asb manual for standards, best practice and technical reports · asb guide 001, updated, 2018...

Thisdocumentiscopyrighted©bytheAAFSStandardsBoard,LLC.2018Allrightsarereserved.410North21stStreet,ColoradoSprings,CO80904,asb.aafs.org.

ASBGuide001Updated,2018

ASBManualforStandards,BestPracticeRecommendations,andTechnicalReports

ASBGuide001,Updated,2018

ApprovedbytheAcademyStandardsBoardforusebytheAAFSStandardsBoard,LLC.March2016

UpdatedandapprovedMarch2018

410North21stStreet

ColoradoSprings,CO80904

Thisdocumentmaybedownloadedforfreeat:http://asb.aafs.org/

ThisdocumentisprovidedbytheAAFSStandardsBoardforfree.Youarepermittedtoprintanddownloadthedocumentandextractsfromthedocumentforyourownuse,providedthat:

youdonotmodifythisdocumentoritsrelatedgraphicsinanyway; youdonotuseanyillustrationsoranygraphicsseparatelyfromanyaccompanyingtext;and, youincludeanacknowledgementalongsidethecopiedmaterialnotingtheAAFSStandardsBoard

asthecopyrightholderandpublisher.Youexpresslyagreenottoreproduce,duplicate,copy,sell,resell,orexploitforanycommercialpurposes,thisdocumentoranyportionofit.Youmaycreateahyperlinktohttp://asb.aafs.orgtoallowpersonstodownloadtheirindividual,freecopyofthisdocument.YourhyperlinkmustnotportrayAAFS,theAAFSStandardsBoard,thisdocument,ouragents,associatesandaffiliatesinanoffensivemanner,orbemisleadingorfalse.Youmaynotuseourtrademarksaspartofyourlinkwithoutourwrittenagreementforyoutodoso.

TheAAFSStandardsBoardretainsthesolerighttosubmitthisdocumenttoanyotherforumforanypurpose.

Certaincommercialentities,equipmentormaterialsmaybeidentifiedinthisdocumenttodescribeaprocedureorconceptadequately.SuchidentificationisnotintendedtoimplyrecommendationsorendorsementbytheAAFSortheAAFSStandardsBoard,norisitintendedtoimplythattheentities,materials,orequipmentarenecessarilythebestavailableforthepurpose.

Thisdocumentiscopyrighted©bytheAAFSStandardsBoard,LLC.2018Allrightsarereserved.410North21stStreet,ColoradoSprings,CO80904,asb.aafs.org.

Foreword

TheAAFShasestablishedanorganizationdedicatedtodevelopingdocumentarystandardsforforensics.ThedocumentisintendedtoassisttheconsensusbodiesandworkinggroupsindraftingdocumentstobepublishedbytheAAFSStandardsBoard.

Allhyperlinksandwebaddressesshowninthisdocumentarecurrentasthepublicationdateofthisstandard.

Keywords:Style,editing,layout,requirements,patents,standards,technicalreports,bestpracticerecommendations

TableofContents

1 Preface...............................................................................................................................................................................1

2 GeneralGuidance..........................................................................................................................................................1

3 DocumentLayoutforStandards.............................................................................................................................23.1 General..............................................................................................................................................................................23.2 CoverPage.......................................................................................................................................................................23.3 TitlePage..........................................................................................................................................................................23.4 Foreword..........................................................................................................................................................................33.5 TableofContents..........................................................................................................................................................33.6 Scope(Section1)..........................................................................................................................................................33.7 NormativeReferences(Section2).........................................................................................................................33.8 TermsandDefinitions(Section3).........................................................................................................................4

4 RequirementsfortheStandard..............................................................................................................................6

5 Annexes.............................................................................................................................................................................6

6 FiguresandTables.......................................................................................................................................................6

AnnexA(informative)ExpressionofProvisions........................................................................................................7

AnnexB(informative)PatentsandCopyrights...........................................................................................................9

AnnexC(informative)Numbers,UnitsofMeasurement,andEquations......................................................12

AnnexD(informative)SampleFormatforanASBDocument...........................................................................14

AnnexE(informative)Bibliography.............................................................................................................................17

TablesA.1 VerbalFormstoExpressRequirements.............................................................................................................7A.2 VerbalFormstoExpressRecommendations....................................................................................................8A.3 VerbalFormstoExpressPermission...................................................................................................................8A.4 VerbalFormstoExpressPossibilityandCapability......................................................................................8

1 Preface

ThismanualwasdevelopedtoprovideguidanceforpreparingdocumentsthatwillbepublishedbytheAAFSStandardsBoard.

ThisManualdrawsheavilyuponthefollowingsources:

ANSIStyleGuide‐Sheet‐20031

HowtoWriteStandards,InternationalOrganizationforStandardization(ISO)2

RecommendedPracticefortheDesignationandOrganizationofStandards,ANSI/SES1:2013,TheSocietyforStandardsProfessionals(SES)3

Eachstandard(Std),technicalreport(TR)andbestpracticerecommendation(BPR)byconsensusbodiesoftheAAFSStandardsBoardshallconformtothismanual.Thepurposeistoensureconsistencyinformat,andtomaximizeusabilityofthedocuments.WhendeviancefromthismanualisrecommendedbyadraftingworkinggroupofaconsensusbodythatconsensusbodyshallasktheSecretariatforpermissionandsuchdeviationshallbenotedintheForewordtothedocument.

2 GeneralGuidance

ThefollowingpointsshouldbeobservedwhenwritinganASBdocument.

1) ASBencouragestheuseofplainlanguage,totheextentpossible,initspublications.Itisrecognizedthatsomeveryspecializedterminologymaybenecessary,butsuchterminologyshouldbekepttoaminimum.

2) Theactivevoiceshouldbeusedinsentences.

3) Sentencesshouldbeshortandunambiguous.

4) Anytextcopiedfromanotherdocumentshallbefullyreferencedinafootnote.Thenameofthereferenceddocumentshallbeinitalics.

5) AsANSIstates:“Thecorrectverbformforindicatingarequirementis“shall.”Thecorrectverbformforindicatingarecommendationis“should”.Universallyaccepted“standardese”doesnotrecognize“must”.Use“shall”forindicatingamandatoryaspectoranaspectonwhichthereis

1TheANSIStyleGuide‐Sheet‐2003isavailablebyrequestfromANSI,25West43rdStreet,4thfloorNewYork,NY10036.www.ansi.org.2HowtoWriteStandardsisavailableforfreeatwww.iso.org/iso/how‐to‐write‐standards.pdf3RecommendedPracticefortheDesignationandOrganizationofStandards,ANSI/SES1:2013isavailableforafeeatwww.ses‐standards.org

nooption.4Negativeformsare“shallnot”and“shouldnot”.“May”and“neednot”indicateacourseofactionthatispermissible.

6) Sincethedocumentswillbeavailableelectronically,cross‐referenceswithinthedocumentshallbehyperlinked.Externalhyperlinksarealsopermissible.

7) AsANSIstates:“Makesureallstandardsonwhichthedocumentiscontingentarefullyandcorrectlylisted,withavailabilityfootnotes,wherenecessary.AnydocumentcitedinthestandardasbeingindispensablefortheapplicationofthestandardneedstobelistedinNormativeReferences.Informativereferences‐thoseforinformationonly,orforuseasbackgroundreading‐aretobelistedinaBibliography.4”

8) Thedocumentshouldhaveconsistentuseofterms.Forexample,theeditorshouldensurethateither‘palmprint’or‘palmprint’isusedthroughoutthedocument.

9) Acronymsshallbedefinedatfirstuseandshallappearinthesectionofthedocument“TermsandDefinitions”(SeeSection3.8).

10) Sectionsofthemainbodyofthestandardshallbedesignatedbyanumber.Subsectionsofthemainbodyofthestandardshallbedesignatedbyanumber,period,andanothernumber,repeatingasnecessarytoindicatethelevelofthesubsection.(Examplesare3.and3.1and3.1.8)Annexesshallbedesignatedbylettersandannexsectionsandsubsectionsshallbedesignatedbythatletterfollowedbyaperiodandasequenceofnumbersandperiodsdesignatingthelevel(s)ofthesubsection.(ExamplesareA.2andA.2.5andA.5.7.3)

3 DocumentLayoutforStandards

3.1 General

ThissectiondescribesthegeneralformatthatisusedforASBstandards.Deviationsfromthislayoutarepossible,butneedpriorapprovaloftheSecretariat.

3.2 CoverPage

ThecoverpageshallcontaintheASBnumericaldesignationforthestandardintheupperrightcorner.TheTitleshallbecenteredonthelinebelowtheASBnumericaldesignation.

TheANSIlogoshallnotappearonthedraftcopiesofthestandard,butshallbeaddedafterapprovalofthestandardbybothASBandANSI.

3.3 TitlePage

Thetitlepageimmediatelyfollowsthecoverpage.Likethecoverpage,itcontainstheASBnumericaldesignationofthestandardontheupperrightcornerofthepageandthecenteredtitlebelowit.

ThisisfollowedbytheASBandANSI(ifanANS)approvaldates.

4TheANSIStyleGuide‐Sheet‐2003isavailablebyrequestfromANSI,25West43rdStreet,4thfloorNewYork,NY10036.www.ansi.org.

TheASBlogo,printednameandaddressshallbeonthetitlepage.

Thefollowingshallappear:“Thisdocumentmaybedownloadedforfreeat:http://asb.aafs.org/.

ThecopyrightstatementinSectionB.3shallalsoappearontheTitlepage.

3.4 Foreword

TheForewordshouldgenerallydescribethedocumentandhowitoriginated.

TheForewordmayalsoincludethescientificand/oroperationalunderpinningsfortherequirementslaidoutinthestandardorbestpracticerecommendation.Whenwritingthissection,theauthorsshouldkeepinmindthatthisneednotbeafullscientifictreatise,butratherageneraloverviewoftheprinciples.

Eachrevisionofthestandardshallincludeasummaryofthesubstantivechangestothepreviousedition.

Keywordsshallappearatthebottomofthepage.

3.5 TableofContents

TheTableofContentsshallincludeallofthesectionheaders,annexes,figures,andtables.Eachentryshallincludethepagenumber.Itisrecommendedthatthisbeautomaticallygeneratedbythewordprocessor.

3.6 Scope(Section1)

TheScopebeginswithaparagraphdescribingingeneraltermsthetypesofapplicationstargetedbythestandard.Asappropriatethescopealsoindicateswhatprocessesorapplicationsarenotcovered.Theparagraphmaydefinethetargetaudience.

TheScopeisintendedtobebriefandconciseandshallbeidenticaltotheScopesubmittedintheNewWorkProposal.

3.7 NormativeReferences(Section2)

Normativereferencesaredocumentsthatareindispensablefortheapplicationofthestandard.Fordatedreferences,onlytheeditioncitedapplies.Forundatedreferences,thelatesteditionofthereferenceddocument(includinganyamendments)applies.Normativereferencesshallbecitedatleastonceinthebodyofthestandard.

Thelistshallbeinalphabeticalorderofthedesignation(e.g.,ANSI/INCITS398)ornameoftheproducingorganizationorauthor,ifthereisnostandarddesignation(e.g.,AmericanBoardofForensicOdontology).Immediatelyfollowingisthenameofthedocumentinitalics.Informationabouthowtoobtainacopyofthedocumentshouldbeincluded,ifknown.

Sampleentriesare:

AmericanBoardofForensicOdontology,DiplomatesReferenceManual.Itisavailableathttp://www.abfo.org/resources/abfo‐manual/

ANSI/NIST‐ITL1‐2011Update:2015,NISTSpecialPublication500‐271V3,DataFormatfortheInterchangeofFingerprint,FacialandOtherBiometricInformation.Itisavailableathttp://www.nist.gov/itl/iad/ig/ansi_standard.cfm

3.8 TermsandDefinitions(Section3)

Anyacronymsorspecializedterminologyusedinthebodyofthestandardshallbelistedinthissection.Theyshallbenumberedandinalphabeticalorder,withspecialcharactersappearingfirst.Ifspecializedterminologyisusedinadefinition,thatterminologyshallhaveadefinitioninthissectionandthetermshallbeinboldletters.

Forpurposesofthisdocument,thefollowingdefinitionsandacronymsapply.

3.9.1BestPracticeRecommendationBPRAbestpracticeisamethodortechniquethathasbeengenerallyacceptedassuperiortoanyalternativesbecauseitproducesresultsthataresuperiortothoseachievedbyothermeansorbecauseithasbecomeacommonlypreferredwayofdoingthings,e.g.,apreferredwayofcomplyingwithlegalorethicalrequirements.ASBBPRsaredevelopedwiththesameconsensusprocessasASBStandards.

3.9.2canUsedforstatementsofpossibilityorcapability(seeAnnexAforadditionalinformation).

3.9.3conditionalElementthepresenceofwhichinadocumentisdependentontheprovisionsoftheparticulardocument.

3.9.4 informativeElementthatidentifiesthedocument,introducesitscontentandexplainsitsbackground,itsdevelopment,anditsrelationshipwithotherdocuments.

Elementthatprovidesadditionalinformationintendedtoassisttheunderstandingoruseofthedocument.

3.9.5mandatoryElementthepresenceofwhichinadocumentisobligatory.

3.9.6mayUsedtoindicatethataprovisionisoptional(seeAnnexAforadditionalinformation).

3.9.7neednotUsedtoindicatethataprovisionisnotrequired(seeAnnexAforadditionalinformation).

3.9.8normativeElementthatisrequiredfortheimplementationofthedocument.

3.9.9optionalElementthatisnotrequiredfortheimplementationofthedocument.

3.9.10recommendationExpressioninthecontentofadocumentconveyingthatamongseveralpossibilitiesoneisrecommendedasparticularlysuitable,withoutmentioningorexcludingothers,orthatacertaincourseofactionispreferredbutnotnecessarilyrequired,orthat(inthenegativeform)acertainpossibilityorcourseofactionisdeprecatedbutnotprohibited

3.9.11requirementExpressioninthecontentofadocumentconveyingcriteriatobefulfilledifcompliancewiththedocumentistobeclaimedandfromwhichnodeviationispermitted.

3.9.12shallUsedtoindicatethataprovisionismandatory(seeAnnexAforadditionalinformation).

3.9.13shouldUsedtoindicatethataprovisionisnotmandatory,butrecommendedasgoodpractice(seeAnnexAforadditionalinformation).

3.9.14StandardStdDocument,establishedbyconsensusandapprovedbyarecognizedbody,thatprovides,forcommonandrepeateduse,rules,guidelines,orcharacteristicsforactivitiesortheirresults,aimedattheachievementoftheoptimumdegreeoforderinagivencontext.

3.9.15TechnicalReportTRATRdiffersfromastandardinthatitdoesnotsetrequirements,itisanexplanatoryorinformationaldocument.ATRmaybeusedtodescribethescientificandoperationalunderpinningsofastandard,ortoexploreindustryareasthatarestillundergoingresearch,orbeatermsanddefinitionsdocument.

3.9.16statementExpressioninthecontentofadocumentconveyinginformation.

4 RequirementsSectionoftheStandard

Thisisthe‘core’ofthestandard.Theexactlayoutandtitleoftherequirementswillvarybystandard,dependinguponthetopicbeingaddressed.Theremaybeseveralsectionsorsubsectionsinthedocumentaddressingtherequirements.TheremayalsobesectionsfollowingtheRequirements,suchasEquipment,orSafety.

Thecontentsshouldbeorganizedinacoherent,topic‐orientedmanner.Allrequirementsrelatingtoaprocess,procedure,analysis,etc.,shouldbegroupedtogether.Itispossibletohavevariousconfigurationsof‘should’,‘shall’,‘may’,‘shouldnot’,‘shallnot’and‘neednot’statements.

5 Annexes

Annexescontainsupplementalinformationandshallbelabeledas‘normative’or‘informative’.Anexampleofaninformativeannexcouldbeadescriptionofparticularcaseexamples,toillustratehowtheprinciplesofthedocumentwereapplied.Anexampleofanormativeannex,forexample,couldbedetailedinformationconcerningthesetupofparticularequipmentnecessarytoperformthetaskscontainedintherequirementssection.Eachannexshallbereferencedinthebodyofthedocument.

ABibliographyisrequiredforalldocumentswithanyinformativelyreferenceddocuments.AllreferencesincludedinthetextshallbelistedinthebibliographyorinSection2–NormativeReferences.NormativereferencesarerequiredforimplementationoftheStandard.

TheformatofreferencesfollowstheformatoftheModernLanguageAssociation(MLA).Seehttps://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/24/

6 FiguresandTables

Figuresandtablesshallbecalledoutinthedocumentandshouldbelocatedasclosetothecalloutaspossible.Figuresandtablesshallbedesignated“Table”or“Figure”andnumberedconsecutivelywithArabicnumerals,beginningwith1(e.g.,Table1,Table2,Figure1,Figure2).

Figureandtablesincludedinannexesshallincludetheidentifyingletteroftheannexinwhichtheyappear(e.g.,FigureA.1,TableB.1).

AnnexA(informative)

ExpressionofProvisions

A.1 Requirements

TableA.1summarizestheverbalformsofexpressionthatshallbeusedtoindicaterequirementstobefollowedinordertoconformtothedocumentandfromwhichnodeviationispermitted.

TableA.1—VerbalFormstoExpressRequirements

VerbalForm EquivalentExpressionsforUseinExceptionalCasesa

shallb istoisrequiredtoitisrequiredthathastoonly...ispermitteditisnecessary

shallnot isnotallowed(permitted)(acceptable)(permissible)isrequiredtobenotisrequiredthat...benotisnottobe

NOTE1Donotuse“may”when“can”ismeant.NOTE2Donotuse“maynot”when“shallnot”ismeant.NOTE3SeeISO/IECDirectives,Part2,AnnexGfornegativesoftheseverbalformsandfurtherexplanation.

aTheequivalentexpressionsgiventhesecondcolumnshallbeusedonlyinexceptionalcaseswhentheformgiveninthefirstcolumncannotbeusedforlinguisticreasons.bDonotuse“must”asanalternativefor“shall”(thiswillavoidanyconfusionbetweentherequirementsofadocumentandjurisdictionalregulatoryobligations).

Avoidusingvagueexpressionsthatarenottrulyinformativeandmightcausethereadertomakeanincorrect judgment call. Words like “very,” “all,” “every,” “never,” “excessive,” “slightly,”“approximately,”“nearly,”or“significant”arenotuseful.

A.2 Recommendations

TableA.2summarizestheverbalformsthatshallbeusedtoindicate:

a) that among several possibilities one is recommended as particularly suitable, withoutmentioningorexcludingtheothers;

b) orthatacertaincourseofactionispreferredbutnotnecessarilyrequired;

c) or that (in thenegative form)a certainpossibilityor courseof action is discouragedbutnotprohibited.

TableA.2—VerbalFormstoExpressRecommendations

should itisrecommendedthatoughtto

shouldnot itisnotrecommendedthatoughtnottoaTheequivalentexpressionsgiventhesecondcolumnshallbeusedonlyinexceptionalcaseswhentheformgiveninthefirstcolumncannotbeusedforlinguisticreasons.

A.3 Permission

TableA.3summarizestheverbalformsthatshallbeusedtoindicateacourseofactionpermissiblewithinthelimitsofthedocument.

TableA.3—VerbalFormstoExpressPermission

may ispermittedtoisallowedispermissible

neednot itisnotrequiredthatno...isrequired

Donotuse“possible”or“impossible”inthiscontext.Donotuse“can”insteadof“may”inthiscontext.

NOTE“May”signifiespermissionexpressedbythedocument,whereas“can”referstotheabilityofauserofthedocumentortoapossibilityopentohim/her.aTheequivalentexpressionsgiventhesecondcolumnshallbeusedonlyinexceptionalcaseswhentheformgiveninthefirstcolumncannotbeusedforlinguisticreasons.

A.4 PossibilityandCapability

TableA.4summarizestheverbalformsthatshallbeusedforstatementsofpossibilityandcapability,whethermaterial,physical,orcausal.

TableA.4—VerbalFormstoExpressPossibilityandCapability

can beabletothereisapossibilityofitispossibleto

cannot beunabletothereisnopossibilityofitisnotpossibleto

NOTESeeNoteinTableA.3.aTheequivalentexpressionsgiventhesecondcolumnshallbeusedonlyinexceptionalcaseswhentheformgiveninthefirstcolumncannotbeusedforlinguisticreasons.

AnnexB(informative)

PatentsandCopyrights

B.1 General

Participantsshallnotprovideanydocuments,data,orinformationiftheuseofsuchmaterialbytheASBinadocumentwouldinfringeupontherightsofanythirdpartiesintheinformationincluding,butnotlimitedto,copyrights,patents,tradesecrets,trademarks,publicity,andprivacy.ParticipantsshallnotifyASBstaffifaparticipantdeterminesthatanyinformationthatiscontainedinafinalordraftdocumentwouldviolatetherightsofthirdpartiesifpublishedbytheASB.

B.2 Patents

TheASBcomplieswiththePatentPolicyintheANSIEssentialRequirements‐2016.ThesubsectionsofSectionB.2aremodifiedfromthisdocumenttoreferspecificallytotheASB.

B.2.1InclusionofPatentsinAmericanNationalStandards

ThereisnoobjectioninprincipletodraftinganAmericanNationalStandard(ANS)intermsthat include the use of an essential patent claim (one whose use would be required forcompliancewiththatstandard)ifitisconsideredthattechnicalreasonsjustifythisapproach.

ParticipantsinANSI/ASBstandardsdevelopmentprocessareencouragedtobringpatentswithclaimsbelievedtobeessentialtotheattentionoftheASB.

IfASBreceivesanoticethataproposedANSoranapprovedANSmayrequiretheuseofsuchapatentclaim,thefollowingproceduresshallbefollowed.

B.2.2Statementfrompatentholder

TheASBshallreceivefromthepatentholderorapartyauthorizedtomakeassurancesonitsbehalf,inwrittenorelectronicform,either:

a) assuranceintheformofageneraldisclaimertotheeffectthatsuchpartydoesnotholdanddoesnotcurrentlyintendholdinganyessentialpatentclaim(s);or

b) assurance that a license to such essential patent claim(s) will be made available toapplicantsdesiringtoutilizethelicenseforthepurposeofimplementingthestandardeither:

i) under reasonable terms and conditions that are demonstrably free of any unfairdiscrimination;or

ii) without compensation and under reasonable terms and conditions that aredemonstrablyfreeofanyunfairdiscrimination.

Such assurance shall indicate that the patent holder (or third party authorized to makeassurancesonitsbehalf)will includeinanydocumentstransferringownershipofpatents

subject to the assurance, provisions sufficient to ensure that the commitments in theassurance are binding on the transferee, and that the transferee will similarly includeappropriate provisions in the event of future transfers with the goal of binding eachsuccessor‐in‐interest.

Theassuranceshallalsoindicatethatitisintendedtobebindingonsuccessors‐in‐interestregardlessofwhethersuchprovisionsareincludedintherelevanttransferdocuments.

B.2.3Recordofstatement

Arecordofthepatentholder’sstatementshallberetainedinthefilesofboththeASBandANSI.

B.2.3Notice

When theASBreceives fromapatentholder theassurance set forth inB.2.2.babove, thestandardshallincludeanotesubstantiallyasfollows:

NOTE–Theuser’sattentioniscalledtothepossibilitythatcompliancewiththisstandardmayrequireuseofaninventioncoveredbypatentrights.

Bypublicationofthisstandard,nopositionistakenwithrespecttothevalidityofanysuchclaim(s)orofanypatentrightsinconnectiontherewith.Ifapatentholderhasfileda statement of willingness to grant a license under these rights on reasonable andnondiscriminatorytermsandconditionstoapplicantsdesiringtoobtainsuchalicense,thendetailsmaybeobtainedfromthestandardsdeveloper.

3.1.4Responsibilityforidentifyingpatents

NeithertheASBnorANSIisresponsibleforidentifyingpatentsforwhichalicensemayberequiredbyanAmericanNationalStandardorforconductinginquiriesintothelegalvalidityorscopeofthosepatentsthatarebroughttotheirattention.

B.3 Copyrights

All ASB documents are protected by a variety of federal and state copyright laws, the followingdisclaimershallappearonallASBpublishedanddraftdocuments:

ThisdocumentisprovidedbytheAAFSStandardsBoardforfree.Youarepermittedtoprintanddownloadthedocumentandextractsfromthedocumentforyourownuse,providedthat:

youdonotmodifythisdocumentoritsrelatedgraphicsinanyway; youdonotuseanyillustrationsoranygraphicsseparatelyfromanyaccompanyingtext;and, youincludeanacknowledgementalongsidethecopiedmaterialnotingtheAAFSStandardsBoard

asthecopyrightholderandpublisher.

Youexpresslyagreenottoreproduce,duplicate,copy,sell,resell,orexploitforanycommercialpurposes,thisdocumentoranyportionofit.Youmaycreateahyperlinktohttp://asb.aafs.orgtoallowpersonstodownloadtheirindividual,freecopyofthisdocument.YourhyperlinkmustnotportrayAAFS,theAAFSStandardsBoard,thisdocument,ouragents,associatesandaffiliatesinanoffensivemanner,orbemisleadingorfalse.Youmaynotuseourtrademarksaspartofyourlinkwithoutourwrittenagreementforyoutodoso.

TheAAFSStandardsBoardretainsthesolerighttosubmitthisdocumenttoanyotherforumforanypurpose.

Certaincommercialentities,equipmentormaterialsmaybeidentifiedinthisdocumenttodescribeaprocedureorconceptadequately.SuchidentificationisnotintendedtoimplyrecommendationsorendorsementbytheAAFSortheAAFSStandardsBoard,norisitintendedtoimplythattheentities,materials,orequipmentarenecessarilythebestavailableforthepurpose.

ThefollowingstatementshallappearatthebottomoftheCoverpageandtheTitlepage:

Thisdocumentiscopyrighted©bytheAAFSStandardsBoard,LLC.YEARAllrightsarereserved.410North21stStreet,ColoradoSprings,CO80904,asb.aafs.org.

Unless expressly agreed otherwise by the ASB, allmaterial and information that is provided byparticipantsandisincorporatedintoanASBdocumentisconsideredthesoleandexclusivepropertyoftheAAFSStandardsBoard.

IndividualsshallnotcopyordistributedraftdocumentswithouttheauthorizationoftheASBstaff.

AnnexC(informative)

Numbers,UnitsofMeasurement,andEquations

C.1 UseofNumbers

Thefollowingaregeneralguidelinesfortheuseofnumbersintext.

Spell out numbers that are less than 10, not precise measurements, and not grouped withnumbersover10(eighttrials,FirstEdition).

Usenumeralsfornumbers10andabove,ornumbersunder10groupedwithnumbers10andabove(e.g.,from6to12cupsofwater,20thEdition).

Usenumeralsforexactstatisticalmeasures,scores,samplesizes,andsums(multipliedby3,or5%ofthesample).

UsecombinationsofwrittenandArabicnumeralsforback‐to‐backnumbers(five4‐pointscales).

Usecombinationsofnumeralsandwrittennumbersforlargesums(over6millionpeople).

Useacommainnumbersthatare≥10,000(7000items,11,200units).

Usethepercentsymbol(%)onlywithfigures(6%),notwithwrittennumbers(sixpercent).

Donotuseperiodswithinmeasurements(lb,ft,s)exceptinches(in.).

C.2 UnitsofMeasurement

InrecognitionofbroaduseandapplicabilityofASBstandards,measuredandcalculatedvaluesmaybeexpressed inmetricunits(SI)andU.S.customaryunits(USC).Whencitingunits indualunits,eitherunitmaybelistedfirstwiththecorrespondingunitlistedeitherinparenthesesinthetextoron separate, tables, figures, datasheets or in separate annexes. Units shall be listed consistentlywithinadocument.

C.3 Equations

Equationsshouldbenumberedwhentwoormoreareincludedinthemaintextofthedocument.DesignateequationswithconsecutiveArabicnumbersbeginningwith1.Numbereachequationintheorderthatitappearsinthestandard,regardlessofthesectionnumberinwhichitisreferenced.Designateequationsinannexesbythedesignationoftheannexfollowedbyconsecutivenumbersbeginningwith1(forexample,A.1,B.4).

Theformatforanumberedequationis:

where:

S =stress,psiorPa,

M =bendingmoment,lbf•in.orN•m,

c =distancefromneutralaxistooutermostfiber,in.,orm,and

I =secondmomentofarea,in.4orm4.

AnnexD(informative)

SampleFormatforanASBDocument

1 Scope

ThismanualwasdevelopedtoprovideguidanceforpreparingdocumentsthatwillbepublishedbytheAAFSStandardsBoard(ASB)andpotentiallysubmittedtotheAmericanNationalStandardsInstitute(ANSI).

2 NormativeReferences

Thefollowingreferenceddocumentsareindispensablefortheapplicationofthisdocument.Fordatedreferences,onlytheeditioncitedapplies.Forundatedreferences,thelatesteditionofthereferenceddocument(includinganyamendments)applies.

ANSIStyleGuide‐Sheet‐20035

HowtoWriteStandards,InternationalOrganizationforStandardization(ISO)6

ANSI/SES1:2013,RecommendedPracticefortheDesignationandOrganizationofStandards,TheSocietyforStandardsProfessionals(SES)7

3 TermsandDefinitions

Forpurposesofthisdocument,thefollowingdefinitionsandacronymsapply.

3.1termDefinition.

3.2termacronymDefinition.

4 Level1Heading[Cambriafont,12pt,bold,12ptspacebelow]

4.1 Level2additionalHeading[Cambriafont,11pt,bold,12ptspacebelow]

Documenttext[Cambriafont,11pt,12ptspacebelow].

5TheANSIStyleGuide‐Sheet‐2003isavailablebyrequestfromANSI,25West43rdStreet,4thfloorNewYork,NY10036.www.ansi.org.6HowtoWriteStandardsisavailableforfreeatwww.iso.org/iso/how‐to‐write‐standards.pdf7ANSI/SES1:2013,RecommendedPracticefortheDesignationandOrganizationofStandardsisavailableforafeeatwww.ses‐standards.org

a) Firstleveloflistsarealphabetical,consistentfontwithtextleadingintothelist.

b) Listsarealsoseparatedbya12ptspacebeloweachitem.

i) SecondleveloflistsareRomannumerals,fontandspacingconsistentwiththelead‐inlist.

NOTE[Cambriafont,10pt]

EXAMPLE[Cambriafont,11pt].

CAUTION[Cambriafont,11pt,bold].

5 Tables

Tablesshallbecalledoutinthetext,andshallbenumberedsequentiallythroughthedocument.Tablesinannexesshallbenumberedsequentiallythrougheachannexwiththeannexletterastheprefixtothetablenumber.

Table1–TableTitle[Cambriafont,11pt,bold,centered,abovethetable]

TableHeaderRow [Cambriafont,10pt,bold]

Tablecontent [Cambriafont,10pt,centeredifappropriate,alltablecontenthas2

ptaboveandbelow]

Tablenotesorfootnotes[Cambriafont,9pt]

6 Figures

Figuresshallbecalledoutinthetext,andshallbenumberedsequentiallythroughthedocument.Figuresinannexesshallbenumberedsequentiallythrougheachannexwiththeannexletterastheprefixtothefigurenumber.

Figure1–FigureTitle[Cambriafont,11pt,bold,centered,belowthefigure]

7 Annexes

Annexesshallalwaysstartatthetopofanewpageandshallbecalledoutinthemainbodyofthedocument.

AnnexX[Cambriafont,14pt,bold,centered,nospacebelow]

(informativeornormative)[Cambriafont,14pt,centered,12ptbelow]

AnnexTitle[Cambriafont,14pt,bold,centered,12ptbelow]

X.1 Level1AnnexHeader[Cambriafont,12pt,bold,12ptbelow]

X.1.2 Level2AnnexadditionalHeading[Cambriafont,11pt,bold,12ptspacebelow]

Annextext[Cambriafont,11pt,12ptspacebelow].

8 Bibliography

ThelastannexcontainstheBibliography.TheBibliographyshallbeinformative(i.e.,thedocumentslistedarenotincludedinSection2,NormativeReferences,oftheStandard).

AnnexE(informative)

Bibliography

TheformatofreferencesfollowstheformatoftheModernLanguageAssociation(MLA).Seehttps://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/24/

1] ASTMInternational,FormandStyleforASTMStandards,January20158

2] IEEEStandardsAssociation,2014IEEE‐SAStandardsStyleManual9

3] ISO/IECDirectives,Part2,RulesforthestructureanddraftingofInternationalStandards,201110

4] NFPA,ManualofStyleforNFPATechnicalCommitteeDocuments,July200411

Forreferencestoarticles,thefollowingformatshallbeused:

1] Organizationname,Standardorbooktitle,Month(ifavailable)year.2] Lastname,Firstname.Articletitle.Journaltitle,year.3] Lastname,Firstname.Booktitle.Publisher,year.4] Lastname,FirstnameandLastname,Firstname.Articletitle.Journaltitle,year.

Forexample:

5] ASTMInternational,FormandStyleforASTMStandards,January20156] Ames,DanielT.AmesonForgeryItsDetectionandIllustration.Bancroft‐WhitneyCo.San

Francisco,1899.7] Cole,Alwyn.DefinitionandScopeofWorkoftheExaminerofQuestionedDocuments,

DocumentExaminer,orDocumentAnalystinTechnicalAbstractsandNotes.JournalofCriminalLaw,Criminology,andPoliceScience,1969.

8] Kelly,JanSeamanandLindblom,BrianL.Eds.ScientificExaminationofQuestionedDocuments.2ndEd.CRCPress,2006.

8ASTMInternational,100BarrHarborDrive,POBoxC700,WestConshohocken,PA19428‐29599IEEE,3ParkAvenue,17thFloor,NewYork,NY,10016‐599710InternationalOrganizationforStandardization,1,ch.delaVoie‐Creuse,Casepostale56,CH‐1211Geneva2011NationalFireProtectionAssociation,1BatterymarchPark,Quincy,MA02169‐7471

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