animal nutrition. 5 basic classes of nutrients water energy nutrients proteins minerals vitamins

Animal Nutrition

5 Basic Classes of Nutrients

• Water• Energy Nutrients• Proteins• Minerals• Vitamins

Water

• Most Important Nutrient

• Needed in largest amounts of all nutrients– 65%-85% of body weight at birth– 45% to 60% of body weight at maturity– 90%-95% of blood is water

Functions of Water

• Transportation of other nutrients and waste products

• Temperature regulation

• Maintains shape of cells

• Lubricates joints and organs in the body

Sources of Water

1. Drinking Water

2. Water within the feed

3. Metabolic water

1. Drinking Water

Things That Affect Drinking Water Consumption• Heat• Dry Matter Consumption• Dietary Factors– Feeds high in water reduces drinking– Feeds high in fiber, salt, and proteins increase drinking

• Access to water– Location, length of water trough, competition with

other animals

1. Drinking WaterThings That Affect Drinking Water Consumption

• Function of the animal (lactating cow vs. dry cow)– Dairy Cow 4-5 lbs of water= 1 lb of milk– Dairy Cows allowed water twice a day milk production

reduced by 15%

1. Drinking Water

How much water do mature, non-stressed animals need?

Swine= 2-5 gal/hd/day

Sheep= 1-4 gal/hd/day

Cattle= 8-16 gal/hd/day

Horses= 10-14 gal/hd/day

2. Water Within The Feed

• Grains can range from 8% to 30% water

• Forages can range from 5% in a dry hay to more than 90% water in lush young grass

3. Metabolic Water

• Water produced by the body during chemical reactions

• 5-10% of total water intake

Water Loss

How is water lost from the animals body?1. Urine

2. Feces

3. Sweat

4. Milk production

Water Deficiencies

What happens if animals are deprived of water?1. Reduced feed consumption – Reduces amount of feed eaten by 27%– Reduces feed efficiency by 33%– Reduces weight gain by 50%

2. Weight Loss

3. Water Intoxication– 4-5 days without water animal will drink up to 50% of body weight in

½ hour

4. Death

All of these lead to a loss of what?___________________

5 Basic Classes of Nutrients

• Water• Energy Nutrients• Proteins• Minerals• Vitamins

Energy Nutrients

There are 3 types of energy nutrients, what are they?

1. Carbohydrates

2. Fats

3. Oils

Energy Nutrients

Where do animals get energy nutrients?• Grains– Corn, Oats, Wheat, Barley, Rye

• Forages– Corn Silage, Straw, Pasture Grasses

• Animal Fats

• Molasses

Energy Nutrients

What are the functions of energy nutrients?

1. Provide Energy2. Maintain body temperature3. Muscle development4. Growth5. Development of fetus

Energy Nutrients

What happens if animals don’t get enough energy nutrients?

• Slow growth• Delayed puberty• Decreased milk production• Weight Loss• Less resistance to diseases and parasites

Energy Nutrients

Animals need more energy nutrients when they are doing what?

1. Producing Milk– Energy needs double

2. Pregnant– Energy needed for baby

3. Working

Energy Nutrients

What is the most important energy nutrient?

Carbohydrates

Energy Nutrients -Carbs

What are the 4 things carbohydrates are made up of?

1. Sugars

2. Starches

3. Cellulose

4. Lignin

Energy Nutrients- Carbs

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

1. Provide energy for the cells– Chemical reaction very much like burning

2. Provides energy for muscle movement– Heartbeat, Walking, Breathing

3. Produce heat to keep animal warm4. Extra carbs are stored as fats

Energy Nutrients- Carbs

There are 2 types of carbohydrates, what are they?

1. Simple Carbs– Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE’s)– Consist of sugars and starches– Supply immediate energy– Come from cereal grains

Energy Nutrients- Carbs

There are 2 types of carbohydrates, what are they? 2. Complex Carbs– Known as fiber– Consist of cellulose and lignin– More difficult to digest than simple CHO’s– Fiber is found primarily and roughages such as hay

and pasture plants.– Examples are alfalfa, brome grass, orchard grass, and

bluegrass.

Energy Nutrients- CarbsFiber Content

• Dry weight- weight of a feed with the moisture content removed

• The dry weight of most grains and roughages ranges from 65-80% CHO

• Mature roughages contain more fiber when harvested than those that are less mature

• The mature plant is not easily digested

• Ruminants can digest large amounts of fiber

Energy Nutrients

Carbohydrates are the most important energy nutrient what are the other 2 energy

nutrients?

Fats and Oils

Energy Nutrients- Fats and Oils

• Contain more carbon and hydrogen than do CHO’s

• Fats have 2.25 times the energy value of CHO’s

• Fats are solid at room temperature, oils are liquid

• Easily digested by animals

Energy Nutrients

How do we measure the amount of energy nutrients in a animal feed?

Calories

Energy Nutrients

What is a calorie?• Unit of energy required to raise the

temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree centigrade – From 14.5 to 15.5 degrees centigrade

• Energy in feeds is expressed in the unit of measurement of the calorie.

• Kilocalorie (1,000 cal) states the heat content of feed.

Energy Nutrients Review

1. What are the three types of energy nutrients?2. Name 2 sources of energy nutrients3. Name 2 functions of energy nutrients4. What are 3 things that can happen if an animal

doesn’t get enough energy nutrients?5. What is the difference between complex carbs

and simple carbs?6. Why can cows digest fiber better than pigs?7. Explain what a calorie measures

5 Basic Classes of Nutrients

• Water• Energy Nutrients• Proteins• Minerals• Vitamins

Proteins

What are proteins?• Organic compounds that

are made up of amino acids

• Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins

• Most expensive part of animal ration

Proteins

What are the functions of proteins?

1. Build and repair body organs and tissues

– Ligaments, Hair, Hooves, Horns, Skin, Muscles

2. Production of milk, eggs, and wool

3. Fetus development

Proteins

When do animals need the greatest amounts of protein?

1. Young and Growing

2. Pregnant

3. Lactating (producing milk)

Proteins

What are the 2 types of amino acids?

1. Non-Essential Amino Acids

– Needed by animals

– Are synthesized by the body from other A.A.’s and do not have to be provided

Proteins

What are the 2 types of amino acids?

2. Essential Amino Acids

– Cannot be made from other A.A.’s

– Must be provided in the diet

– Nonruminants need most of their A.A.’s provided

ProteinsWhat are the 2 sources of proteins?

1. Animal Proteins– Meat and Bone Scraps– Blood Meal– Fish Meal

2. Vegetable Proteins– Soybeans– Peanut Meal– Hay– Pastures

Proteins

Animal Proteins Source vs. Vegetable/Plant Protein Source

Which is a better source?Animal Proteins

Why?They contain a good balance of the essential

amino acids

Proteins

• Simple stomached animals need a balance of the essential A.A.’s

• Cereal grains combined in the right amounts, can provide a balanced ration

• Urea- synthetic nitrogen source that is mixed in a ration to provide nitrogen for making AA’s in the ruminants body

Proteins

What is crude protein?

• The amount of ammonical nitrogen in the feed (ammonia) multiplied by 6.25

• It may contain materials that are not true protein

Proteins

What is digestible protein?

• The true protein in a feed

• Not all protein is digestible

• 60% of the crude protein(CP) in a roughage diet is digestible

• 75% of the CP in a high concentrate ration is digestible

Protein Review

1. What are proteins and what are the functions of proteins?

2. Explain what crude protein is.3. Name two sources of proteins and an example of

each.4. Why do young animal require more protein that

older animals?5. What is the difference between essential and

nonessential amino acids?6. What is digestible protein?

5 Basic Classes of Nutrients

• Water• Energy Nutrients• Proteins• Minerals• Vitamins

Minerals

What are minerals?

• Inorganic substances that animals need in small amounts

• Minerals contain no carbon

Minerals

What are some functions of minerals?

1. Provide material for growth of:– Bones, Teeth, and Tissue

2. Help with muscular activities

3. Reproduction

4. Digestion of feed

Minerals

Minerals are divided into 2 groups, what are they?

1. Major (macro) Minerals

2. Trace (micro) Minerals

Minerals- Major• Needed in large amounts

• 7 Macro Minerals– Calcium

– Phosphorus

– Sodium

– Chlorine

– Potassium

– Sulfur

– Magnesium

Minerals- Major

What are the most common major minerals animal rations lack?

• Sodium

• Calcium

• Phosphorous

Minerals- Major

Sodium• Functions:– Maintain osmotic pressure in cells– Muscle and nerve activity

• Deficiencies:– Reduced appetite– Rough hair coat– Cannibalism in chickens– Dirt eating

Minerals- Major

Calcium• Functions:– Bone development– Nerve and muscle function

• Deficiencies:– Rickets- in young animals bones are soft, bend

easily, and are malformed

Minerals- Major

Phosphorus• Functions:– Bone and Teeth Development– Appetite

• Deficiencies:– Rickets– Stiffness in joints– Loss of appetite

Minerals- Trace• Needed in small amounts– Sulfur– Magnesium– Iron– Iodine– Copper– Cobalt– Zinc– Manganese– Boron– Molybdenum– Fluorine– Selenium

Mineral Review

1. What are minerals?2. What are minerals important?3. What are 3 major minerals that animal feeds

commonly lack? Name one deficiency of each.

4. What is the difference between major minerals and trace minerals.

5 Basic Classes of Nutrients

• Water• Energy Nutrients• Proteins• Minerals• Vitamins

Vitamins

What are vitamins?

• Trace organic compounds needed in small amounts by animals

• Needed for development of normal tissues and for health, growth and maintenance

Vitamins

Vitamins are divided into 2 groups, what are they?• Fat-Soluble Vitamins (A,D,E,K)

– Dissolved in fat

• Water-Soluble Vitamins (C, B-Complex)

– Dissolved in water

Vitamin A

• Function:– Vision– Conception Rates– Disease Resistance

• Deficiencies:– Night Blindness– Blindness in calves– Reproductive problems

Vitamin D

• Function:– Bone Development – Growth

• Deficiencies:– Rickets (young animals)– Osteomalacia (older animals)

Vitamin E

• Function:– Reproduction– Muscle Development– E and Selenium together help immune system

• Deficiencies:– Reproduction failure– Muscular dystrophy

Vitamin K

• Function:– Blood Clotting

• Deficiencies:– Blood doesn’t clot fast

Vitamins

What are some sources of Vitamin A,D,E,K?

• Green Leafy Hay

• Yellow Corn

• Cod Liver

• Fish Oils

Vitamin C

• Function:

– Formation of teeth and bones

– Prevents infections

B- Complex

• Function:– Appetite

– Growth

– Reproduction

Vitamins

What are some sources of water-soluble vitamins?

• Green Pastures and Hay

• Cereal Grains

• Milk

Vitamin Review

1. What are vitamins and why are they needed?2. List the fat-soluble vitamins and their functions

as well as deficiencies.3. What are the sources of fat-soluble vitamins?4. What is the function of Vitamin C?5. What the sources of the water-soluble vitamins?