ap government unit 4 – defense & foreign policy. instruments of foreign policy military:...
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AP Government
Unit 4 – Defense & Foreign policy
Instruments of foreign policy
• Military: oldest toolRelatively rarely used because of
significant consequences:• International scrutiny• High financial cost• High cost in lives
Instruments of foreign policy
• Diplomatic: quietest toolNational leaders use occasional summitsIn continuous use by ambassadorsVery regimented & formal
• Diplomatic immunity• Persona non grata – diplomat expelled for any
reason – recalled to home country
Instruments of foreign policy
• Economic: becoming most powerful toolConsulatesSanctions – “carrot & stick” motivation
• Incentives convince others to choose what you want them to choose
• Trade regulations, tariffs, embargoes
International trade
• Balance of tradeExports – Imports US has largest trade deficit in the world
• US residents buy more foreign goods than we sell to foreign countries
• Trade deficit shrinks when US economy drops
International organizations
• United Nations• Group of Eight• World Trade Organization• North American Free Trade Agreement• European Union• North Atlantic Treaty Organization• Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
United Nations (1945)
• Security Council – legislative group5 permanent members (“Big 5”)
• US, UK, France, Russia, China• Any of the 5 can veto any resolution
10 nonpermanent members elected regionally to 2-year terms
Security Council vetoes
Group of Eight
• Annual summit meeting of 8 major economic powersUS, UK, France, GermanyItaly, Japan, Canada, Russia
General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade (GATT)
• Series of meetings 1949-1993 to reduce trade barriers among willing nations
• Established Most Favored Nation statusAny trade concessions a country makes
with one member apply to all members
World Trade Organization (1995)
• Formed after GATT 1993Membership had increased significantly
after fall of Communist Bloc
• Permanent org oversees internatl trade• Ensures countries follow agreements
North American Free Trade Agreement
• Signed in 1992, went into effect in 1994
• Dropped most trade barriers among Canada, US & Mexico
European Union
• Political semi-unification of EuropeNations still sovereign within bordersFree travel within EU
• More an economic unionCommon currency (€)Little to no trade restrictionsCommon destiny (bailouts if necessary)
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• Formed in 1949• Mutual defense treaty
All signatory nations vow to help defend if any is invaded by external nation
• Original goal (Lord Ismay, 1st Sec Gen):“To keep the Russians out, the Americans
in, and the Germans down”
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• Warsaw Pact was the Soviet response to NATO – Eastern Europe
• Several old Warsaw Pact nations have joined since fall of Communist Bloc
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
• Cartel of 12 major oil producer countriesLimits production to keep prices inflated
Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE
Algeria, Angola, Libya, Nigeria
Ecuador, Venezuela
Other international actors
• Multinational corporations• Nongovernmental organizations
International Red CrossInternational Olympic CommitteeFIFAMédecins Sans Frontières
US Foreign policymakers
• President• Secretary of State & ambassadors• National Security Council• Congress
History of US Foreign Policy
• IsolationismWashington’s Farewell Address – plea for
neutrality / no permanent alliancesMonroe Doctrine – stay out of European
affairs, they stay out of AmericasWorld War I – effective permanent end to
US isolationism
The Cold War
• Red ScareMcCarthyism – 1950s fear of communism
within US gov – Sen. Joseph McCarthyAlger Hiss / Julius & Ethel Rosenberg
The Cold War
• Containment (Domino Theory)Main US foreign policy goal – keep Soviet
and Chinese communism from spreading
• Korean War – 1950-1953 (or 1950-present)• Vietnam War – 1955-1975
The Cold War
• Arms raceBig in military spending – conventional
as well as nuclear weapons
• Mutually Assured DestructionBelief that massive # of nukes would deter
WW3 – end of mankind possible
The Cold War
• Brink of war (1960s)Cuban Missile Crisis
• Détente (1970s)Shift from conflict to cooperationNegotiations between US & USSR
The Cold War
• Reagan rearmament (1980s)Massive increase in defense budgetStrategic Defense Initiative (“Star Wars”)
• Use of various space weapons to interdict nuclear weapons on flight from USSR to US
USSR defense spending in response• Probably caused collapse of Soviet economy
End of the Cold War
• Bush / Clinton (1990s)USSR collapsed, Germany reunitedRole of US changed – only superpower
War on Terror
• Bush DoctrineUS can preemptively strike nations that
harbor terrorists & WMDs
Nuclear proliferation
• Only a few countries have verified nuclear capability
• 5 perm UN Sec Council nations were only nuclear states for many years
• Fear of “rogue states” causes world pressure against nuclear deployment
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