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5/23/2011
1
Astronomy
Workshop
Prepared by: Miss Julia GermannFrom: ASTRO
By: Seeds
& Other Science Related Sources
CH 1-5
Solar System
Milky Way Galaxy
Planet Earth
The Sun is a star on the Orion Arm
SOLAR ADDRESS:
1.Earth
2.Solar System
3.Orion Arm
4.Milky Way Galaxy
5.The Local Group
6.The Local Super
Cluster
7.The Universe
…continued
5/23/2011
2
Rotation of the Sky at the North Pole Rotation of the Sky at the Equator
**Mid-latitude stars :Some stars are always up, sometimes
up, or up half the time. Others are always down, sometimes down, or
down half the time.
*Stars move in a counter- clockwise motion **Stars rise vertically in the East, set
vertically in the West
WestEast
8 Phases of the Moon
Seasonal Changes:
Solstice -sun is stationary
Equinox-Equal day and Night
Solar Eclipse ◦ (sun is being blocked)
Lunar Eclipse◦ (moon is being blocked)
Eclipsed objects are blocked
Moon passes between the sun and Earth Moon passes through Earth’s shadow
Appearance: The sun looks like a ring surrounding the moon!
Appearance:
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3
Tidal Bulges
Hipparchus:
◦ created the apparent magnitude scale by dividing stars into categories according to their brightness (1-6).
Apparent brightness: how bright a star looks from Earth
Absolute brightness: how bright a star would be if it were a
distance of 10 parsecs away.
CH 3:The Origin of Modern Astronomy
Geocentric Universe vs. Heliocentric Universe:Refer to: The Origin of Modern Astronomy (Pg. 32-39)
Retrograde motion:
*the apparent backward motion of a planet as seen from a vantage
point
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Geocentric Universe vs. Heliocentric Universe:Refer to: The Origin of Modern Astronomy (Pg. 32-39)
Ptolemy's model (140AD):
“Earth-centered" or "geocentric"Copernicus’ model (1542 AD):
"Sun-centered" or "heliocentric"
celestial objects — including the planets, Sun, Moon, and stars —orbit Earth.
explains retrograde motion through epicycles
planets orbit the Sun, and the Moon orbits Earth. Since the Sun is the center of the universe, it does not move, nor does the stars.
*explains retrograde motion byplanets passing each other.
Ptolemy’s Epicycles
A. PLANETS MOVE IN ELLIPSES
B. EQUAL AREA IN EQUAL TIME
C. ORBITAL PERIOD SQUARED EQUALS THE CUBE OF THE SEMIMAJOR AXIS; p= orbital period; a=semi-major axis of the orbit
Kepler’s Three Laws:
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(1)An object remains at rest, or moves in a straight line at
constant speed, unless acted on by an outside force.
(2) The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to
force, and inversely proportional to mass.
(3) For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
Newton’s Laws
Earth’s moon is uneven and rough
Moons of Jupiter orbit so they disappear from day to night
the phases of Venus are similar to the moon
CH 4: Astronomical Telescopes and Instruments
5/23/2011
6
Refracting Telescope
CH5 Sun Light and Sun Atoms:
•Sunspots(11 Year Cycle)
•Magnetic Field
•Nuclear Fusion
1) Gravity
– pulls down onto the earth
1) electromagnetic force
– pushes
3) nuclear strong
– atomic bomb
4) nuclear weak
– radio activity
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7
Stellar SpectraWhen light is broken up into wavelengths:
Eye
Eye
Eye
CH 1-5 Review
• CH1: Scale of the Cosmos
• Solar Address:
Earth, Solar System, Orion Arm, Milky
Way Galaxy, Local Group, Local
Supercluster, Universe
• CH2: User’s Guide to the Sky
• Celestial Sphere
• 8 Phases of the Moon
• Eclipses
• Tidal Bulges
• CH3: The Origin of Modern Astronomy
• Hipparchus’s Magnitude Scale;
Ptolemy’s Geocentric Universe;
Copernicus’s Heliocentric Universe
• Laws/Observations: Kepler, Newton,
Galileo
•CH4: Astronomical Telescopes and
Instruments
•Telescopes:
•Refracting
•Chromatic aberration
•Reflecting
•Newtonian
•CH5: Sun Light and Sun Atoms
•The Sun: • 11 year sun cycle• magnetic field• nuclear fusion
•4 Fundamental Forces•Gravity•Electromagnetic•Nuclear Weak•Nuclear Strong
•Light Spectra•Visual, Emission, and Absorption
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