied West Germany
US desired economically strong Germany to contribute to western recovery and contain Soviets
Berlin Crisis
Supplies reached West Berlin on road and rail lines connecting it to W. Germany
In 1948 the Allies disagree on several issues involving Germany, including a new currency
Berlin Crisis
In June 1948 the Soviets blockade the border, cutting West Berlin off from West Germany.
Communications, supplies, and electricity were cut off
2 million citizens of West Berlin are trapped, 100 miles inside Communist East Germany. They have no access to supplies necessary for their survival.
They have 35 days of food and 45 days of coal
Berlin Crisis
Truman’s Options
1. Do nothing – Let it fall to the Communists
2. Send armored convoys across the border and risk going to war
3. Find a way to resupply that doesn’t result in war
Introducing the Berlin Airlift
Berlin Crisis
US and British aircrews will have to bring in everything that the West Berliners need to survive.
Everything will come by air - food, medicine, fuel, etc.
It was the largest continuous airlift in history324 days: 277,000 flights delivered 2 million
tons of supplies10 minutes to unload 10 tons of supplies
The Berlin Airlift
At its peak, a plane landed in Berlin every 30 seconds
Practice QuestionHow did President Truman respond to the
Soviet blockade of Berlin in 1948?
A. By escalating the conflict with a counter-blockade of Soviet Positions
B. By sending American tanks through the blockade
C. The Soviets never blockaded BerlinD. By airlifting supplies into West Berlin
Soviets lift blockade in May 1949: Humiliating defeatFlights continued until September to build up
suppliesUS won the first “battle” of the Cold WarAllies agree to unite to form Federal Republic
of Germany (West Germany) prevents Soviet blockade
Stalin retaliated forming German Democratic Republic (East Germany)
1961: Berlin Wall built to split East and West BerlinTorn down in 1989
Berlin Airlift
1949: Soviet Union detonates their 1st atomic bomb = tensions rise
China becomes CommunistChairman Mao Zedong takes overUS feels we “lost” China
NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization was an alliance created to defend the West against Soviet aggressionMutual defense agreement where nations promised to
consider an attack on one member an attack on all, go to aid of any member
Initially 12 nations were members
NATO
During World War II, Japanese troops occupied much of China. This weakened the Chinese government, and in 1949, communist forces overthrew the government and established a communist state. What effect did the Chinese Communist Revolution have on the development of the Cold War?
A. It decreased tensions, because it led to the formation of the Warsaw Pact.
B. It increased tensions, because it strengthened the independence movement in India.
C. It increased tensions, because it increased Western fears of communist expansion.
D. It decreased tensions, because it led to the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union.
Practice Question
In 1955 the Soviets and their allies formed the Warsaw Pact: Communist version of NATO alliance NATO nations trained and prepared throughout
the Cold War to fight WW III
NATO vs. The Warsaw Pact
NATO forces are actively serving in Afghanistan
Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Croatia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia are now members of NATO
In 1949 they were Communist!
NATO Today
In the years following World War II, there emerged the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the Warsaw Pact nations. These are examples of
A. regional economic cooperative efforts.B. military alliance systemsC. environmental impact studies.D. international tribunals.
Practice Question
The Cold War at Home: 1950s-1960sAfter WWII: Feared it would be hard to re-absorb all
the troops at homeThe G.I. Bill of Rights: Provided funds for
servicemen/women to go to college or get other job trainingHealth and unemployment benefits and housing loansBaby Boom: Couples start families as troops return
(1946-1964) A baby every 10 seconds!
Suburbs rapidly expand along with interstate highwaysNew economic prosperity: Time/labor saving appliancesEveryone is buying cars and televisions
Story of Us video
Fear of Soviet aggression and subversion changed the way the US saw the world and each other
Causes era of hysteria, suspicion and accusation of disloyalty due to fear of CommunismIf you criticize the govt, you must be Communist
Federal Employee Loyalty Program (FELP): to conduct security checks on over 2 million govt employees
People could be fired for being a potential threat without evidenceLarge number resigned and 200 firedState/Local govts do the sameMake employees take loyalty oaths
The Red Scare Returns
McCarran Internal Security Act (1950) Required Communist organizations/members to register with attorney generalProhibited defense industries from hiring
known commiesLegalized internment of certain people during
national emergenciesTruman vetoed saying it was violation of
constitutional rights by Congress overruledhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IKqXu-5jw6
0https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AWeZ5SKX
vj8
The 2nd Red Scare in the US
Joseph McCarthy: House Rep. who exploited US fear of Communism for his own political gainSparked national frenzy by claiming that he had a list
of 205 known communists employed by US State DeptNever offered any evidence and eventually discreditedMany disapproved but not publically because of fear of
being accused of sympathizing with CommiesLoses credibility in 1954: Investigated US Army
Televised hearings: Show lack of evidenceDec. 1954: His influence came to an end, climate of
fear gradually declined but never disappeared
The McCarthy Era
House Un-American Activities Committee (1938, 1947) HUAC investigated allegations of Communist influence in Hollywood movie industryWanted to prove that Communists in Screen Writers Guild
inserted subversive propaganda into Hollywood films10 witnesses refused to testify exercising 5th
amendment protection against self-incriminationHollywood Ten were found guilty of contempt of Congress
and served up to 12 months in jailBlacklisted so other studios would not hire them
1948: Alger Hiss, who attended Yalta and helped organize UN, accused of spying for Soviets during 1930sFought for innocence but sentenced to 5 years in jail
The Red Scare
Practice QuestionWhich was a common factor in the United
States that caused the Red Scare following World War I and McCarthyism following World War II?
A. racial tension in major citiesB. signs of economic downturnC. fear of communist expansionD. the counterculture movement
Constant Arms Race between US and USSR1950: Truman order comprehensive investigation
of US military strengthNSC-68 report says US should operate under
assumption that USSR desires world domination Truman thought to guarantee security US must
increase nuclear arsenal and enlarge its capacity to fight wars against Soviets
Should be a source of encouragement to all nations to resist
Need to be ready for rapid mobilizationCongress doesn’t want to raise taxes for bigger
military, but then…
The Cold War
North and South Korea split at the end of WWIISouth Korea: Democratic supported by USNorth Korea: Communist supported by USSRStop at 38th parallel in the middle
The Korean War (1950-1953)
The Korean War: “The Forgotten War”1950: Northern troops invade South Korea in order to unite
the nation under Communism Led by Kim Il Sung China supports them
UN Security Council: Condemns the invasion and authorizes use of military to expel the invading North
Police Action: US did not officially declare war but participated to contain communist expansion US sends naval and air support, then ground troops Sets precedent for undeclared involvement in the future US spent over $64 billion, lost over 33,000 American soldiers 3 million Koreans and Chinese killed: Majority were civilians Scorched Earth policy: Destroy everything so they can’t rebuild US drops more bombs here than all Allied bombs in WWII
The Korean War (1950-1953)Korea remained divided at the end of the warDemilitarized Zone (DMZ) on both sides of
the border (38th parallel)Did not solve any long-term issues in AsiaDID allow for massive US military build-up
SEATO: Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, like NATO alliance
Korea today: Still divided, with democratic South Korea and Communist dictatorship in North Korea
The Cold War influenced U.S. foreign policy and involvement after World War II. Which of the following demonstrates that influence?
A. Korean WarB. Persian Gulf War.C. Internment of Japanese Americans. D. Growth of suburbs in the 1950’s.
Practice Question
After WWII: Nationalist movements in Latin AmericaPeople resented US business involvementMany living in desperate poverty
1958: Fidel Castro led a communist revolt in Cuba
1959-1961: Castro takes over and nationalizes all businesses, eliminating US involvement/control
President Eisenhower breaks off diplomatic relations
Cuba signs a treaty with the USSR
Issues with Cuba
1961: JFK becomes President and is concerned about having a Soviet ally so close to US borders (90 miles)
US tries to invade Cuba at Bay of Pigs with intent of igniting an uprising against CastroUses anti-Castro groups trained by US military
Invasion failed miserably: US appeared weak and ineffective
JFK uses covert CIA operatives to disrupt Cuban trade, conduct raids, and attempt assassinations of Castro
The Bay of Pigs Incident
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W50RNAbmy3M&safe=active
Castro is angry and Nikita Khrushchev wants to protect his ally near US
USSR installs missiles in Cuba that could strike the US
1962: US spy plane discovers missilesSome want to attack, risking all-out nuclear warKennedy’s advisors meet over tense weekSec. of Defense Robert McNamara recommends
naval blockade to stop any further missile installationJFK demands Khrushchev remove the missiles or the
US will destroy themhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v5H-Byt1GZs&saf
e=active
The Cuban Missile Crisis
Announced to the public 8 days after discoveryMilitary on high alert: 180 ships in blockade,
bomber planes stay in the airClosest we’ve ever come to nuclear war: Citizens
are panicked and preparing for nuclear holocaustAfter 4 days: Soviets back down and remove
missilesIn exchange, US removes missiles in TurkeyJFK respected for averting crisisSome tensions reduced; communication to avoid
disasterArms race continues: Both afraid and want to
remain strong
The Cuban Missile Crisis
Practice QuestionThe use of atomic weapons at the end of
World War II fostered fears about their potential use during the Cold War years. These fears were critical in determining the U.S. response to
A. the Marshall PlanB. the Berlin BlockadeC. the Cuban Missile Crisis D. the independence movement in India
Arms Race: Build up military for protection and threatSpace Race: Show power and technological advancementOct. 1957: Soviets launch Sputnik I, 1st manmade object
to orbit EarthSputnik II carries a dog, 6 more Sputniks through 1961
1958: US launches Explorer to orbit Earth 1961: Soviets send first person into space to orbit Earth
Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin Weeks later, US sends Alan Sheppard for 15 minute
flights1962: John Glenn is the first American to orbit EarthJFK decides we must make it to the moon in order to win
Story of Us video
The Space Race
1968: US launches Apollo 8 to orbit the moonJuly 1969: The moon landing is completed by
USApollo 11: Buzz Aldrin, Neil Armstrong, and
Michael Collins orbit the moon and then walk on its surface
“That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind”
Worldwide TV audience watched in awe
The Space Race
The successful launching of Sputnik by the Soviet Union in 1957 signaled the beginning of
A. Americans competing to prove technological superiority over the Soviets
B. The Cold War in the United States C. Soviet aggression in Afghanistan and
China D. Disarmament discussions between the
superpowers
Practice Question
The Vietnam WarVietnam was a French colony in Southeast AsiaCivil war: Communist rebels led by Ho Chi Minh
try to drive out French Imperial govtUS supports French anti-communist regimeEisenhower justifies this based on the Domino
TheoryIf one country falls to communism, all other would
be sure to follow1954: Vietnamese forces defeated French
Temporary treaty divides Vietnam at 17th parallel with Communists in north
Vietnam divided: Elections to be held in 1956 to reunite country under one government =cancelledFearing that commie rebels would win, southern
leader Ngo Dinh Diem cancelled elections Rebel groups formed National Liberation Front
(NLF):Communist Vietcong rebelled in democratic southHo Chi Minh in north helped supply rebels in the southCommunist China also provided aid to Vietcong
Use of guerilla warfare: Hidden, small group attack strategy, sometimes armed civiliansKept track of body counts not land“Victory is around the corner”
The Vietnam War
JFK demands that Southern govt stop corruption in return for US aid and military training1963: 16,000 Us military advisors were in Vietnam, but
Diem did not institute serious reformsSouth Vietnamese govt regularly stole much of the aidTroops were unsuccessful in fighting Vietcong forces
1963: CIA supports a coup to kill Diem and put others in power
Nov. 1963: Lee Harvey Oswald assassinated JFK Lyndon B. Johnson becomes president
The Vietnam War
Johnson believed that communist rebels were a threat to global balance of power
August 1964: Johnson said North Vietnam attacked two US ships and asks Congress to increase troop strength
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: Gives Johnson power to use any necessary action against CommunistsGives him the power to take “all necessary measures to
repel any armed attack against the forces of the US and to prevent further aggression”
Later, the public discovered two US ships provoked the attack by helping attack the north
US never declares war, but we are heavily involved in the war
The Vietnam War
Rolling Thunder: Consistent bombing of North Vietnam by the US from 1965-1968Destroy infrastructure without ground invasion of the North
Jan. 1968: Tet is the Lunar New Year holiday in VietnamBoth sides announced a two day cease-fire to celebrateThe Tet Offensive: North Vietnam and the Vietcong
launch a surprise attack on the south during holiday weekendAttack military and civilian command and control centers
throughout South VietnamTurns the tide of war: Now we realize that we may lose
People who had supported war begin to question our continued involvement
The Vietnam War
Practice QuestionFollowing World War II, France attempted to re-establish
control over its colony, Indochina, which included Vietnam. Leaders of the Vietcong, a communist-supported independence movement in Vietnam, fought against France’s efforts to retake the colony. The United States viewed this conflict as part of the Cold War and aided France. This U.S. action was based on which policy?
A. a policy of opposing colonialismB. a policy of helping Japan rebuild its economyC. a policy of containing the spread of communismD. a policy of participating in United Nations’
peacekeeping efforts
Protesting Vietnam2.2 million are drafted into the war: Can fight
in a war at 18 but can’t vote until they’re 21Civil Disobedience: Break a law to call
attention to a perceived injustice Example: Burn draft cards to show they see
law as unfair1971: 26th Amendment: Vote at 18 starting
1971Draft dodgers: Refuse to serve, many flee to
CanadaBaby boomers protest in large numbers
Why they protest: Distrust of Govt: War never declared, Gulf of TonkinHypocritical: Not allowing self determination or
supporting true democracyMeddling in foreign affairs: Costing $ and livesMorally opposed to war:
Sending the poor to fight for the rich govtFirst televised war shows brutality and killing civiliansUS used chemical weapons like Napalm and Agent OrangeReports of US military abuses: My Lai massacre
1968: Mass murder of 400-500 unarmed Vietnamese civilians, including men, women and children, by US troops
Not reported in US for a year Many were gang-raped or had their bodies mutilated 26 soldiers charged with the crime, only one convicted and
sentenced to life, but only served three years
Protesting Vietnam
More bombs dropped here than both Allies and Axis dropped in WWII
Protesting VietnamMost protesters were students
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)Hippies: Peace, love, and protest songs
1970 Kent State Shootings: 4 students killed by National Guard while peacefully protestingChant “Hey Hey LBJ! how many kids have you killed
today?”1971: Pentagon papers show govt had been lying for
years1968 Democratic National Convention: Riots in
Chicago outside, politicians debate inside Johnson won’t run again: Humphrey or MuskieOn the news: Protesters and police fight in the streetsChant “Hell no, we won’t go!” about the draft
Over next 11 years until the fall of Saigon in 1975:About 58,000 US military personnel died in VietnamFour Presidents tried to prevent rebels from gaining
control and reuniting it under communismUS efforts failed: 1976 Vietnam was united under
Communism and became a Soviet allyStill communist today
Controversial war sparked by fear resulted in:Large-scale, sometimes violent, protests at home Over 3-4 million Vietnamese deathsWidespread distrust of the government
The Vietnam War
The burning of draft cards by those who objected to the Vietnam War is an example of civil disobedience because it was an action that
A. was protected by the U.S. Constitution. B. was intended to draw the attention of the
media. C. violated a law that the protesters
considered to be unjust. D. expressed a point of view that was
unpopular at the time.
Practice Question
The End of the Cold War1985: Mikhail Gorbachev is the Premier of the USSR
Soviet people are poor and unhappy: Can’t afford to continue the arms race
Enacts reforms to provide more freedoms to the peopleMoves from command economy to mixed economyReduces control of the satellite nations
1990: Reunification of Germany Ronald Reagan “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down that wall!”
1991: Satellite nations begin to declare independenceStruggle for control of new govts in Eastern Europe
Dec. 1991: Communist party and Soviet economy collapses and disbands
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