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Nutrition in Heterotrophs
Required Nutrients
Water
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Minerals
Vitamins
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Water Makes up ~90% of some animals
Makes up a major portion of many body parts
Humans require at least 1 L / day
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Carbohydrates
Main source of energy
High in bulk fiber
Refined carbohydrates do not supply need
Obesity
American consumption ~2 lb refined sugar/week
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Lipids
Parts of membranes
Energy reserves
Essential fatty acids
(olive oil, canola oil)
Saturated fats
Roughly 40% of American diet
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Proteins
Consist of amino acids hooked together aa-aa-aa-aa-aa-aa-aa-…
20 amino acids
8 essential amino acids
Animal protein contains all 20 amino acids
Vegetables do not contain required balance of amino acids for humans
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a vegetable does not provide complete protein
Complementarities can supply all essential amino acids.
Beans supply – lysine
corn supply – methionine
Fig. 41.4
Vegetarian diet
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Minerals
17 essential minerals
Inorganic substances: Iron, iodine, zinc, calcium, sulfur, potassium, chloride, magnesium, etc.
Required for growth, metabolism, survival
Deficiencies – stunted growth or weak
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Vitamins
13 essential vitamins
Complex organic compounds
Play metabolic role – cofactors and coenzymes
Animals cannot synthesize themselves
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Vitamins Water Soluble vitamins
Taken in excess – eliminated in urine generally do no harm C
B complex (B1, B2, B6, B12, niacin)
Fat Soluble vitamins
Taken in excess – stored in fatty tissues can cause serious health problems A
D
E
K
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Water Soluble Vitamins
Need Source Too Little Too Much
C collagen synth., inhibits free radicals, builds bone, & teeth
Fruits and vegetables
Scurvy, poor healing, impaired immunity
diarrhea, digestive upsets
B complex
Coenzyme action meat, green leafy vegetables, whole grains
Varies None in most Niacin - skin flushing B6 –impaired coordination
B12 nervous function, coenzyme in nucleic acid metabolism
Meat, dairy, yeast
vegan diet -limited
Anemia,
impaired nerve function
non– toxic
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Fat Soluble Vitamins Need Source Too little Too much
A Vision, bone, teeth
Beta carotene- yellow or green leafy vegetables
night blindness, dry skin, poor immunity
skin changes, vomiting, bone & liver damage
D Bone growth; mineralization Ca absorption
Formed in skin, fortified milk, yolks
bone deformities (Rickets)
retarded growth, kidney damage
E counters free radicals, maintains cell membranes
Whole grains, dark-green leafy vegetables, vegetable oil
anemia, nerve damage
muscle weakness, fatigue, headaches, nausea
K Blood clotting, ATP formation
Enterobacteria, Leafy vegetables
Hemorrhage jaundice, liver damage, anemia
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Simple Digestive Processes 1. Intracellular Digestion
Paramecium
Amoeba
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Phagocytosis
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Simple Digestive Processes 2. Extracellular Digestion carbohydrates simple sugar
proteins amino acids
lipids glycerol
& fatty acids
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Digestive Systems
1. Incomplete digestive system
- Gastrovascular Cavity
Hydra
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Gastrovascular
Cavity
Tentacles Mouth
Extracellular
Digestion
Phagocytosis –
Intracellular
Digestion
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Incomplete Digestive System
Planaria
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2. Complete Digestive System
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Crop/gizzard
Stomach
Intestine
Anus
“ a tube within a tube construction”
Annelids – Segmented Worms
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Complete Digestive System
Roundworms
Mollusks
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Digestive System Functions
1. Mechanical Processing – breakdown, mixing, and food movement
2. Secretion – release of digestive enzymes that aid digestion
3. Digestion – breakdown of food particles
4. Absorption – passage of digested nutrients and fluid from the tube (extracellular space) into the body’s cells
5. Elimination – explusion of undigested materials
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Bird Specializations
Arthropods
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Bird Specializations
Chordates - birds
Gizzard
Stomach
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Ruminant Specializations
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Vertebrate Mouth Specializations
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Teeth Specialization
Carnivore
Canines
Molars
Incisors
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Herbivore: Teeth Specialization
Grazing
Rodent – Gnawing
Incisors
Molars
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Circulatory Systems
Single-celled organisms
O2 &
Food
CO2 &
Waste
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Circulatory Systems Rapidly transports substances to and from cells
May carry gases, food, chemical messages, waste material and living cells
Interstitial fluid bathes tissues
Heart – muscular blood vessel that acts as a pump
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1. Open Circulatory Systems
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Open Circulatory System
Snails
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Open Circulatory System
Land Arthropods
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2. Closed Circulatory System
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Fish – 2 chambered heart
1 ventricle
1 atrium
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Amphibians – 3-chambered heart
1 ventricle
2 atria
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Birds and Mammals – 4-chambered heart
2 ventricles
2 atria
Atrium –
thin-walled;
receives blood
from body;
pumps to ventricle
Ventricle –
muscular wall;
forces blood into
major arteries
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Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + energy
Respiration in Water and Air
aquatic environments
terrestrial environments
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Animal Gas Exchange
Protists – direct diffusion of gases
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Gas Exchange –
surface exchange vascular exchange
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Gas Exchange – surface/vascular exchange
Earthworms
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Gas Exchange - Gills
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Gas Exchange - Lungs
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Gas Exchange - Trachea
Terrestrial Insects
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Gills
Fish
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Gill Filament
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Countercurrent Exchange
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Gas Exchange – Lungs
Amphibians
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Gas Exchange – Birds
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Air Flow
34% efficient, no air mixing
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Gas Exchange – Human