android and its scope
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SUBMITTED UNDER
SHRI SHRIDHAR JOSHI
SHRI K.N. HOSUR
SUBMITTED BY
NAYAN N KULKARNI 2SD07EC051
VIII SEM ECE
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Introduction
Birth of Android
Features
Version history Detailed description
Operation
Architecture
Developing application
Security issues What makes Android special
Advantages and disadvantages
Conclusions and future scope
References
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Android is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system
middleware and key applications.
THE BIRTH OFANDROID
Android.INC was a small company which was acquired by Google in July 2005.
During November 2007 Open Handset Alliance(OHA) was founded.
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Application framework
Dalvik virtual machine
Integrated browser
Optimized graphics
SQLite
Handset layouts
Data storage
connectivity
Messaging
Web browser
Java virtual machine
Media support
Additional hardware
support
Development environment
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Android has seen many updates since original release.
These updates are to fix bugs and add new features.
Most recent versions
2.0/2.1 - Eclair
2.2 - Froyo
2 .3 - Gingerbread
3.0 - Honeycomb
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Operation
Android runtime
Core libraries provide functionalities.
It depends on linux kernel for functionalities such as threadind and memory
management.
Linux kernel
linux 2.6 version is used.
Memory management,security,network stack etc.
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Android applications are collection of components of various kind.
These components all run in the same systemprocess.
Itspossible to create separate threads for the process
Itspossible to create a separate child process.
The major application building blocks are
Activity
Intent receiver
Service
Contentprovider
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AndroidManifest.xml
The control file that tells what to do with the top level components(the four listed
inprevious slide).
Developer shouldpredefine which he wants to use in the specific .xml file.
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Application lifestyle
Every application runs its own process.
Not using the componentsproperly can result in the system killing theapplicationprocess while it is doing important work.
To determine which process to be killed when low on memory importance
hierarchy based on the components running in them and the state of those
components.
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Process types
Foregroundprocess
A process is considered to be foreground if
Running an activity on top of the screen that the user is interacting with.
Has a broadcast receiver that is currently running.
Has service that is currenlty executing code in one of its callbacks.
Aprocess is killed only if there is no memory even to continue with the
basic processes.
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Visibleprocess
Serviceprocess
Backgroundprocess
Emptyprocess
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Application framework
A rich and extensible set of Views that can be used to build an application,
including lists, grids, text boxes, buttons, and even an embeddable web browser
Content Providers that enable applications to access data from other
applications
A Resource Manager, providing access to non-code resources such as localized
strings, graphics, and layout files
A Notification Manager that enables all applications to display custom alerts in
the status bar
An Activity Manager that manages the life cycle of applications and provides a
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Library
C/C++ libraries
System C library
Media libraries
Surface manager(2D/3D graphic layer management)
Libwebcore
3D libraries.
SQLite
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Security issues
More secure than Apples iphone.
Several solutions to protect google phone from various attacks.
Linux coding is secure.
Open source platform is disadvantageous as it is open for hackers.
Anti-virus, anti-spam, firewall.
GPS hacking.
Though android is secure compared to others but it is not completely free from
such attacks.
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Manufacturers war
Googlesmain competitors are nokia , microsoft and apple.
They do not consider android as a serious rival or threat to their businessstratergies.
Market research
huge leap for mobile advertisement business.
Android is going to present new solutions through the fast search engines,open
search applications and other services.
20% ofpeople in the world are interested in buying a google androidphone
even though this is just a new trend in the market.
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There are many mobileplatforms today like blackberry , symbian , linux mobile etc in
competition with android.
But some of the android features makes it special they are
A truly open , free developmentplatform based on linux and open source.
A component based architecture inspired by internet mash-ups.
Can update with new versions.
Built in services like GPS , browser and map views.
Optimized for low-power , low memory devices in a fundamental way that no
previousplatform has attempted.
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High quality graphics and sound, smooth anti-aliased 2D vector graphics and
animation inspired by flash with 3D.
Codecs for most common industry audio and video.
Support for variety of input methods such as keyboard, touch, tilt, camera , voice
and trackball.
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Advantages
Open - Android allows you to access core mobile device functionality through
standard API calls.
All applications are equal - Android does not differentiate between the phone's
basic and third-party applications -- even the dialer or home screen can be
replaced.
Breaking down boundaries
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Combine information from the web with data onthephone -- such as contacts or geographic location -- to create new user
experiences.
Fast and easy development
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Disadvantages
Security - Making source code available to everyone inevitably invites the
attention of black hat hackers.
Open Source - A disadvantage of open-source development is that anyone
can scrutinize the source code to find vulnerabilities and write exploits.
Login - Platform doesn't run on an encrypted file system and has a
vulnerable log-in.
Incompetence - Googles dependence on hardware and carrier partners
puts the final product out of their control.
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Android has been criticized for not being all open-source
Google android is stepping into the next level of mobile internet.
Many upcoming mobiles have android as there OS.
User friendly
May be even goto an extent that even PC will have the same
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http://www.android.com - Android Official Webpage
http://code.google.com/android/ - Official Android Google Code Webpage
http://www.openhandsetalliance.com/ - Open Handset Alliance Webpage
http://www.androidwiki.com Android Wiki
http://googleblog.blogspot.com/ - Official Google Blog
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(mobile_phone_platform)Wikipedia
Information
http://www.scribd.com/Android - scribd webpage
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebKit
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_(software)
http://www.itworld.com/google-android-dr-080213
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