andrew jackson 1767 - 1845 jacksonian democrats viewed themselves as the guardians of the us...

Andrew Jackson 1767 - 1845

Jacksonian Democrats viewed themselves as the guardians of the US Constitution, political democracy, individual liberty, and equality of economic opportunity. Use your knowledge of the 1820’s and 1830’s to explain the extent to which you agree with the Jacksonians’ view of themselves.

““King”King”Andrew?Andrew?

Voting Voting Requirements Requirements in the Early 19cin the Early 19c

Voting Voting Requirements Requirements in the Early 19cin the Early 19c

Voter Turnout: Voter Turnout: 1820 - 18601820 - 1860

Voter Turnout: Voter Turnout: 1820 - 18601820 - 1860

Why Increased Why Increased Democratization?Democratization?

Why Increased Why Increased Democratization?Democratization?3 White male suffrage increased – new states White male suffrage increased – new states introduce universal male suffrage. RI – Dorr introduce universal male suffrage. RI – Dorr Rebellion (1842)Rebellion (1842)

3 Party nominating committees.Party nominating committees.

3 Voters chose their state’s slate of Voters chose their state’s slate of Presidential electors.Presidential electors.

3 Spoils system.Spoils system.

3 Rise of Third Parties.Rise of Third Parties.

3 Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats, etc.)floats, etc.)

3 Two-party system returned in the 1832 Two-party system returned in the 1832 election:election:

Dem-Reps Dem-Reps Natl. Reps.(1828) Natl. Reps.(1828) WhigsWhigs (1832) (1832) Republicans (1854) Republicans (1854)

Democrats (1828)Democrats (1828)

Jackson’s First Jackson’s First Hermitage Hermitage ResidenceResidence

Jackson’s First Jackson’s First Hermitage Hermitage ResidenceResidence

First Known First Known Painting Painting

of Jackson, 1815of Jackson, 1815

First Known First Known Painting Painting

of Jackson, 1815of Jackson, 1815

General Jackson General Jackson During the During the

Seminole Wars Seminole Wars (1817)(1817)

General Jackson General Jackson During the During the

Seminole Wars Seminole Wars (1817)(1817)

Wars would not end until 1842

The “Common The “Common Man’s”Man’s”

Presidential Presidential CandidateCandidate

The “Common The “Common Man’s”Man’s”

Presidential Presidential CandidateCandidate

Jackson’s Jackson’s Opponents in 1824Opponents in 1824

Jackson’s Jackson’s Opponents in 1824Opponents in 1824

Henry ClayHenry Clay[KY][KY]

John Quincy John Quincy AdamsAdams[MA][MA]

John C. John C. CalhounCalhoun

[SC][SC]

William H. CrawfordWilliam H. Crawford[GA][GA]

Results of the Results of the 1824 Election1824 ElectionResults of the Results of the 1824 Election1824 Election

AA

““CorrCorrupt upt

BargaBargainin?”?”

AA

““CorrCorrupt upt

BargaBargainin?”?”

Accomplishments of John Quincy Adams

• Senate – voted against Embargo of 1807

• Secretary of State– Treaty of Ghent (1814)– Adams-Onis Treaty – 1819, Spain

ceded Florida, the US gave up Texas. (Seminole War)

– Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Accomplishments of John Quincy Adams

• President #6 1825-29

• House of Representatives – 8 terms

• Defense attorney in Amistad Slave Revolt Case – 1841

• Had “gag rule” repealed – could not discuss slavery in Senate

Beliefs of John Quincy Adams

• Second Bank of US• Opposed annexation of

Texas (anti-slavery)• Nationalist (American

System – public University, weather stations)

• Sympathized with Indians

Rachel JacksonRachel JacksonRachel JacksonRachel Jackson

Final Divorce DecreeFinal Divorce Decree

Jackson in Jackson in Mourning for His Mourning for His

WifeWife

Jackson in Jackson in Mourning for His Mourning for His

WifeWife

1828 Election 1828 Election ResultsResults

1828 Election 1828 Election ResultsResults

The New The New “Jackson “Jackson Coalition”Coalition”

The New The New “Jackson “Jackson Coalition”Coalition”

3 The Planter Elite in the The Planter Elite in the SouthSouth

3 People on the FrontierPeople on the Frontier

3 State Politicians – State Politicians – spoils spoils systemsystem “Turn the rascals out, put our rascals in.”

3 Immigrants in the Immigrants in the cities.cities.

Jackson’s Faith Jackson’s Faith in the in the “Common “Common

Man”Man”

Jackson’s Faith Jackson’s Faith in the in the “Common “Common

Man”Man”3 Intense distrust of EasternIntense distrust of Eastern“establishment,” “establishment,” monopolies, & special monopolies, & special privilege.privilege.

3 His heart & soul was with His heart & soul was with thethe“plain folk.”“plain folk.”

3 Belief that the common man Belief that the common man was capable of uncommon was capable of uncommon achievements.achievements.

The Reign of “King The Reign of “King Mob”Mob”

The Inaugural Brawl!The Inaugural Brawl!

The Reign of “King The Reign of “King Mob”Mob”

The Inaugural Brawl!The Inaugural Brawl!

Andrew Jackson as Andrew Jackson as PresidentPresident

Andrew Jackson as Andrew Jackson as PresidentPresident

The The “Peggy Eaton “Peggy Eaton Affair”Affair”

The The “Peggy Eaton “Peggy Eaton Affair”Affair”Eaton was the wife of

Sec. of War and other wives thought she was an adulteress, so they refused to sit with her at dinner. Jackson demanded, and the cabinet resigned, Calhoun then fell out of favor with Jackson. Van Buren befriended Eaton and thus Jackson “chose” Van Buren to succeed him as president.

1832 Tariff 1832 Tariff ConflictConflict

1832 Tariff 1832 Tariff ConflictConflict3 1828 -->1828 --> “Tariff of “Tariff of

Abomination” Abomination”

3 South Carolina’s South Carolina’s reactionreaction? - Nullification? - Nullification

3 Jackson’s responseJackson’s response? Force ? Force BillBill

3 Clay’s “Compromise” Clay’s “Compromise” TariffTariff? Gradual reduction ? Gradual reduction (1832-42)(1832-42)

“The Nullies” v Jackson

• John C Calhoun (VP Under Adams and Jackson) wrote South Carolina Exposition (1828)– “Concurrent Majority” – a federal

law that is harmful to states can be declared null and void via a convention of the people.

• Jackson’s Response – Threatened military force and “Force Bill”

What steps were taken to avoid a military conflict?

Jackson and The Native Americans

• 1828 The Cherokee Tribes of Georgia wrote and adopted a constitution with 3 branch government.– Georgia declared the Cherokee Assembly

illegal (SC ruled in favor of Indians)• Cherokee Nation v Georgia – state has no

authority in tribal legislation• Worcester v Georgia – same ruling by John

Marshall• Jackson’s Response:

– “John Marshall had made his decision, now let him enforce it.”

*How does this quote from Jackson show his increasing strength as President?

The Cherokee The Cherokee Nation After 1820Nation After 1820

The Cherokee The Cherokee Nation After 1820Nation After 1820

Indian RemovalIndian RemovalIndian RemovalIndian Removal

Trail of Tears Trail of Tears (1838-1839)(1838-1839)Trail of Tears Trail of Tears (1838-1839)(1838-1839)

Indian Removal Act of 1830

• 100,000 Indians moved from east of Mississippi

• 1832 – Black Hawk War• 1835-42 Osceola and Florida

Seminoles• 1838-39 “Trail of Tears” 15,000

Cherokees, 116 days – 4,000 deaths (25%)– 100 million acres given up– $68 million paid out, 32 million acres in

West

Jackson’s Jackson’s Professed “Love” Professed “Love”

forforNative AmericansNative Americans

Jackson’s Jackson’s Professed “Love” Professed “Love”

forforNative AmericansNative Americans

Jacksonians on States’ Rights

• Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837)– States, not federal government, had

power to enter into contracts regarding infrastructure, transportation.

• Maysville Road Veto - I am not able to view [the Maysville Road Bill] in any other light than as a measure of purely local character.... It has no connection with any established system of improvements; [and] is exclusively within the limits of a State [Kentucky]....

Jackson’s Use of Jackson’s Use of Federal PowerFederal Power

Jackson’s Use of Jackson’s Use of Federal PowerFederal Power

VETOVETO

1830 1830 Maysville RoadMaysville Road projectproject in KY [state of his in KY [state of his political rival, Henry political rival, Henry Clay] Clay]

The National Bank The National Bank DebateDebate

The National Bank The National Bank DebateDebate

NicholasNicholasBiddleBiddle

PresidentPresidentJacksonJackson

“The Hydra of Corruption” – The Bank Wars

• Nicholas Biddle – President of Bank of US– Functions – print stable currency,

keep federal money, control gold and silver, source of credit

• 1832 – Clay and Webster wanted to use the renewal of the charter to embarrass the President – if he passed the charter he would anger his followers, if he vetoed it the wealthy would be upset.

– *How did the veto increase the power of President?

Opposition to the Opposition to the 22ndnd B.U.S. B.U.S.

Opposition to the Opposition to the 22ndnd B.U.S. B.U.S.

“Soft”(paper) $

“Soft”(paper) $

“Hard”(specie) $

“Hard”(specie) $

3 state bankers state bankers feltfeltit restrained it restrained theirtheirbanks from banks from issuingissuingbank notes bank notes freely.freely.

3 supported rapid supported rapid

economic economic growth growth & speculation.& speculation.

3 felt that coin was felt that coin was

the only safethe only safecurrency.currency.

3 didn’t like any didn’t like any bankbankthat issued bankthat issued banknotes.notes.

3 suspicious of suspicious of expansion &expansion &speculation.speculation.

“The Moneyed Monster” The Bank War

• 1833 Jackson removed most Federal money from Bank of US– Effect – Panic of 1837 – What did

Biddle have to do?

• “Pet Banks”• Specie Circular – US Treasury required

all new land purchased be secured with gold or silver. (1836)

The “Monster” Is The “Monster” Is Destroyed!Destroyed!

The “Monster” Is The “Monster” Is Destroyed!Destroyed!3 ““pet banks”pet banks”??

3 1832 1832 Jackson vetoed Jackson vetoed thethe extension of the 2 extension of the 2ndnd National Bank of National Bank of thethe United States. United States.

3 1836 1836 the charter the charter expired.expired.

3 1841 1841 the bank went the bank went bankrupt! bankrupt!

The Downfall of The Downfall of “Mother Bank”“Mother Bank”The Downfall of The Downfall of “Mother Bank”“Mother Bank”

Hydra of Corruption

An An 1832 1832 CartoCartoon:on:

““KingKingAndreAndrew”w”??

An An 1832 1832 CartoCartoon:on:

““KingKingAndreAndrew”w”??

1832 Election 1832 Election ResultsResults

1832 Election 1832 Election ResultsResults

MainMainIssueIssue??

The The Specie Specie CircularCircular (1836) (1836)

The The Specie Specie CircularCircular (1836) (1836)3 ““wildcat banks.”wildcat banks.”

3 buy future federalbuy future federalland only with gold land only with gold ororsilver.silver.

3 Jackson’s goalJackson’s goal??

Results of the Results of the Specie CircularSpecie CircularResults of the Results of the Specie CircularSpecie Circular$ Banknotes lose their Banknotes lose their value.value.

$ Land sales plummeted.Land sales plummeted.

$ Credit not available.Credit not available.

$ Businesses began to fail.Businesses began to fail.

$ Unemployment rose.Unemployment rose.

The Panic of 1837!The Panic of 1837!

The Panic of 1837 The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly!Spreads Quickly!The Panic of 1837 The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly!Spreads Quickly!

Andrew Jackson in Andrew Jackson in RetirementRetirement

Andrew Jackson in Andrew Jackson in RetirementRetirement

Photo of Andrew Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844Jackson in 1844

(one year before his (one year before his death)death)

Photo of Andrew Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844Jackson in 1844

(one year before his (one year before his death)death)

1767 - 18451767 - 1845

“The Era of the Common Man”

• Social mixture• Universal Male Suffrage• Popular Campaigning• Increased Power of President

(through veto)• Kitchen Cabinet• Roger Taney in Supreme

Court