an urban geography of globalisation part 2

AN URBAN GEOGRAPHY OF GLOBALISATIONUNDERSTANDING SPATIAL CHANGE IN THE

AGE OF HYPER-CONNECTIVITY

Roberto RoccoChair Spatial Planning & Strategy Delft University of Technology (TU Delft)

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1Wednesday, 20April, 2011

PART 2:How is

globalisation impacting the

ground? An illustration

Sao Paulo: a divided global

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JXSTvjQTl1A&feature=player_embeddeda

Sao Paulo

Resistencia

San MiguelDe Tucuman

San SalvadorDe Jujuy

Tar i ja

CampoGrande

Concepcion

C. Oviedo

Durazno

Paysandu

Tacuarembo

Foz Do Iguacu

Argentina

Uruguay

Paraguay

> than 10 million inh.

São Paulo > than 18 million inh.

Belo Horizont

Rio de Janeir

São PauloCuritiba

Buenos Aires Montevideo

Florianopolis

Porto Alegre

Vitoria

Santos

Campinas

Joinville

Cordoba

Rosario

Santa Cruz

Asuncion

Pacific

ValdesPenninsula

A m a z o n

B a s i n

Mato Grosso

Plateau

Atacam

Macapa

Antofagasta

Ar ica

Concepcion

Iquique

Puerto Montt

Valparaiso

Cucuta

Talara

BahiaBlanca

Mendoza

Neuquen

Rawson

Resistencia

San Car losde Bar i loche

San MiguelDe Tucuman

SanRafael

San SalvadorDe Jujuy

Tar i ja

Aracaju

Boa Vista

CampoGrande

Cuiaba

Imperatr iz

Porto VelhoRioBranco

Santarem

Tarauaca

Teres ina

Valdiv ia

Apoter i

B luef ie lds

Concepcion

C. Oviedo

Arequipa

Ayacucho

Cerro De PascoCocama

Huanuco

Iquitos

Orel lana

Sul lana

Durazno

Paysandu

Tacuarembo

Ciudad Bol ivar

Matur in

PuertoAyacucho

San Cr istobal

Foz Do Iguacu

PuertoCabezas

Barquisimeto

Brazil

Argentina

Uruguay

Paraguay

Bolivia

Ecuador

Colombia

VenezuelaGuiana

SurinameFrench Guiana

> than 10 million inh. (megalopolis)

> than 5 million inh. (continental metropolis)

> than 3 million inh. (metropolis)

> than 1 million inh. (big city)

São Paulo > than 18 million inh.

Bogota

Medellin

Maracaibo

Caracas

Sao Luis Fortaleza

Recife

Salvador

Goiania

Belo Horizonte

Rio de Janeiro

São PauloCuritiba

Buenos Aires Montevideo

Florianopolis

Porto Alegre

Manaus

Brasilia

Vitoria

Santos

Campinas

Maceio

Joinville

Cordoba

Rosario

Santiago

La Paz

Santa Cruz

Asuncion

Barranquilla

Guayaquil

Valencia

Callao

Buenos Aires

MontevideoSantiago

Porto Alegre

Sao PauloRio

SalvadorBrasilia

Belo Horizonte

Curitiba

Cordoba

Asuncion

A Global Macrometropolis

Population (2010) - Municipality11.244.369 - Metro19.672.582

Metropolitan Area: 8.051 km2Urbanized Area: app.2.000 km2Core Municipality: 1.500 km2

Different polycentricities

But which polycentricity are we talking about?

Slide prepared by Renata Parente, MSC3 Spatial Planning & Strategy, TU Delft, 2009

São Paulo

Some basic starting points• Brazil (and LA as a whole) has entered a new

demographic phase. Birth rates are lower, the population is mostly urban (+80%).

• Many cities must face historically produced problems, the result of decades of strong demographic pressure, poor governance and lack of effective planning strategies.

• Meanwhile, a new economic scenario (globalisation?) is creating new urban form and structures. Human activity is differently distributed over the territory.

• Much of the continent is now democratic. This makes an enormous difference on how cities are planned and managed. The ‘right to the city’ has become a central point of many governments agendas.

The content of this presentation in simple words

1. What IS São Paulo today 2. Historical origins and

growth process 3. Most relevant problems

today 4. How are ‘globalizing forces’

impacting the structures and infrastructures of the city

Utrecht

Rotterdam

Amsterdam

SPaulo

Santos

Campinas

0 10 20

Den Haag

0 10 20

Nordzee

S Atlantic

Area: 8.313 Km2 Area: 8.051 Km2c. 2.000 urbanised

São Paulo ‘in comparison’ with the Randstad

Randstad-Holland Sao Paulo Metropolitan

Possible contrast?

In 1494, with the seal of the Pope, Portugal and Spain modestly divided the world amongst them. Most of South

and North America (then unknown) fell out of the Portuguese share.

Why São Paulo is there?The Tordesillas Treaty 1494

An Unimportant Colonial City

Sugarcane cyclec.1530- 1640

Gold Cyclec.1690- 1790

Coffee Cycle 1808-1929

Rubber cycle 1890-1945

Cacao cyclec.1820-1920

In colonial times, S Paulo had very little importance.

First the sugar cane plantations in Pernambuco and then the gold digging in Minas constituted the main colonial activities, until the arrival of coffee plantations to the

South East part of the country.

An Unimportant Colonial City

Picture showing Benedictine Monastery and Church and the Faculty of Law in 1860

1750: Pop 20.000

In 1822, Brazil got independent from Portugal. SP gained some

importance when the Brazilian Imperial court

chose to place a Law Academy in the city in 1827.

Eastern central area of the city in 1892 (Largo do Bixiga). Market colonial forms.

An unimportant colonial city

1850:The Coffee Revolution

Sao Paulo Railway Station (1892) is built with English investment.

1880: Pop 31.000

The great coffee plantations

commercialise their products in the city. The coffee economy

produces the development of urban activities,

because it demands a complex

organisation of financing, transport,

commerce and export.

European Immigration

Workers at Textile Factory around 1910. The factory belonged to Matarazzo family

The Black population is small in the city. Freed slaves establish in peripheral areas (later districts of the city)

Slavery abolished, it was necessary to have paid labour force. European and Japanese immigrants come to the city en masse.

1895 Pop 131.000

1900Pop 239.820

European ImmigrationThe population of the city grows enormously:

1895: pop. 130.000 (54%of which were foreigners).

1900: pop. 239.820 (growth of 84% in 5 years!) Almost half of the population speaks Italian. Others: Spanish and Portuguese.

1905: First Syrian and Lebanese (50.000 Lebanese until 1946)

1908: Fist Japanese (500.000 along the XX century)

1920: Armenians, Jewish, Germans, Polish, Russian

Pop in 1920: 579.00031Wednesday, 20April, 2011

New Urban Paradigms

Rua Direita. Central Core circa 1860.

New Urban Paradigms

The capital generated by coffee was (for the first time in the history of the country) re-invested in the country itself. It meant more and more coffee plantations but also urban transformation.

L. Badaro street and Dr Falcao st 1895 and 1915

c. 1895In 1880 the

population was 31.000

1915In 1920 the population

was 579.000

New Urban Paradigms

The model for the new architecture was the French eclectic style. Even the simplest houses tried to emulate its forms. In the central core, new services are offered.

European workforce provide the basis for new consumption and architectural patterns.

Industry and urban change

Workers in front of textiles factory c. 1900. Note the large number of women and children (although the picture does not let us know whether they were employees of the factory or not.

Economic progress brings changes in urban form, structure and economic bases. Small industry begins to appear in order to tend to the growing agglomeration necessities.

A new elite comes into view

Traditional Boarding School Des Oiseaux, c. 1900 Note Art Nouveau Style. The elite is composed by rich Portuguese landowners and enriched Italian, German and Jewish families

1914 Opera House

The construction of a big opera house is a sign of the elite’s search for a more urban and sophisticated life style. Perhaps the biggest sign of change in mentalities.

Anhangabaú Valley in 1915, with Opera House and Hotel

The ‘European’ city

Anhangabaú Valley c. 1915

Central Cinema, c. 1916

Patriarca square c. 1925

Patriarca square in 1925.

Anhangabaú Valley, 1927

Anhangabaú Valley c. 1932

Central Business District

15 Novembro Street, c. 1915

Central Business District

15 de Novembro Street c. 190646Wednesday, 20April, 2011

New urban facilities:The Central Market

New City Market 1933 AE

New mentalities: the urban man

In a country still predominantly agrarian, the surge of a metropolis represented the appearance of a new kind of mentality and life style.

Sao Joao Avenue with Martinelli Building 1937

In 1940 the pop reached

1.32 million

The urban man

Anhangabau Valley in 1929.

The urban man

Sao Jose Cinema in 1929

The urban man

Central Post Office Offices in 1938

Urban Problems

Tramway at Cathedral Square in 1937

Wedding at Italian Family in 1940 (Bela Vista)

In the 40’s, the city population reaches its first million. Thousands of refugees arrive from Eastern Europe (Poland, Ukraine), Germany (Jews, but also Germans) and Italian.

After 1950, European immigration decreases.

1940:Pop 1.32 million

Immigration: 2nd WW

After WW II: New Urban Paradigm

Anhangabau Valley in 1949

The new prominence of the USA in the international arena shifts paradigms. New urban models come from the North. The belief in “progress” and the Fordist model of production asks for new Urban Form and Structure.

Beginning of massive internal migration.

After WW II: New migration trends & new urbanity

Sao Joao Avenue 1951

Pop: 2.19 m

After WW II: New migration trends & new urbanity

São João Avenue (Rua Líbero Badaró) 1952

Tram 55 and bus 74 in Casa Verde District, 1953

The adoption of more and more buses instead of tramways allows the sprawling of the city to distant peripheries.

Newly arrived migrants establish themselves in those peripheries.

Anhangabau Av Prestes Maia c1950

Anhangabau Valley and Tiradentes Ave c. 1948

São João Avenue, Down Town, 1960s

Immigration:1960’s Major Internal Migrations

1960Pop: 3.7 m

1970Pop: 5.9 m

Sugarcane cyclec.1530- 1640

Gold Cyclec.1690- 1790

Coffee Cycle 1808-1929

Rubber cycle 1890-1945

Cacao cyclec.1820-1920

Industrial Era

Migration from old colonized areas in the North-East of Brazil

Curiously, there are not many images of Nordeste immigrants taken at that time available on the internet. These are artistic representations of immigration. Left: Immigrant family by Candido Portinari.

Candido Portinari

Population growth municipality SP

SP Urban Growth

Source: Meyer et al. 200466Wednesday, 20April, 2011

Paraisopolis, the second biggest favela in Sao Paulo, houses approximately 60.000 people (Delft= 120.000).

In 1964, while a social democrat was president, a military coup d’etat took place. Elections were abolished. The mayor of the city and all fist echelon staff would be indicated by the Brasilia. Institutions were shattered.

Planning the city became a matter of social control.

Military Rule (1964-1986)

. Direct public investment in heavy industry and infrastructure (State owned)

Unions are strong where industry is.(Workers are weak where old colonial and post colonial structures subsist)

1930- 1973: Economical Growththrough import substitution policiesbuilding up an internal market:

1973: The oil crisis

•Explosion of External Debt (International Interest Rates Rocket)•Growth is based on increase of debt + corruption + bad management •Inflation (directly linked to the oil prices raises)•Depression of commodity prices (in Brazil: resulting in accentuation of internal migrations)

1979: The Debt crisisGrowth comes to a sudden halt: -25% industry -20% employment

Fotos 1º de Maio de Luta. Praça da Sé.Por x 01/05/2006 às 22:35 http://www.midiaindependente.org/pt/red/2006/05/352170.shtml

1980s: The “lost decade”

Loss of investment capacity by the State

Recurrence to increasing international DEBT

Hyper inflation

Chronic unemployment

70 and 80’s: Bad Management Environmental Decay

70s and 80s: Bad ManagementSocial polarization

70s and 80s: Bad ManagementSocial polarisation

1970Pop: 5.94 mi

1980Pop: 8.49 mi

80s: congestionThe centre decadence

1986: DEMOCRACY is back!

Avenida Paulista: The new centrality

Avenida Paulista in the beginning of

the 20th century and now

Favelas are build on invaded land. Shacks are built by each family with improvised materials. The State was absent from the space of the ‘favela’.

With time, inhabitants conquered rights. They start improving their shacks and soon the houses are built with bricks and are connected (legally or illegally) to electricity and water supply. There is usually no sewage system.

There are special programmes of empowerment for the inhabitants. Some of them focus on the land rights and other on the infrastructure and services available.

Human Development Compared

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Average income (2000)

Average household income (2000)(in US$ in december 2000)

from 230 to 343 (relative poverty)

from 347 to 448 (low income)

from 452 to 616 (low middle income)

from 628 to 933 (middle-income)

Source: IBGE Census 2000, EMPLASA.

above 1096 (high-income)

Blacks more affected by unemployment

% of unemployed persons among blacks and whites

Source: Seade, 2003

90’s Emigration: Centre looses almost 20% of pop.

Causes:

1. Low birth rate (national trend)

2. Deconcentration of industrial production

3. Disappointment with lifestyle/housing/economic opportunities

4. Cost of life (plots are cheaper in outside municipalities)

Population Growth perDistrict in the period1991-2000

Lost population

> 7.87%

Source: IBGE 1991 and 2000

Pop. 1991: 9.646.185Pop. 2000: 10.405.867Growth: 7.87 %

CentreLost 19.73% of its inhabitantsPari District lost 31.82%

< 7.87%

Centre

Anhanguera

Jaragua

S. Domingos

PiritubaFreguesia do O

Brasilandia

Cachoei-rinha

Mandaqui

Casa Verde Santana

Tremembe

Tucuruvi

Jacana

Vila Medeiros

Vila Maria

Vila Guilherme

Cangaiba

Tatuape

Carrao

Agua Rasa

Vila Matilde

Vila Formosa

Ermelino Matarazzo

Itaquera

Ponte Rasa

Artur Alvim

Cidade Lider

Parque doCarmo

Jose Bonifacio

CidadeTiradentes

Guaianases

Lajeado

Vila Curuca

Itaim Paulista

Jardim Helena

Sao Miguel

Vila Jacui

Iguatemi

Sao Rafael

Sao MateusSapopopembaemba

Aricanduva

Sao LucasVilaPrudente

Ipiranga

Sacoma

Cursino

Jabaquara

CidadeAdemar

Pedreira

Cidade Dutra

Grajau

Socorro

Campo Grande

Santo Amaro

Parelheiros

Marsilac

Jardim Angela

Jardim Sao Luis

CapaoRedondo

Campo Limpo

Vila Andrade

Vila SoniaMorumbiRaposo Tavares

Rio PequenoButanta

Jaguare

Vila Leopoldina

Jaguare

Alto de Pinheiros

Itaim Bibi

Campo Belo

Vila Mariana

JardimPaulista

Pinheiros

Perdizes

Barra Funda

Consolacao

Santa Cecilia

Bela Vista

Liberdade

Cambuci

PariBom Retiro

Repu-blica

0 20kmN

Area covered by irregular

occupations is 338,8 km2, or 22,5% of

the total area of the municipality (1500 km2)

Irregular land occupation

The Clandestine City

Population Percentage

Illegal or unregulated land occupation c. 338 sq. km (22,5%)

Population living in sub-standard dwellings (favelas, slums, tenement houses): c. 1.8 million (2000) 17% of total population (source: Amaral & Pereira, 2003)

0 20kmN

South-West

Centre

North-West North

South-East

East 1

East 2

Low vulnerability

Middle vulnerability

Very high vulnerability

% of the wealth of the poorest 50% in relation to the richest 50%

No serious vulnerability

High vulnerability

Parks, green areas, dams and inhabited places

Social Vulnerability Scale

Empirical Research

GaWC 100 List of Global Enterprises

100 largest APS operating in Brazil

Main Areas for for office development in Sao Paulo (2005)

Old Centre (1554-1955)

Derelict buildings

Modernist heritage

The Centre moves:Avenida Paulista (1955-1990)

Avenida Paulista

The centre moves again: Avenida Faria Lima (1985-2005)

The centre moves again: Marginal Pinheiros (1990-...)

Marginal pinheiros

Social contrast

Location of Insurance and banks major firms

major firms that invested more in ICT (2007)

50 largest advertising firmsSource: IBOPE, 2007

Largest firms all sectors

Origin of firms per region

Investment and land

value increase

Large Urban Projects

Agua Branca OP

Espraiadas OP

Centro OP

Faria Lima OP

Total Area: 450 hectars (4,500,000 m2.)

Cost: US$ 150 million (1995)

US$ 120 mi for land expropriation, necessary to cut through consolidated neighbourhoods

Urban Operation Faria Lima

Avenida Faria Lima

The New Corporate Axis

The New Corporate Axis does not have all functions typical to central areas. Its form is linear, an axis along the Pinheiros River, including some important transversal avenues. It concentrates command functions of the highest level, but especially computing and communication companies, as well as advertising.

New Corporate Axis

The ‘New City’New Corporate Axis

Old Centre Revitalisation

Meanwhile in the Old Centre:Central Area Revitalisation

Central Core Revitalisation

Revalorization of patrimony

The map shows the major historical monuments that have suffered some intervention in the last decade

1990s : Revitalization

Downtown Revitalisation

Luz Train Station

Pinacoteca

Sala Sao Paulo

Sala São Paulo

Conclusions

The industrial city

The post-industrial city

1. Generalisation of Technical Urban Networks2. Suburbanisation3. City core degradation/ inelasticity4. Movement of firms towards new

developments located in non-central areas close to ring roads in search for better interconnectivity

Increasing Polycentricity

The Networked City

Open Urban Systems

New nodal organisations

Convergences

The location of the business nodes over a main ring road, ensuring easy access to other business and consumption , as well as services in other areas of the metropolis

Convergences

The close proximity of a large airport, serving a large business hinterland (North-Western Europe in the Dutch case, the vast Brazilian hinterland and part of the MERCOSUR Economic Community in the Brazilian case)

Convergences

The existence of a MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) ensuring optimal digital connectivity

Convergences

The interest of national pension funds, who invested heavily in real estate in the 1990’s

Convergences

The relevance of the local government as a promoter of large infrastructural works, especially related to the road and transportation systems

Convergences

The social composition of the surrounding areas, where high skilled workers dwell and therefore can have easy access to work

Convergences

The existence of facilities and services related to an international life style (international schools, hotels and luxury shops, for example)

Convergences

The movement towards a better connection with the old centralities (Amsterdam Centrum and São Paulo Centro and Avenida Paulista), ensuring synergies with the traditional business and cultural nodes

Trends

Easy access to other nodes in various networks (the ring factor)

Trends

Easy access to large transportation nodes (the airport factor)

Trends

Clear connection to old centralities where consumer services and producer services are concentrated (the urban ‘buzz’)

Trends

Image is a crucial factor. Corporate image is not only associated to buildings, but to the image created by modern, daring and innovative urban milieus.

Thanks for listeningAny questions?

r.c.rocco@tudelft.nl

Roberto RoccoChair of Urban Planning and Strategy, Department of Urbanism

Delft University of Technology TU DelftOctober 2008

an urban geography of globalisation part 2

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