as of 2008, half of the population is urban the demography of urbanization: main characteristics...

As of 2008, half of the population is urban

The demography of Urbanization: Main Characteristics

• Total World Population: will increase from current 7 billion to 8.2 billion by 2030

• World Urban Population: is expected to increase from current 3.5 billion to about 5 billion by 2030 (60 %)

The Draft Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (2015-2030)

• Goal 11: “Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable”

• Target 1: “By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services, and upgrade slums

• Target 3: “By 2030 enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacities for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries”

Most of the urban population will continue residing in the smallest agglomerations

Percentage of the urban population in urban agglomerations

The 5 Shelter deprivation indicators used by the UN

• Lack of durable housing • Lack of sufficient living space• Lack of access to save drinking water• Lack of access to improved sanitation• Lack of secure tenure

1 billion people are living in slums / informal settlements !!

Urgent need for affordable housing policies !!

Slums / informal settlements

“Slums of Despair”

• In city centre• One room housing• Rental tenements• Shared facilities (Toilet, water)• Temporality • No housing security

“Slums of Hope”

• On the periphery • Self-managed housing• Incremental improvement and

expansion (horizontal & vertical)

• Incremental expansion and improvement of public services

• Often based on co-operation between residents-municipality-NGOs

Housing policies for the urban poor

Sites-and-Services

• Government provides land for new housing development

• Government provides some basic public services and infrastructure:

– Roads– Water (communal taps)– Electricity

• Sometimes a ‘core unit’ • Residents build their own

houses

Slum-/settlement upgrading

• In existing, informal settlements• Regularisation of ownership

(de jure or de facto)• Provision/expansion of basic

public services

Acceptation by the authorities fosters new housing (self-managed) construction activities by the residents

Assisted self-help housing projects: variation in policy packages

PLOT/HOUSE SERVICES COSTS

Plot Size(m2)

Built-up living space

(m2)

Electricity Piped water

Septic tank

Paved road

Sewerage

80 0         

Lowest      

Highest

80 0 x x      

80 20 x x      

100 20 x x x    

100 40 x x x    

120 60 x x x x  

120 80 x x   x x

80-120 80-200 x x   x x

Structure of the book on Affordable Housing in the Global South

Part 1: Thematic

• Urban land markets• Housing finance• Assisted self-help housing• Hazard-resilient housing• Rental housing• Housing co-operatives• Community-led initiatives

Part 2: Asia

• India• Pakistan• Indonesia• Sri Lanka• China

Structure of the book on Affordable Housing in the Global South

Part 3: Latin America

• Mexico• Brazil• Colombia• Peru• Ecuador• Nicaragua

Part 4: Africa

• Egypt• South Africa• Nigeria• Kenya• Ghana

General Findings

• Self-managed housing is the main form of housing provision• Assistance to self-build housing can make a difference• Security of land tenure is key to incremental consolidation• New finance models are promising instrument for affordable

housing (A-B-C-model: Savings/Subsidy/Credit)• Massive housing schemes often lead to housing vacancies• Pro-poor housing strategies benefit from stakeholder

approaches (e.g. community contracting)• For affordability, housing policies should aim at a variety of

target groups • For sustainability, urban sprawl must be avoided

(densification of the built-up area is needed)