an urban geography of globalisation part 1
DESCRIPTION
This is part 1 of the lecture "An Urban Geography of Globalization". This was originally prepared for the free-choice (ellective) course "Globalization" of the department of Urbanism of the Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), The Netherlands. In this part I introduce basic notions and ideas about globalization and how it might be affecting the structure of global cities.TRANSCRIPT
AN URBAN GEOGRAPHY OF GLOBALISATIONUNDERSTANDING SPATIAL CHANGE IN THE
AGE OF HYPER-CONNECTIVITY
PART 1
Roberto RoccoChair Spatial Planning & Strategy Delft University of Technology (TU Delft)
!"#$$%&'%()"%(*+)+,%
!"#$%#&'&#((%()*!$+#$,)-
1Wednesday, 27April, 2011
!"#$%"&'%(#)*+,--*./#&0-*12,&"*3445*
!"#$%&'()*#&
!"#$%&'(!)*&+
16*6/-*!"#$%"&'%(#)*,-'-%,0/*7,#829*:-*/%;-*
$--)*'6,&;&)7*6#*8)<-,'6%)<*)-:*2/-)#=-)%*
%)<*0#)6,%<&0(#)'*#>*7"#$%"*<-;-"#2=-)6'*&)*
,-"%(#)*6#*-?&'()7*0&6@*2,#$"-='*&)*<&;-,'-*0&(-'*
%)<*,-7&#)'*#>*6/-*:#,"<9*'80/*%'*A8'%B%9*C%#*
D%8"#9*E-&F&)7*%)<*G%&2-&H*G/&'*@-%,*:-*2,#2#'-*6#*
<-I)-*%)*&)6-7,%"*&)6-,;-)(#)*'6,%6-7@*&)*
E8-)#'*1&,-'9*1,7-)()%H
J)*%*0#""%$#,%(;-*:#,B&)7*2,#0-''*9*:-*:&""*&)6-!
7,%6-*%)*&)6-,)%(#)%"*6-%=9*&)*#,<-,*6#*6%0B"-*%*
'2-0&I0*8,$%)K,-7&#)%"*8,$%)*2,#$"-=9*2,#;&<&)7*
%*'-6*#>*2#''&$"-*<-'&7)*#,&-)6-<*'#"8(#)'H
L&""%*G,%)M8&"%*&'*"#0%6-<*%6*6/-*=8)&0&2%"&6@*#>*
1;-""%)-<%9*#)*6/-*'#86/*-%'6*#>*=-6,#2#"&6%)*
E8-)#'*1&,-'H*L&"%*G,%)M8&"%*&'*%*'"8=*%,-%**
:/-,-*N44H444*2-#2"-*"&;-HH*O-*:&""*'--B*6#*
<-I)-*%*'6,%6-7@*>#,*&)6-7,%(#)*#>*6/-*%,-%*>,#=*
%*,-7&#)%"*%)<*>,#=*%*"#0%"*2-,'2-0(;-9*%)%"@'&)7*
6/-*6#2*<#:)*%22,#%0/-'*%'*:-""*%'*6/-*$#P#=*
82*#)-'9*%)<*:-*:&""*$-*0/%""-)7-<*6#*0#=$&)-*
$#6/H
Q8,*%22,#%0/*>#,*6/-*>,--*0/#&0-*&'*<-I)&)7*&)*
6/-*,-%"*0#=2"-?&6@*#>*%*2,#>-''&#)%"*%''&7)=-)69*
6/%6*&'*:/@*:-*#R-,*%*'-,&-'*#)*"-068,-'*%)<*
'-=&)%,'*:/-,-*:-*:&""*-?2"#,-*=-6,#2#"&'%(#)*
2,#0-''-'9*>#,=%(#)*%)<*<-;-"#2=-)6*#>*'"8='*
%)<*6/-*0/%""-)7-*>#,*6/-&,*&)6-7,%(#)9*>,#=*
$#6/*7"#$%"*%)<*"#0%"*6/-#,-(0%"*2-,'2-0(;-'HHH
Q8,*&)6-,)%(#)%"*6-%=*&'*=%&)"@*$%'-<*&)*E8-)#'*
1&,-'H**Q8,*,-'-%,0/*%''#0&%6-<*8)&;-,'&6@*&)*
E8-)#'*1&,-'*<-I)-'*&)*6/-*%,-%*%*A%$#,%6#,@*>#,*
6/-*-?2-,&=-)6%(#)*#>*'6,%6-7&-'H*C6%,()7*>,#=*
6/-&,*'2-0&I0*2-,'2-0(;-9*:-*:&""*%<<*#8,*2"%)!
)B&)7*%)<*<-'&7)*#,&-)6-<*%22,#%0/*&)*#,<-,*6#*
,-%0/*%*0"-%,*&)6-,;-)(#)*'6,%6-7@H*
+#&),$)$,')$'-.#'/"01'2)-3
S?2"#,&)7*:%@'*6#*&)6-7,%6-*'"8='*
&)*%*=-6,#2#"&6%)*0#)6-?6*
4.#'5*%6#2-'50*-$#*&7'
T)&;-,'&6@*#>*E8-)#'*1&,-'U*D,#>H*+"%;&#*V%)0/-'*%)<*W%'6-,*'68<-)6'*
'68<&#*
T)&;-,'&6@*#>*D%"-,=#*&)*E8-)#'*1&,-'U*D,#>H*S=&"&#*.&'6-,)%9*1,0/&6-0!
68,-*C0/##"
!CX*Y%,;%,<U*D,#>H*Z#<#">#*W%0/%<#*:&6/*%*6-%=*#>*[*=%'6-,*
'68<-)6'*<#&)7*6/-&,*=%'6-,*2,#F-06*&)*6/-*%,-%\
1,0/&6-06]'*%''#0&%(#)*#>*E8-)#'*1&,-'*^'822#,6*%)<*F8,@_
W8)&0&2%"&(-'*#>*1;-""%)-<%*^D,#F-06*%,-%_*%)<*6/,--*#6/-,*#)-'*&)*
6/-*'8,,#8)<&)7'*%)<*E8-)#'*1&,-'*=-6,#2#"&6%)*&)'(68(#)'
82.#/"1#7*C2,&)7*'-=-'6-,*3445
C6%,()7*>,#=*12,&"*`6/*6#*V8)-*3)<*
D#''&$"-*I-"<*:#,B*2-,&#<U*-)<*12,&"*a*$-7&))&)7*W%@
A-068,-'*%)<*'-=&)%,'U*12,&"*
9"-5"-&7':;'<=48
1ZQ*b449*S''%@*N*-06'
1ZQbc49*S?%=a`*-06'
1ZQb34*X-'&7)*'6,%6-7@K$##B"-6U**`*S.6'
=%%*/)$0-%*7*
d%=-U*X,H*XH*C-28";-<%*
Sa=%&"U*XHC-28";-<%e$BH68<-"fH)"*
D/#)-U*gNc*a`a3bhNi5N5
,-(.&%/()0+12341"2+5
X,H*C6-2/-)*Z-%<
1HZ-%<e68<-"fH)"*
X,H*Z#$-,6#*Z#00#
ZH.HZ#00#e68<-"fH)"*
X,H*j8*A-&
2Wednesday, 27April, 2011
contents
PART 11.Introduction2.Globalisation3.Post-Fordism and increasing
urban complexityPART 2
4.Case: Sao Paulo5.Empirical research6.Findings
3Wednesday, 27April, 2011
PART 1:What
globalisation and why is it relevant
for planners?4Wednesday, 27April, 2011
We are 7 billion people (2011)
Click here for the movie
5Wednesday, 27April, 2011
So, the challenges are slightly bigger (and
different)Click here for an illustration of
challenges
6Wednesday, 27April, 2011
A tale of global citiesFor the first time in history, the majority of the population lives in cities. Humanity is urban. Urbanity is opportunity. The opportunity to be connected to people, services, places and jobs. Cities are changing fast, as they have always done. In most places, cities are getting bigger, while in other places they are actually getting smaller: e.g. Detroit, New Orleans, cities in Germany and Spain. But here we are concerned with changes in urban structures and infrastructures in a special kind of city: the Global City.
7Wednesday, 27April, 2011
New questions are arising
How to accommodate new urban dwellers, and provide housing, health, education and jobs?How to bridge the divide between the urban rich and the urban poor?How to keep our cities sustainable and resilient to threats like climate change?How to keep cities vital and liveable?
8Wednesday, 27April, 2011
The spatial make up of global cities
The spatial make-up of global cities is also changing. There are more and more gleaming business centres, industries are leaving, people are living increasingly far from the centre, sometimes in horrible conditions, other times in beautiful but unsustainable never-ending suburbs. People say it is “globalisation”. But what does globalisation mean for the spatial make-up of cities? The cliché images are misleading...
9Wednesday, 27April, 2011
NEW YORK
10Wednesday, 27April, 2011
London
11Wednesday, 27April, 2011
VAmsterdamTOKYO
12Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Singapore
13Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Hong Kong
14Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Shanghai
15Wednesday, 27April, 2011
PARIS
16Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Berlin
17Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Buenos Aires
18Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Dubai
19Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Frankfurt
20Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Madrid
21Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Santiago
22Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Amsterdam
23Wednesday, 27April, 2011
São Paulo
24Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Conceptualising Globalisation
Globalisation occurs at four main different levels:
technological
economical
cultural
ecological
For Ulrich Beck (1997)
25Wednesday, 27April, 2011
One aspect of Globalisation is the acceleration of the all spheres of life, including:rapid development of information communicational technologies (ICT) the decentralisation of production and managerial processesthe expansion of trade flows, financial flows and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
Conceptualising Globalisation For SANTOS (1993)
26Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Some people think it is great
27Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Some people think it is a Force of evil
28Wednesday, 27April, 2011
We find it useful to explore the subject
dispassionately, however critically.
We also need to find out what ‘globalisation’ means
for the management of cities.
29Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Is it new?
Trade routes in the 16th century30Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Other Globalizations: The Globalization of Taste
31Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Other Globalizations: drugs
Source: www.pbs.org CIA/ Front Line 2000
32Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Other Globalizations: illegal immigration
People smuggling: 145 million people per year are illegally smuggled from poor or conflict countries into rich nationsSource: SF Chronicle 7 jan 2001
33Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Other Globalizations: conflict
Source: Small arms survey, GIIS, IISS
34Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Other Globalizations:Fear
“From Australia to Zimbabwe, using new laws and old-fashioned brute force, governments are sacrificing human rights on the altar of antiterrorism” Source: Amnesty International 2004
35Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Other Globalisations: Disease
Source: World Health Organisation 200336Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Globalisation of information
37Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Globalization and irrational forms of societal developments might and do coexist
Source: www.cartoonwork.com. Copyright: Carol Simpson
38Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Global awareness:The ‘Second’ Modernity
39Wednesday, 27April, 2011
The underlying assumption
The shift towards a knowledge-based economy and the emphasis on the production trade and diffusion of knowledge is triggering spatial transformation in cities under globalisation.
40Wednesday, 27April, 2011
What is he talking about?Spatial urban structure refers to:
•How functions are located and distributed over the urban territory •How these functions are articulated/integrated by real networks•How are real networks changing and expanding (the city-region as a relevant unit of analysis)
41Wednesday, 27April, 2011
And why is that important?
Life is embedded in space. Everything we do, we do ‘somewhere’, using places and services that articulated by links and infrastructures.
Let’s have a look in the following model:
42Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Les niveaux d'opération (Dupuy, 1991 + Rocco, 2008)
43Wednesday, 27April, 2011
But what is different now?
44Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Acceleration
45Wednesday, 27April, 2011
46Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Acceleration of flows
47Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Extension
48Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Metro Paris 1911
49Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Paris Metro 1930
50Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Paris Metro 1967
51Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Paris Metropolitan
52Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Reseaux Ile de France
53Wednesday, 27April, 2011
54Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Extension of networks
The extension of Arthur Andersen consulting around the world. The firm collapsed in 2002, accused of fraud.
55Wednesday, 27April, 2011
The number of multinational corporations along time. Source: GABEL, M. Bruner, H. 2004, Global Inc. An Atlas of the Multinational Corporation, new york: Global inc.
56Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Increasing Complexity
57Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Sao Paulo, Brazil, pop. 16 million (2010)
58Wednesday, 27April, 2011
But THIS is not so complex... Or is it?
Delft, The Netherlands, pop.: 96.000 (2008)
59Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Urbanisation in the Netherlands, 1950 Urbanisation in the Netherlands, 2010
Delft Delft
60Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Urbanisation in the Randstad, 1950 Urbanisation in the Randstad, 2010
Delft Delft
61Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Complex enough for you?Commuting patterns in The Randstad (2008), source: VROM.
62Wednesday, 27April, 2011
KLM Routes 1964 KLM Routes 2004
63Wednesday, 27April, 2011
64Wednesday, 27April, 2011
The future looks more like thisVisualizing Friendshipsby Paul Butler on Tuesday, 14 December 2010 at 02:16
Global Inc.An Atlas of the Multinational Corporation
MEDARD GABEL AND HENRY BRUNER
65Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Metropolitain de Paris 2005 Tokyo Subway system 2008
66Wednesday, 27April, 2011
A set of reasons
Revolution in Information and Telecommunications TechnologiesAdvances in Transportation TechnologiesNew management of production (Toyotism substitutes Fordism)Dispersal of production (industry to developing countries/ knowledge production in developed countries)Emergence of a Knowledge-based EconomyLiberalisation of the Economy
67Wednesday, 27April, 2011
In Post-Fordism, companies went from mass production to flexible production, adapted to a
changing and segmented demand
X
This amplified various processes and triggered the dispersal of production and concentration
of command activities in certain NODES of Command (Global Cities)
The transition from Fordism to Post-Fordism and the rise of the Knowledge Economy
68Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Dispersal of Production
69Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Globalizing Cities and NODES of command
The dispersal of production and finance has resulted in extended networks, composed by both old and new articulation NODES OF COMMAND.
70Wednesday, 27April, 2011
FDI as % of total GDP
71Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Globally integrated organization of economic activity
Location of ADK Akatsu Advertising (Japan) branches
For Sassen (1991):“The geography and the composition of the global economy changed so as to produce a complex duality: a spatially dispersed, yet globally integrated organization of economic activity” (p.3)
72Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Advanced Producer Services
73Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Expanded central control and management
Territorial dispersal of current economic activity creates a need for expanded central control and management
74Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Strategic role of global cities
For Sassen (1991), major cities have acquired a strategic role in the last decades as centres of command of the organisation of world economy.
Taylor, P.J. Firms and their Global Service Networks in S Sassen (ed) (2002) Global Networks, Linked Cities New York, London: Routledge, 93-115.
75Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Cities as key locations for Advanced Producer Services
This new role is largely based on some cities being key locations for finance and for
specialised service firms, which have
replaced manufacturing as
the leading economic sector of the an increasingly
integrated world economy.
GaWC Research Bulletin 23, 2001
76Wednesday, 27April, 2011
The architecture of the Global City Network
Source: Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network, Loughborough, UK
NYLondon Tokyo
77Wednesday, 27April, 2011
But…
Discussing ‘global cities’ as loci of command seems to be insufficient from the point of view of territorial management and planning.
The necessary geographical and spatial components are missing.
78Wednesday, 27April, 2011
But…These spatial components are essential to understand the real implications of an emerging knowledge economy for the spatial organisation of cities and regions.
The intrinsic networked character of command activities and their role as producers,users and sellers of knowledge seem to require a better understanding of how they are organised in the territory.
79Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Levels of operation
80Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Urban structures in the age of hyperconnectivity
The sophistication, expansion and generalization of technical networks
in the last decades are crucial elements for the appearance of new urban structures and new societal
practices.
81Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Liverpool street station, London
82Wednesday, 27April, 2011
USEFUL LINKS
United Nations Human Settlements Programme www.unhabitat.org/ Learn more about the United Nations' efforts to improve living conditions—both urban and rural—for the world's people.
World Urbanisation Prospects: The 2001 Revision, Data Tables and Highlights www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wup2001/wup2001dh.pdfRead the UN's most recent report on the history and future of urbanisation worldwide. If you live in a very large metropolitan area, you may find projections for its future population—through 2015—in table A.12.
Prague Institute for Global Urban Developmentwww.pragueinstitute.org/
This non-profit organization works to improve urban environments around the world.
The Urban Institutewww.urban.org
The Urban Institute's wide-ranging experts—including economists, policy analysts, population specialists, and urban planners—examine urban conditions around the globe and advise policy makers on ways to improve quality of life in cities.
83Wednesday, 27April, 2011
General references on urbanisation today
Caldeira, Teresa P. R., 2000, City of Walls: Crime, Segregation, and Citizenship in São Paulo. University of California Press.
Evans, Peter, ed. 2002. Livable Cities? Urban Struggles for Livelihood and Sustainability. University of California Press.
Hall, Peter, and Ulrich Pfeiffer, 2000. Urban Future 21: A Global Agenda for Twenty-First Century Cities. E and FN Spon.
Hardroy, Jorge E., Diana Mitlin, and David Satterthwaite, 2001. Environmental Problems in an Urbanizing World. Earthscan Publications.
United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat) 2001. Cities in a Globalizing World: Global Report on Human Settlements 2001. Earthscan Publications.
84Wednesday, 27April, 2011
references on globalisation and cities
AMEN, M. M., ARCHER, K. & BOSMAN, M. M. 2006. Relocating global cities: from the center to the margins, Lanham, Rowman & Littlefield.
BECK, U. 2000. What is Globalization?, Cambridge, Polity Press.
BIG PICTURE CONSULTING 2004. Small World Consulting, Philadelphia, USA. http://www.bigpicturesmallworld.com/Global%20Inc%202/pgs/fndts/fdi.html/ GMT 28 October 2004.
DEÁK, C. 2001. Sao Paulo City Profile. In: CARMONA, M. & BURGESS, R. (eds.) Strategic Planning & Urban Projects: Responses to globalisation from 15 cities Delft: DUP.
FRIEDMAN, J. 2005. Globalization and the emerging culture of planning. Progress in Planning, 64, 183-234.
GABEL, M. & BRUNER, H. 2003. Global Inc.: An Atlas of the Multinational Corporation, New York, The New Press.
MARCUSE, P. & VAN KEMPEN, R. 2000. Globalizing Cities: a New Spatial Order?, Oxford, Blackwell.
MCCANN, E. J. 2004. Urban Political Economy Beyond the 'Global City'. Urban Studies, 41, 2315-2333.
PAIN, K. 2010. Spatial Transformations of Cities: Global City-Region? Mega-City Region? [Online]. Loughborough: GaWC. Available: http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb353.html [Accessed 29 March 2011].
ROCCO, R. 2008. An Urban Geography of Globalisation: New Urban Structures in the Age of Hyper-connectivity, Delft, IFoU.
SASSEN, S. 2002. Locating Cities on Global Circuits. Environment & Urbanization, 14, 13-30.
SCHIFFER, S. T. R. Year. São Paulo: the challenge of Globalisation in an exclusionary urban structure., 1997 Stanford. UNU/IAS.
SEGBERS, K. 2007. Global Politics and the Making of Global City Regions. In: SEGBERS, K. (ed.) The Making of Global City Regions: Johannesburg, Mumbai/Bombay, São Paulo, and Shanghai. Baltimore: JHU Press.
SOKOL, M., VAN EGERAAT, C. & WILLIAMS, B. 2008. Revisiting the 'informational city': Space of flows, polycentricity and the geography of knowledge-intensive business services in the emerging global city-region of Dublin. Regional Studies, 42, 1133-1146.
TAYLOR, P. J. 2004. World City Network: a Global Urban Analysis, London, Routledge.
85Wednesday, 27April, 2011
Thanks for listeningAny questions?
Roberto RoccoChair of Urban Planning and Strategy, Department of Urbanism
Delft University of Technology TU DelftApril 2011
86Wednesday, 27April, 2011