nutrition in heterotrophs - napa valley college · nutrition in heterotrophs required nutrients...
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Nutrition in Heterotrophs
Required Nutrients
Water
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Minerals
Vitamins
Water Makes up ~90% of some animals
Makes up a major portion of many body parts
Humans require at least 1 L / day
Carbohydrates
Main source of energy
High in bulk fiber
Refined carbohydrates do not supply need
Obesity
American consumption ~2 lb refined sugar/week
Lipids
Parts of membranes
Energy reserves
Essential fatty acids
(olive oil, canola oil)
Saturated fats
Roughly 40% of American diet
Proteins
Consist of amino acids hooked together aa-aa-aa-aa-aa-aa-aa-…
20 amino acids
8 essential amino acids
Animal protein contains all 20 amino acids
Vegetables do not contain required balance of amino acids for humans
a vegetable does not provide complete protein
Complementarities can supply all essential amino acids.
Beans supply – lysine
corn supply – methionine
Fig. 41.4
Vegetarian diet
Minerals
17 essential minerals
Inorganic substances: Iron, iodine, zinc, calcium, sulfur, potassium, chloride, magnesium, etc.
Required for growth, metabolism, survival
Deficiencies – stunted growth or weak
Vitamins
13 essential vitamins
Complex organic compounds
Play metabolic role – cofactors and coenzymes
Animals cannot synthesize themselves
Vitamins Water Soluble vitamins
Taken in excess – eliminated in urine generally do no harm C
B complex (B1, B2, B6, B12, niacin)
Fat Soluble vitamins
Taken in excess – stored in fatty tissues can cause serious health problems A
D
E
K
Water Soluble Vitamins
Need Source Too Little Too Much
C collagen synth., inhibits free radicals, builds bone, & teeth
Fruits and vegetables
Scurvy, poor healing, impaired immunity
diarrhea, digestive upsets
B complex
Coenzyme action meat, green leafy vegetables, whole grains
Varies None in most Niacin - skin flushing B6 –impaired coordination
B12 nervous function, coenzyme in nucleic acid metabolism
Meat, dairy, yeast
vegan diet -limited
Anemia,
impaired nerve function
non– toxic
Fat Soluble Vitamins Need Source Too little Too much
A Vision, bone, teeth
Beta carotene- yellow or green leafy vegetables
night blindness, dry skin, poor immunity
skin changes, vomiting, bone & liver damage
D Bone growth; mineralization Ca absorption
Formed in skin, fortified milk, yolks
bone deformities (Rickets)
retarded growth, kidney damage
E counters free radicals, maintains cell membranes
Whole grains, dark-green leafy vegetables, vegetable oil
anemia, nerve damage
muscle weakness, fatigue, headaches, nausea
K Blood clotting, ATP formation
Enterobacteria, Leafy vegetables
Hemorrhage jaundice, liver damage, anemia
Simple Digestive Processes 1. Intracellular Digestion
Paramecium
Amoeba
Phagocytosis
Simple Digestive Processes 2. Extracellular Digestion carbohydrates simple sugar
proteins amino acids
lipids glycerol
& fatty acids
Digestive Systems
1. Incomplete digestive system
- Gastrovascular Cavity
Hydra
Gastrovascular
Cavity
Tentacles Mouth
Extracellular
Digestion
Phagocytosis –
Intracellular
Digestion
Incomplete Digestive System
Planaria
2. Complete Digestive System
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Crop/gizzard
Stomach
Intestine
Anus
“ a tube within a tube construction”
Annelids – Segmented Worms
Complete Digestive System
Roundworms
Mollusks
Digestive System Functions
1. Mechanical Processing – breakdown, mixing, and food movement
2. Secretion – release of digestive enzymes that aid digestion
3. Digestion – breakdown of food particles
4. Absorption – passage of digested nutrients and fluid from the tube (extracellular space) into the body’s cells
5. Elimination – explusion of undigested materials
Bird Specializations
Arthropods
Bird Specializations
Chordates - birds
Gizzard
Stomach
Ruminant Specializations
Vertebrate Mouth Specializations
Teeth Specialization
Carnivore
Canines
Molars
Incisors
Herbivore: Teeth Specialization
Grazing
Rodent – Gnawing
Incisors
Molars
Circulatory Systems
Single-celled organisms
O2 &
Food
CO2 &
Waste
Circulatory Systems Rapidly transports substances to and from cells
May carry gases, food, chemical messages, waste material and living cells
Interstitial fluid bathes tissues
Heart – muscular blood vessel that acts as a pump
1. Open Circulatory Systems
Open Circulatory System
Snails
Open Circulatory System
Land Arthropods
2. Closed Circulatory System
Fish – 2 chambered heart
1 ventricle
1 atrium
Amphibians – 3-chambered heart
1 ventricle
2 atria
Birds and Mammals – 4-chambered heart
2 ventricles
2 atria
Atrium –
thin-walled;
receives blood
from body;
pumps to ventricle
Ventricle –
muscular wall;
forces blood into
major arteries
Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + energy
Respiration in Water and Air
aquatic environments
terrestrial environments
Animal Gas Exchange
Protists – direct diffusion of gases
Gas Exchange –
surface exchange vascular exchange
Gas Exchange – surface/vascular exchange
Earthworms
Gas Exchange - Gills
Gas Exchange - Lungs
Gas Exchange - Trachea
Terrestrial Insects
Gills
Fish
Gill Filament
Countercurrent Exchange
Gas Exchange – Lungs
Amphibians
Gas Exchange – Birds
Air Flow
34% efficient, no air mixing
Gas Exchange – Human