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BAKAD ESIA, Volume III
Technical Appendixes Environmental topics Geology and Soil Cover
August 2019
Revision 8
ERM EURASIA BAKAD ESIA
BAKAD CONSORTIUM ESIA REPORT: TECHNICAL APPENDIXES, VOL. III, REV 8
2.3-1
2.3 GEOLOGY AND SOIL COVER
This section presents the geology and soil baseline characteristics within the
Project’s Area of influence (AoI) with respect to potential impacts of the
Project on these settings.
The following potential impacts were identified and assessed:
disturbance of natural bedding of soils and modification of the relief;
development and intensification of adverse exogenous processes and
phenomena (erosion);
decrease of soil fertility;
changes in the soil water regime;
degradation of the soil due to pollution.
Once the baseline information was gathered, the potential impacts were
evaluated that may occur during construction and operation phase of the
Project – also in consideration of the various control measures and good
practices that are anyhow obligatory or otherwise planned for the Project (the
so-called embedded controls). Where needed, additional mitigation measures
for each of the identified impacts were developed (beyond the embedded
controls) to reduce the remaining impacts.
It should be noted that the assessment of impacts on geology and soils
overlaps with several other topics addressed in this ESIA Report. In particular,
impacts of the Project with respect to vegetation cover are discussed in Volume
III Section 2.7, impacts on the local land uses are discussed in Section 4, and
impacts on the hydrogeology are discussed in Section 2.4.
2.3.1 Area of Influence
Size of an Area of Influence (AoI) depends on the type of impacts, and is
determined for each specific case on the basis of expert appraisal. Based on
our experience the area of significant impacts on geology and soils does not
exceed the area of land allotment (temporary and permanent) for the Project
facilities. In that case, the Project’s AoI on soils presents in and near the Project
alignment, service areas, access roads, quarries and construction sites.
BAKAD will be constructed in the Almaty Region and will run along Almaty
crossing three districts. The total length of the BAKAD road will be 65.491 km.
The BAKAD construction corridor varies between 70 m (right-of-the-way) and
500 m (interchanges), where the land withdrawn will take place. The size of
the corridor has been selected to accommodate construction works of BAKAD
RoW and interchanges.
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The total area of the land allotment will be 801.7 ha1 including 127.4 ha for the
temporary land allotment, which includes construction sites, shift camps and
quarries. The permanent land allotment is 674.3 ha (see Section 7.7 ESIA,
Volume II for more details).
2.3.2 Methodology
2.3.2.1 Baseline survey methodology
Geology and relief
Information on geological conditions and the relief, the identification of the
risks associated with exogenous geological processes and seismic activity in
the ESIA Report is based on site investigations, assessments, literature and
regulatory framework.
Detailed geotechnical and geological surveys were conducted in 2008-2009
and updated in 2013 to determine the geological and geotechnical properties
of the Project site2. Geotechnical boreholes were set up and test pits conducted
along the BAKAD. Geotechnical property testing from soil samples collected
from the boreholes were tested.
Soils and soil cover
Field and geochemical soil surveys of the Project AoI were undertaken in June
2018. The survey covered a 1000 m strip on each side of the axis of the BAKAD
route. The length of walkover surveys totalled 140 km.
The key soil description sites were selected with consideration of the Project
layout, natural geomorphological and geobotanical soil forming factors and
also those associated with the human activity (Figure 2.3-1).
Soil survey and geochemical sampling fieldwork was carried out in
accordance with the universally recognised practice and requirements of the
regulatory documents3.
1 The land allotment area was calculated in ArcGIS based on a 70 m corridor along the road and a 500 m corridor near
junctions.
2 Report on engineering-geological conditions. BAKAD. Prepared by LLP “Shymkent Kazdorproekt” and LLP “KazGIIZ”,
Almaty, 2008-2009, updated in 2013
3 GOST 17.4.3.01-83: Environmental Protection. Soils. General requirements for sampling; GOST 27593-88. Soils. Terms and
definitions; GOST 17.4.4.02-84: Environmental Protection. Soils. Methods for collection and preparation of samples for
chemical, bacteriological and helminthological analysis.
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Soil sections and open test pits were morphologically described and
photographed on all soil and soil-geochemical survey sites (Figure 2.3-1,
Annex 2.3.3). Soil diagnostics and designation of genetic horizons were carried
out in accordance with the national and international standards for soil
classification4.
Samples for general chemical analysis and preliminary ecological soil
assessment were taken from genetic soil horizons in accordance with national
requirements3. Altogether 69 soil samples from 17 test points were taken and
analysed in laboratories5.
The significance of contamination to local soils was mainly defined by the
relevant national and international soil quality standards (appropriate links
are presented in Section 2.3.3.2).
4 Classification and diagnostics of soils of the USSR (1977); The international standard for soil classification and preparation
of legends for soil maps of 2014 (FAO WRB as updated in 2015 (2018))
5 Laboratory tests were performed in accredited testing centres and research laboratories holding all the necessary licenses
and accreditation certificates (e.g. TOO Kazackanaliz, National Expert Centre under the National Ministry of Public Health,
Kazakh Soil and Agrochemistry Research Institute, etc.).
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Figure 2.3-1 Location of soil survey sites and geochemical sampling points
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2.3.2.2 Impact assessment methodology
Magnitude of Impact
Magnitude of impact is evaluated with consideration for the following
characteristics/parameters of impact: scale, duration, frequency, extent.
Out of extent, frequency and duration of impacts, the basic characteristic is
selected, i.e. having the most unfavorable significance (for example, long-term
duration of impacts is the basic characteristic under conditions of long-term,
instantaneous and local impacts).
Magnitude of impacts is determined as combination of the basic characteristic
and the scale of impact (Table 2.3-1).
Table 2.3-1 Determination of Impact Magnitude
Basic Characteristic Scale
Duration Frequency Extent Negligible Small Medium Large
Instantaneous Single Site Negligible
Short-term Occasionally Local
Small
Medium-term Regularly Regional
Medium
Long-term Frequent National
Permanent Continuous International
Large
Scale of Impact
According to the adopted impact assessment terminology scale of impacts is
intensity of alterations. Scale, where possible, is quantitative evaluation of
predicted consequences (for instance, elevated concentrations of pollutants in
the air, water and soils; areas of land plots allocated for Project
implementation in percentage of land areas used for economic activities prior
to Project implementation; a reduction in number of affected species, etc.). At
that, the multivariable and diverse range of impacts not always allow the use
of quantitative methodologies of evaluation, in such cases it is admitted the
use of semi-quantitative and qualitative approaches (Table 2.3-2, Table 2.3-3).
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Table 2.3-2 Criteria for evaluation of the Scale of impacts on the geological environment
Note: it is not required to comply with all the criteria for the Scale evaluation
Criteria Negligible Small Medium Large
Topography There are likely to be negligible or no alterations of baseline relief, caused only by the small scope of earthworks (such as grading and levelling) throughout the Project’s life cycle. The impacted area will be within the boundaries of the Project implementation territory.
The total area of the changed terrain will not exceed 10% of the territory of Project implementation.
The Project implementation will cause insignificant changes in the terrain within the territory to be occupied by Project facilities and infrastructures (embankments, dikes, bench levelling) which do not result in large-scale emergency / activation of adverse exogenous processes. Upon completing the Project lifecycle, the terrain will remain changed, but these changes will not affect large areas and will not result in the fundamental change of geotechnical conditions in the subject territory.
The total area of the changed terrain will vary from 10% to 50% of the total Project Area.
Project implementation will cause changes in the terrain which will result in forming of new forms of the man-made origin (both positive and negative, which will occupy a large area – from 50% to 75% of the Project territory); these forms will exist after completing the Project lifecycle. It is quite probable that manifestation/activation of adverse exogenous processes as well as the change of geotechnical conditions / soil properties will take place within newly formed forms of the man-made origin.
The Project will result in radical changes of topography where sizable elevations and depressions will appear and remain after completing the Project lifecycle. Manifestation/activation of negative exogenous processes as well as the radical change of geotechnical conditions / soil properties is expected to take place within newly formed forms of the man-made origin.
The total area of the changed terrain will make from 75% to 100% of the total Project Area.
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Criteria Negligible Small Medium Large
Exogenous engineering-geological processes and conditions
The Project will not result in activation of exogenous geological processes and will not cause significant changes in geotechnical conditions. No engineering protection measures will be required in the Project territory. The Project will affect the upper soil layer (up to 10 m thick).Geological impact sources will be eliminated as soon as the Project is completed.
The Project will provoke minor activation of exogenous geological processes within local sites. No large-scale engineering protection measures will be required. Minor changes in geotechnical conditions are expected to take place within the Project territory and they will not significantly affect the massif in the Project territory as a whole. The Project will affect the upper soil layer (up to 10 m thick).
The Project may potentially cause significant intensification of adverse exogenous processes that will require engineering protection measures. In addition, noticeable changes of geotechnical conditions / soil properties are expected to take place. Exogenous processes may potentially be in progress after completing the Project lifecycle. The Project will affect the upper soil layer (up to 20 m thick).
Project implementation is expected to cause essential activation of exogenous geological processes in both the Project territory and adjacent land areas. This will necessitate to implement engineering protection measures not only in the Project AoI but in the adjacent territory as well. Almost complete changes in geotechnical conditions / soil properties are predicted within an affected zone. Process activation focuses will persist for a long time after completing the Project lifecycle. The Project will affect soil layer of more than 20 m thick.
Contamination of the geological environment
No permanent sources of underlying strata contamination are expected to be formed in the course of Project implementation.
Local contamination sources may appear in the event of emergencies only.
The Project may cause minor contamination of the upper soil strata within the aeration zone. Contaminants do not penetrate into the groundwater table; no special preventive measures are required. The source of contamination will disappear after completing the Project lifecycle.
The Project may cause contamination of soils and water-bearing strata followed by transport of contaminants by underground water streams. To prevent contamination, a set of special measures should be undertaken. Residual contamination focuses may exist after completing the Project lifecycle.
The Project may cause irreversible contamination of soil strata. Contaminants are expected to migrate via groundwater streams at a considerable distance from the Project AoI. To prevent contamination, a set of special measures should be undertaken. Contamination of the geological environment will exist within the whole territory of Project implementation.
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Table 2.3-3 Criteria for evaluation of the Scale of impacts on soils
Note: it is not required to comply with all the criteria for the Scale evaluation
Criteria Negligible Small Medium Large
Quality of soil Imperceptible changes in soil quality within soil areas. No erosion processes are predicted to occur.
Minor changes in soil quality; a temporary deterioration of soil fertility. Potential mechanical disturbance of top soil layers. Physicochemical properties may slightly vary but not causing significant changes in the vegetative cover. Erosion processes may develop, but they are local in character and can be noticeably mitigated through erosion preventive measures.
Noticeable changes in soil quality due to impacts on the physicochemical composition and the hydrological regime of soils that result in deterioration of soil fertility.
Temporary mechanical disturbances of soil horizons in profile.
Deterioration of physical and chemical properties may cause transformation / depression of vegetation.
Erosion processes may develop in the vast territory, so erosion preventive measures are necessary.
Soil recovery may take several years /tens years on condition that remediation measures are implemented.
Major changes in soil quality, up to total loss of the fertile top soil layer. The top soil layer may potentially be removed.
New physicochemical properties and/or hydrological regime of soils after impacts restrict development or transform plant communities. Remediation works (both technical and biological) should be obligatory completed.
Soil recovery may take several years /tens years on condition that remediation measures are implemented.
Soil contamination
Contaminants are completely absorbed by the soil adsorption complex, not changing physicochemical properties of soils in general.
Regulatory limits (MPCs) of the content of contaminants in soils are complied with.
Contaminants are absorbed by the soil-adsorption complex, but they cause minor changes in physicochemical properties of soils.
Project standards1 of the content of contaminants in soils are not exceeded, but in the event of long-term impacts, contaminants may be accumulated in amounts close to standard values.
Project standards of the content of contaminants in soils may be exceeded, but these incidents are local in character.
Multiple exceedances of Project standards established for contaminants which may spread beyond contaminated land plots due to migration with groundwater.
1 Project standards are the most stringent limits among national and international ones. Applicable limits are presented in the Annexes 2.3.6 and 2.3.7.
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Frequency of Impact
Categories of impacts frequency and consequences for receptors are presented
in Table 2.3-4.
Table 2.3-4 Categories of the Frequency of Impact
Category of impacts
frequency
Criteria
Single (unlikely) Impact occurs once during Project implementation (unlikely, but
the potential exists)
Occasionally (unfrequently) Impact caused by the features of the construction or production
cycle (there is a probability of occurrence)
Regularly Impact occurs with a regular frequency (a high probability of
occurrence)
Frequent Impact occurs with a frequency of once a month or more
(predetermination)
Continuous Means static impact without discontinuity points over a certain
period of time
Duration of Impact
Categories for identification the duration are presented in (Table 2.3-5).
Table 2.3-5 Categories of the Impact Duration
Category of the
Impact Duration
Assessment of impacts on environmental components
Instantaneous Temporary, short impact on ecosystems, not affecting the seasonal
background processes
Short-term Temporary, lasts from one season up to one year, predicted usually for
the construction phase
Medium-term Temporary, lasts for one to five years, usually in the case of long-term
construction and commissioning period, in the early stages of
operation
Long-term Temporary, lasts for five or more years, until the end of the Project and
restoration of baseline conditions
Permanent Persistent (permanent) change in the baseline conditions during the
Project that are not restored after the closure
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Extent of Impact
The impact extent characterizes spatial distribution of the given impact. The
impact extent categories are detailed in Table 2.3-6.
Table 2.3-6 Categories of the Extent of Impact
Category of the
Extent of Impact
Assessment of impacts on environmental components
Site Impact that does not go beyond the limits of impacts on primary natural
complexes (local populations of species, geological and soil ranges, etc.)
Local Impact affecting baseline properties of individual landscapes and
locations, not usually associated with the impact on long watercourses
Regional Impacts related to a change in the baseline conditions of natural regions,
usually associated with the impact on long watercourses and significant
air pollution
National Affecting national significant natural resources, territories and
sustainable development of nations
International Affecting the environment components, territory and processes of
international importance
Responsivity of Resources & Recipients
Besides the above-discussed magnitude, the other component for evaluation of
impact significance is the responsivity of the affected resource/recipient which
may be of the physical, biological, cultural, and anthropological nature.
Responsivity is an integral characteristic comprising:
own characteristics of the impacted receptor/environmental component (its vulnerability/importance) (the so-called leading characteristic, i. e. a characteristic with the highest index, is to be selected as specified in Section 3.4.3); and
sensitivity of the impacted receptor/environmental component to the given impact.
The category of responsivity is identified based on the combinations of
vulnerability/importance and sensitivity of receptors/environmental components
in accordance with the responsivity matrix (Table 2.3-7).
Table 2.3-7 Determination of Responsivity of Resources & Recipients
Sensitivity
Vulnerability/ Importance Low Medium High
Low Low
Medium Medium
High High
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Vulnerability/ Importance of Resources & Recipients
The evaluation of vulnerability/importance of the affected resources or receptors
is based on the following their properties:
Protected status;
Policy of the regional government;
Views of stakeholders;
Economic value;
Expert opinion of specialists involved in the ESIA development;
International / national standards and regulations;
Special features of ecosystems, such as resistance to change, rarity, adaptability, diversity, and fragility, ability for recovery;
The importance of individual components as environmental components, etc.).
Sensitivity of Resources & Recipients
Sensitivity of the receptor to a particular kind of impact is “severity” of
consequences, the potential for recovery, the reversibility of effects (for
instance, cutting down of forest resources of equal value preserves the
possibility of natural recovery of secondary forest association, whereas
completely removed top soil cannot be recovered without special measures.
The category of responsivity of receptors/environmental components is
identified based on their adaptation/recovery abilities (Table 2.3-8).
Table 2.3-8 Designation of Sensitivity of Resources & Recipients
Sensitivity Environmental resources
Low High ability to recover the initial properties and functions, minor changes of spatial
and dynamic indicators
Medium Limited / low ability to recover the initial properties and functions. Measures to
minimize disturbance of ecosystems are required.
High Lack of ability to recover the initial properties and functions. Irreversible
disturbances may be caused by minor impacts.
Significance of Impact
The category of significance is identified based on the combinations of
magnitude and responsivity of receptors/environmental components in
accordance with Table 2.3-9.
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Table 2.3-9 Determination of Impact Significance
Magnitude of Impact Responsivity of Resources & Recipients
Low Medium High
Negligible
Negligible
Small Minor
Medium Moderate
Large Major
Description of categories of environmental impacts’ significance is represented
in table below (Table 2.3-10).
Table 2.3-10 Evaluation of Impact Significance on Environmental resources
Significance of impact Description
Negligible Impacts practically do not change the environmental baseline
conditions, local in extent and temporary or short-term in duration
Minor
Site, local and regional impacts which are not accompanied by long-
term degradation of sensitive resources; effects are usually reversible
and minor (do not require special mitigation measures); usually do not
exceed the applicable standards (criteria, i.e. noise, vibration, light, etc.)
in relation to the less sensitive resources
Moderate
Site and local environmental impacts, mostly long-term; impacts which
do not affect critical resources but result in irreversible loss of
biodiversity and habitats; impacts with regional effects persisting from
1 to 5 years; require development of cost reasonable impact mitigation
measures
Major
Significant impacts of regional and of the larger scale; medium-term,
long-term and permanent impacts resulting in irreversible changes and
degradation of baseline conditions; usually having adverse effects
exceeding national environmental standards or associated with
transnational environmental issues; involving effects of toxic substances
and associated with potential emergencies affecting critical resources
and sensitive receptors
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2.3.3 Baseline
2.3.3.1 Geology and relief
General description of relief
The BAKAD road is confined to a single geomorphological element – a
sloping piedmont alluvial-proluvial plain. Positive landforms are represented
by slightly sloping ridges. Absolute elevations vary from 615 to 970 m, with a
downward gradient in the south-north and east-west directions.
The plain is crossed by a network or rivers and ravines. The latter have a pear-
like shape with sheer slopes and round scoop-shaped heads.
River valleys are U-shaped with round eroded sides and incision depth of 5-15
metres. The valleys host flood plains and fragments of upland terraces. The
relief is most rugged at the 42-45 km of BAKAD, where the rivers
Sultankarasu, Malaya Almatinka and Karta-Bulak merge. In the northern part
of the Project Area, the rivers meander to a large extent, which should be
factored in when designing and constructing artificial structures.
The area also features occasional hollows, which are relatively shallow
(1.5-4.0 m deep), slightly bent inwards, with flat bottoms, low water content or
even total absence of permanent waterways.
General description of geological conditions
Geologically, the Project AoI is made up by Quaternary alluvial-proluvial and
proluvial sediments, which are several dozen metres thick along the whole
length of the proposed road.
In the upper part of alluvial cones, on a piedmont bench, the Quaternary
formations are represented by boulder, pebble and gravel deposits, which are
replaced, from the mountains to river valleys, with predominantly loamy
sections alternating with sandy loams, sands of various coarseness and, rarer,
gravel and pebble bands.
Encountered throughout the area is a cover of loess-like loams and, rarer,
sandy loams, the thickness of which increases northwards, away from the
upper parts of alluvial cones.
Geotechnical and geological conditions
As a result of the geological survey [1], the following geotechnical units were
identified in the Project AoI (Table 2.3-11).
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Table 2.3-11 Geotechnical conditions in the Project Area
No Geotechnical element Distribution and thickness
1. Topsoil Distributed across the whole area starting from the land
surface
2. Filled soil Present at areas where BAKAD crosses existing roads (0-
0.3 m)
3.
Light silty or loess-like
loam
Semi-solid loam
Distributed across the whole area starting from the land
surface until the depth of up to 15.0 m
4.
Low-plasticity loam
Present near beds of waterways and on irrigated lands (0-
0.3 m)
5.
High-plasticity loam
Present near beds of waterways and on irrigated lands (0-
9.0 m)
6.
Very soft loam
Present near beds of waterways and artificial canals at the
depth of 0.0÷3.4 m. This layer can be exposed by
excavations during construction of artificial structures.
7.
Sandy deposits and
coarse gravel with sand
or sandy loam as filler
material
Distributed across the whole area under light loams, at
the depth of 1.0-4.5 m. This layer can be exposed by
excavations during construction of artificial structures
(BAKAD’s crossing with the Almaty-Talgar road at the
60-64 km section)
Adverse exogenous processes
According to open sources [2] the Project AoI enters to a zone with a moderate
degree of linear erosion development and a very weak degree of sheet erosion
development. The territory is confined to the zone of permissible mudflow
risk. The Project area borders on the zone of extremely dangerous degree of
manifestation of landslides. Dangerous geological processes there is associated
with the current accumulation of alluvial and alluvial-proluvial deposits on
the alluvial cones and river floodplains.
Lateral and bottom erosion is strongly present and is manifested by steep
banks and meandering riverbeds. These processes take place in the valleys of
the Bolshaya Almatinka, Sultankarasu and Karta-Bulak rivers within the 28-30
km and 42-45 km sections of BAKAD.
Also, soils along the whole length of the road have high porosity and high
soaking and subsidence capacity if the water content in them increases, which
– if the construction method is not followed properly – may trigger an erosion
process at areas where topsoil has been removed.
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Seismicity
The Project area is located in the piedmont of the Ile Alatau (Trans-Ili Alatau)
mountain system. Neotectonic processes in the region are appeared mainly in
increased of seismic activity.
The MSK-64 scale is the standard for measurement of seismic events in
Kazakhstan and the CIS (and several other countries around the world) as an
indication of the severity of ground shaking. The MSK-64 scale ranges from
Grade 1 (not perceptible, recordable by seismographs only) to Grade 12 (very
catastrophic, landscape changing).
In the Republic of Kazakhstan, the requirements for assessing the degree of
seismic hazard for the construction of facilities are regulated by SP RK 2.03.30-
2017 'Construction in seismically hazardous areas' [3], which contains a list of
settlements and maps of seismic zoning.
The Project area is located within southern part of seismic zone of 9-point
earthquakes and within northern part of seismic zone of 8-point earthquakes
[3], [4]. However, according to the soil-geological conditions, seismicity is
taken as 9-point [5].
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2.3.3.2 Soils and soil cover
General description of soil-formation factors
Soil formation within the Project AoI is determined by the presence of the
Trans-Ile Alatau mountain range. Transformation of air masses and increasing
absolute elevations result in altitudinal zonation of soils. In addition,
mountains cause redistribution of solid and liquid geochemical runoff on the
piedmont plain.
Ile Alatau is characterised by predominantly steep erosion relief forms with
distinctly shaped and incised river valleys. Soil-forming rocks are eluvial-
deluvial rubble loams covering dense Palaeozoic deposits. Loessial sediments
prevail on elevated foothills and piedmont plains.
Numerous rivers in the piedmont part form large alluvial fans. Recent alluvial
fans are composed of sand-boulder-pebble material. Sand-pebble deposits in
underlying alluvial fans are covered with a thin layer of loessial loams.
Absolute elevations in these areas vary within 650 m and 660 m.
Groundwater flow fed by water infiltrating from numerous mountain rivers is
discharged at the base of alluvial fans forming lakes and wetlands.
Soil cover within the Project AoI
The following soil-bioclimatic zones can be identified within the subject area:
Piedmont steppe zone,
A belt of fescue-feather grass steppes,
Desert steppes, and
Piedmont sierozems zone.
As a result of baseline studies, 13 types and subtypes of soil were described
within the Project area1 (Table 2.3-12, Annex 2.3.1). The structure of soil cover
within the survey corridor (total width is 2000 m) and land allotment area is
presented below (Figure 2.3-3). A 1:25000 scale soil map is presented in Figure
2.3-4.
The most common soils within the Project area are Anthropic soils, Endosalic
Calcisols Yermic, Haplic Kastanozems Skeletic and Endosalic Geysols Calcaric. They
cover 11,288.6 ha (76.7%) and 519.4 ha (70.9%) within survey corridor and land
allotment area respectively.
About 92.0% of lands/soil cover within the Project right-of-way will be
appropriated permanently. Endosalic Calcisols Yermic, Haplic Kastanozems
Skeletic and Endosalic Geysols Calcaric widely spread within both temporary
1 It should be noted, that according to the Classification and diagnostics of soils of the USSR (1977) 26 types of soil were
classified in total. In this Section separated soil types were combined to match with FAO WRB (updated in 2015). See
Annex 2.3.2
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and permanent right-of-way. Endosalic Gleysols Sodic, Mollic Leptosols
Eutric, Haplic Gleysols Dystric and Fibric Histosols Dystric are less common.
Geochemistry and soil fertility
General physical and chemical soil properties
The main physical and chemical soil properties are described below. A
detailed report on the physicochemical soil properties is available in
Annex 2.3.4 and Annex 2.3.5.
Granulometric composition. The granulometric composition of soils investigated
within the Project area can be defined as predominantly 'medium to heavy
loam'. The content of physical clay is from 34.1 to 49.4%. Haplic Gleysols
Dystric (meadow soils) is characterised by light loam composition. The
content of physical clay is more than 50% (light clay) in Haplic Chernozems
Pachic (southern chernozems) and Endosalic Gleysols Sodic (meadow saline
soils) only.
Floodplain meadow soils (SS7) and dark chestnut soils (SS9) are characterised
by a sandy loam and sandy composition with the physical clay content less
than 18.2%.
Reaction (aqueous and salt (KCl) extract). All the investigated soils are “neutral”,
“weakly alkaline (weak-base)” and “alkaline” (pHW varies from 7.3 to 8.4).
Neutral or near neutral reaction characterises Haplic Chernozems Pachic
(southern chernozem, SS17) and Haplic Kastanozems Skeletic (dark chestnut
calcareous soils, SS9).
The values of the exchange acidity (pHKCL) vary from 5.7 to 6.3 (“weakly
acid”) in Haplic Chernozems Pachic and Haplic Kastanozems Skeletic, and
from 6.6 to 8.0 (“neutral” and “weakly alkaline”) in other types of soils.
Organic matter and humus. The content of organic matter in the surveyed soils
varies from 0.4% to 5.6%. The maximum level is in the upper horizons and
gradually decreases in the lower horizons.
Haplic Kastanozems Skeletic (dark and light chestnut calcareous soils) have
the highest content of organic matter and humus (up to 5.6%). The lowest
content was identified in Umbric Fluvisols Oxyaquic (floodplain meadow
soils, SS7).
Nutrient content. The total content of sodium in the soils of the Project area
ranges from 0.03 to 3.24 mg-eq / 100 g, which is typical for the soils in this
area.
The highest content of potassium is registered in the upper horizons of soils
(from 0.01 to 0.75 mg-eq / 100 g) which enables classification of these as soils
with medium supply of this element. The potassium content decreases with
depth.
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The highest content of total phosphorus (up to 4687.0 mg/kg) is registered in
the upper organogenic horizons of Endosalic Calcisols Yermic (sierozems) and
Haplic Kastanozems Skeletic (dark chestnut calcareous soils).
The sum of exchangeable Ca+Mg cations is up to 6.3 mg-eq / 100 g in aqueous
extract. The highest content is in Haplic Gleysols Dystric (meadow soils) and
Umbric Fluvisols Oxyaquic (floodplain meadow soils). This is typical for the
zonal types of soils.
The iron content in the surveyed soils varies from 6,450 mg/kg to 12,600
mg/kg.
Soil fertility
The proposed Project implementation area is generally characterised by a
medium thickness of the fertile soil layer (topsoil). The thickness of the fertile
topsoil varies from 0 cm in Endosalic Gleysols Sodic and Anthropic soils to 70
cm in Voronic Chernozems Pachic (Figure 2.3-2). Consequently, the soils
within the Project area may be classified as “fertile”.
The data on thickness of the fertile topsoil was used in the calculations of
topsoil removal and stockpiling volumes for the construction period. Topsoil
must be carefully removed and stockpiled for subsequent use for
rehabilitation of slopes and escarps (see Section 2.3.4).
The thickness of the fertile topsoil is indicated in Annex 2.3.1 and illustrated in
Figure 2.3-2 and Figure 2.3-5.
Figure 2.3-2 Thickness of the fertile topsoil by soil types, cm
70
5550 50
4540
3530 30
20
10
0 00
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
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Figure 2.3-3 Soil cover structure within the Project AoI (WRB classification)
Anthropic soilsEndosalic
Calcisols Yermic
HaplicKastanozems
Skeletic
EndosalicGeysols Calcaric
HaplicKastanozems
Chromic
GleyicKastanozems
Chromic
Haplic GleysolsDystric
Umbric FluvisolsOxyaquic
HaplicChernozems
Pachic
VoronicChernozems
Pachic
Mollic LeptosolsEutric
Haplic GleysolsDystric and
Fibric HistosolsDystric
EndosalicGleysols Sodic
Survey corridor 3540,9 3196,1 2710,8 1840,9 1042,8 1012,0 669,3 285,2 165,5 124,3 96,9 21,8 19,2
Allotment area 78,9 179,6 145,1 115,9 68,5 63,4 29,3 17,7 10,5 19,8 1,3 1,5 1,2
0,0
50,0
100,0
150,0
200,0
0,0
800,0
1600,0
2400,0
3200,0
4000,0
Are
a b
y s
oil
ty
pe
s, h
a
Soil types within the survey and allotment areas
0,0 15,0 30,0 45,0 60,0 75,0 90,0 105,0 120,0 135,0 150,0 165,0 180,0 195,0
Anthropic soils
Endosalic Calcisols Yermic
Endosalic Geysols Calcaric
Endosalic Gleysols Sodic
Gleyic Kastanozems Chromic
Haplic Chernozems Pachic
Haplic Gleysols Dystric
Haplic Gleysols Dystric and Fibric Histosols Dystric
Haplic Kastanozems Chromic
Haplic Kastanozems Skeletic
Mollic Leptosols Eutric
Umbric Fluvisols Oxyaquic
Voronic Chernozems Pachic
Anthropic soilsEndosalic Calcisols
YermicEndosalic Geysols
CalcaricEndosalic Gleysols
Sodic
GleyicKastanozems
Chromic
HaplicChernozems
Pachic
Haplic GleysolsDystric
Haplic GleysolsDystric and FibricHistosols Dystric
HaplicKastanozems
Chromic
HaplicKastanozems
Skeletic
Mollic LeptosolsEutric
Umbric FluvisolsOxyaquic
VoronicChernozems
Pachic
Temporary 1,5 14,1 11,6 0,0 0,2 1,8 3,6 0,0 12,1 14,6 0,0 0,0 0,0
Permanent 77,4 165,9 104,2 1,2 61,6 9,4 25,7 1,5 58,0 130,4 1,3 17,7 19,8
Soil types within the allotment area
Permanent allotment area
92,0%
Temporary allotment area
8,0%
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Table 2.3-12 Description of soils within the proposed BAKAD AoI
Soil type/subtype Occurrence and typical vegetation Soil type/subtype Occurrence and typical vegetation
Haplic Chernozems Pachic (Southern chernozems)
Vegetation and relief: miscellaneous herbs and fescue grass; miscellaneous herbs and feather and fescue grass associations (groups)
Occurrence within Project AoI: eastern part, between 64 and 66 km (see point SS17)
Haplic Kastanozems, Skeletic or Chromic (Dark chestnut soils)
Vegetation and relief: fescue, feather-fescue grass dry steppes with low-diversity xerophytic miscellaneous herbs and considerable input by ephemeroids in sloping-undulating landforms.
Occurrence within Project AoI: western part (from 1 to 6 km, SS1), eastern part (from 48 to 64 km, SS14, SS15), Fabrichny (SS8) and Issyk (SS9) quarries
Haplic Kastanozems, Skeletic or Chromic (Light chestnut soils)
Vegetation and relief: savanna-like desert-steppe; wormwood-fescue phytocoenoses with ephemeral plants, ephemeroids and noticeable presence of xerophilic miscellaneous herbs
Occurrence within Project AoI: western part (from 6 to 20 km, SS2, SS4)
Gleyic Kastanozems Chromic (Meadow chestnut soils)
Vegetation and relief: depressions in relief which receive additional moisture from surface runoff or shallow (3.5 to 6.0 m) groundwater. Zonal but more diverse and dense vegetation with relatively frequent presence of mesophilic forms.
Occurrence within Project AoI: eastern part (SS13, SS16)
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Soil type/subtype Occurrence and typical vegetation Soil type/subtype Occurrence and typical vegetation
Endosalic Calcisols Yermic (Sierozems)
Vegetation and relief: piedmont and foothill plains form an independent soil zone.
Wormwood-ephemeroid and ephemeroid-wormwood vegetation (bulbous
bluegrass, colpodium, Carex pachystylis, Artemisia sublessingiana or less common
Artemisia terrae-albae), occasionallt with Ceratocarpus.
Occurrence within Project AoI: north western and northern parts (SS10, SS11)
Endosalic Geysols Calcaric (Meadow sierozems)
Vegetation and relief: depressions (low terraces above floodplains, low foothill-piedmont plains,
dry upland) which receive additional moisture from surface sources and/or groundwater.
Ephemeral-ephemeroid species with some moisture-loving plants (liquorice, couch grass,
depressed reed).
Occurrence within Project AoI: north western and northern parts (SS6)
Haplic Gleysols Dystric (Meadow soils)
Vegetation and relief: noninundated (located outside of floodplains) depressions with
shallow (1.5 to 3 m) fresh or alkali groundwater within moist steppe zone on
piedmont plains and low terraces above floodplains
Occurrence within Project AoI: throughout the Project area (SS3, SS5)
Umbric Fluvisols Oxyaquic and Mollic Leptosols Eutric (Floodplain meadow and forest-meadow soils)
Vegetation and relief: floodplain terraces of small rivers. Soil forming factors are periodic flooding
during the high-water period, renewal of alluvium and continuous recharge with capillary
water rising from shallow groundwater. Gramineous plants and meadow vegetation with
prevalence of miscellaneous-gramineous herbs and reedgrass meadows
Occurrence within Project AoI: throughout the Project area (SS7, SS12)
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Soil type/subtype Occurrence and typical vegetation Soil type/subtype Occurrence and typical vegetation
Voronic Chernozems Pachic
(Meadow chernozems)
Vegetation and relief: depressions in relief; in conditions of
additional surface moisture under gramineous plants and
miscellaneous herbs associations
Occurrence within Project AoI: eastern part, between 63 and
66 km
Haplic Gleysols Dystric and Fibric Histosols Dystric
(Meadow-bog and bog soils)
Vegetation and relief: piedmont plains in the groundwater show
zone (springs, pools, etc.), on river floodplains. . Soil forming
factors are influence of mostly fresh groundwater of varying salt
content.
Hydrophilic associations (groups) frequently dominated by reed,
sedge and cattail: reed, sedge, reed and gramineous-
miscellaneous herbs, gramineous herbs-reedgrass associations
consist of bushgrass, dog's tooth, couch grass, Ural liquorice and
other moisture-loving species.
Occurrence within Project AoI: throughout the Project area
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Figure 2.3-4 Soil map of the Project AoI (WRB classification)
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Figure 2.3-5 Map of the fertile soil layer thickness within the Project AoI
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Soil quality
The soil quality was assessed in accordance with the national hygiene
requirements and international standards:
“Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MPC) of chemical substances
in soil” dated by 25 May, 2015 (Order #452) establishes maximum
permissible concentrations (MPC) which adopted in the Republic of
Kazakhstan.
MPC is the maximum level that does not have a harmful effect on human
health and does not degrade environmental conditions.
“Dutch Soil Remediation Circular”, 2009 (so-called “Dutch List” 1) – is
generally accepted in the European Community as a methodological
tool for assessing the criticality of soil pollution
The soil remediation intervention values (RIV) established in the Dutch List are
representative of the level of contamination above which there is a serious
case of contamination which requires that remediation measures be
undertaken.
Heavy metals and arsenic
The soil content of arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) exceeds the limit values
established in the Republic of Kazakhstan (Annex 2.3.6):
The arsenic concentration does not meet established requirement
(2.0 mg/kg) in each 17 samples2. The exceedance varies from 1.5 MPC
to 4.4 MPC.
The lead level exceeds national standard (32.0 mg/kg) in one sample
only (SS12). The exceedance is 1.8 MPC.
There was not any exceedance of heavy metals and arsenic concentrations
identified with regard to the critical (intervention) criteria specified in the
Dutch List.
Organic elements
In accordance with the national criteria organic elements in soils meet the
established requirements excluding an exceedance of benzo(a)pyrene in
sample SS12. The exceedance is assessed as 3.6 MPC.
1 It should be noted that the Dutch List has no legal force outside of the Netherlands, including Kazakhstan. However, the
criteria for environmental assessment of soil pollution detailed therein are recommended in the European Community as a
methodological tool for assessing the criticality of soil pollution and, consequently, can be used as a benchmark for
additional investigations or decision-making on remediation of polluted areas
2 Samples from upper soil horizons (depth up to 20 cm) were analyzed only
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Other organic elements in soils within the Project area, including the Bereke
and Panfilovo worker camps are in line with both national and international
sanitary and epidemiological standards.
A summary table of chemical analysis results is provided in Annex 2.3.7.
Conclusions and recommendations on the soil use
There are no special requirements and approaches to assess the suitability of
soils for further use in the Republic of Kazakhstan. According to the definition
of MPC and RIV (see above), if the substances content in soil does not exceed
MPC / RIV, no harmful effects on human health and environmental
degradation are expected, as a result no remediation measures are required.
According to the soil sampling results the content of organic and inorganic
substances in soils did not significantly exceed the applicable standards. High
arsenic concentrations (As) may indicate a regional specificity of soils, as
exceedances were found in samples of different types of native soils
throughout the Project area. Potential sources of soil contamination by arsenic
are absent in the region.
Thus, determined exceedance (up to 4.4 MPC) of arsenic does not limit further
soil use.
As a measure to reduce potential pollution and improve the quality of soils,
when using soils for backfilling, forming slopes and landscaping, it is
recommended to cover and / or mix them with clean soil.
2.3.4 Mitigation measures
2.3.4.1 Construction Stage
Minimization, where possible, of land withdrawal during the design stage; adherence to allocated land boundaries during construction.
Reclamation of temporarily withdrawn lands and their return to original users.
Reclamation is carried out in two stages: technical (land planning and application of topsoil) and biological (complex of agrotechnical measures and sowing of perennial grasses). The Project provides for 513,175 m2 of grass seeding;
Removal, stockpiling and reuse of topsoil in reclamation and reinforcement of roadbed slopes; Removed topsoil to be stored in piles (only for the construction period, height of the piles shall ideally not exceed 3 m depending on the topographical conditions and land availability to avoid any loss of fertility) on the designated sites, every 0.5 km;
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Sign a contract with a licensed organization that provides waste removal. Set the terms and frequency of waste removal;
Temporary storage of waste from vehicle and machinery maintenance operations at designated areas with subsequent removal of waste to solid domestic and industrial waste landfills or transfer to specialized organizations for disposal / recycling;
Temporary storage of all wastes generated at the construction site at designated areas followed by their timely removal to the landfills or transfer to specialized organizations for disposal / recycling;
The soil contaminated due to spillages during handling of fuel and other hazardous liquids will be removed from the site for suitable treatment and/or disposal;
Construction of water-resistant coatings on equipment maintenance sites;
Collection of wastewater from vehicle washing into a settlement pond to trap suspended particles and petroleum products. Collection of sludge from the settlement pond into a container followed by its offsite removal and reuse in road construction;
Installation of culverts and drain ditches in the roadbed; construction of culverts and bridges crossing permanent watercourses;
To prevent the development of unfavourable geological processes (water and wind erosion), the Project provides for the strengthening of the roadbed, depending on the height of the mound and the angle of slope, followed by sowing of herbs. Reinforcement of bottoms of drainage ditches is envisaged;
The Project design is optimized to limit the gradient of the access roads to reduce runoff-induced erosion, and provide adequate road drainage based on road width, surface material, compaction and maintenance;
To prevent waterlogging of the roadbed by surface water and possible water erosion, the Project provides for a system of surface drainage, including water drainage from the sole of the embankment with ditches;
Culverts for the streams with slopes exceeding 2% are designed according to the off-the-shelf solution: 501-96 "Hillside pipes on the roads" with construction of gullies and dampers to prevent erosion on the inlet and outlet pipe sections;
The Project design will consider relevant national regulatory requirements related to seismic design and risk assessment and also the findings of the site specific geological/ geotechnical investigation study;
The seismic design for the Project and all related structures such as interchanges, culverts, bridges is based on the 9 seismic activity scale in accordance with SNiP RK 2.03.30-2006 (replaced by SP RK 2.03-30-2017).
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2.3.4.2 Operation Stage
Diversion of storm run-offs from the road into catch wells.
For more information on measures to mitigate air quality and biodiversity
impacts see in Section 2.1 and Section 2.7.
2.3.5 Impact Assessment
This section assesses the impact on geological conditions and soils within the
Project AoI. The assessment identified the following potential impacts:
Geological conditions and relief
disturbance of natural bedding of soils and modification of the relief;
development and intensification of adverse exogenous processes and
phenomena (erosion and waterlogging);
risk of activation of seismic processes.
Soils and soil cover
soil fertility decrease;
changes in the soil water regime;
soil degradation due to pollution.
The assessment of potential impacts on geological conditions and soils took
into account the impact mitigation measures of the Project (see Section 2.3.4).
2.3.5.1 Impact receptors
Geological conditions and relief
BAKAD is located on the sloping piedmont plain with a well-developed
network of rivers and ravines (see Section 0). Within residential areas and their
immediate surroundings, including agricultural lands existing roads, the relief
has been disturbed and modified as a result of anthropogenic activities.
The surface of the area is covered by a topsoil layer overlying light loamy
loess-like deposits (see Section 0). Below them are sandy deposits and coarse
gravel with sand or sandy loam as filler material. Artificial structures and
disturbed areas are underlain by fill-up ground.
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Soils and soil cover
The soil cover within the Project AoI includes 13 types of soils1 (see Section
2.3.3.2). Most abundant are anthropogenic soils; Endosalic Calcisols Yermic
(Sierozems) with subtypes; Haplic Kastanozems Skeletic (Dark and light
chestnut calcareous soils) with subtypes; and Endosalic Geysols Calcaric
(Meadow sierozems).
Based on the properties and current state of components several groups of
receptors (see Table 2.3-13) were identified and analysed within the Project’s
area of influence to assess the impact on geological conditions and soils (see
Section 2.3.1).
Table 2.3-13 Groups of receptors
Group List of grounds and soils
Geological conditions and relief*
Group I Light silty or loess-like loam
Natural relief
Group II Sandy deposits
Coarse gravel with sand or sandy loam as filler material
Manmade relief
Soils and soil cover
Group I
Haplic Gleysols Dystric and Endosalic Gleysols Sodic
Umbric Fluvisols Oxyaquic
Mollic Leptosols Eutric
Haplic Gleysols Dystric and Fibric Histosols Dystric
Group II
Haplic and Voronic Chernozems Pachic (including arable)
Haplic Kastanozems Skeletic and Chromic (including arable and eroded)
Gleyic Kastanozems Chromic (including arable)
Endosalic Calcisols Yermic (including arable and eroded)
Endosalic Geysols Calcaric (including arable)
Group III Anthropic soils
Notes: * to avoid double counting, topsoil and filled soil were excluded from the assessment of
the geological and relief impact and will instead be taken into consideration in the soil impact
assessment.
1 The Russian version of the report uses the USSR soil classification, which contains 26 soil types and subtypes. See
Annex 2.3.2 for more details.
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Vulnerability/importance
The vulnerability/importance of receptors is based on specific features of
ecosystems, their resilience to changes, adaptability and dependence on
changes in the external environment like water content in soils, ground water
level, and climate conditions in general (Table 2.3-14).
Table 2.3-14 Vulnerability/importance of receptors
Group Dependence on external factors and
resilience to change
Distribution, significance for
ecosystems and economic value
Geological conditions and relief
Group I
High
Stability and geotechnical properties of deposits. The silty structure preconditions high probability of erosion. The structure of the relief is typical for the area.
Determine and maintain stability of typical ecosystems. If the construction method is right, they may be used as a construction material. Widely distributed across the potential area of influence.
Group II
Medium
Heterogeneous and thin deposits. Prone to erosion if close to the daylight surface. The terrain is partially graded with artificial embankments.
Determine and maintain stability of typical ecosystems. May be used as a construction material in the road base. Widely distributed across the potential area of influence, although they are always overlain by deposits of a different genesis. Technogenic land forms are present occasionally.
Soils and soil cover
Group I
High
Receptors are intrazonal and strongly depend on changes in environmental factors. Have low resilience to external influence due to their original fragmentation.
Determine and maintain stability of rare ecosystems suitable for agricultural activities like grazing and hay-making. Distributed locally in river valleys and accumulating land forms.
Group II
Medium
Merge into extensive groupings. Impacts only happen if the external environment changes significantly. Have moderate resilience to impacts.
Maintain stability of typical ecosystems. Widely used in agricultural activities. Widely distributed across the potential area of influence.
Group III
Low
Have little or zero dependence on changes in environmental factors. Resilient to external impacts as they have already been highly transformed by anthropogenic activities.
Have no agricultural value. Present locally within residential areas and existing roads.
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Sensitivity of receptors to specific impacts is assessed against the receptors’
structure, physical properties and recoverability (Table 2.3-15, Table 2.3-16).
Table 2.3-15 Sensitivity of receptors to potential adverse impacts on geological conditions and relief
Impact Group I Group II
Disturbance of natural
bedding of soils and
modification of the
relief
High
The nature of the impact means that a partial restoration of the original structure of soils and relief will only be possible after backfilling and reclamation. Probability of natural restoration of the ecosystem is extremely low.
Development and
intensification of
adverse exogenous
processes and
phenomena (erosion)
High Medium
Fine structure and sensitivity to changes in the water content greatly increase the probability of water and wind erosion. Erosion prevention measures are necessary to avoid this process.
Only the sand fraction of the sediments is prone to erosion processes. Coarse gravel is less prone to erosion due to a larger size of particles.
Table 2.3-16 Sensitivity of receptors to potential adverse impacts on soils and soil cover
Impact Group I Group II Group III
Soil fertility
decrease
High
Fertility can only be restored after reclamation (backfilling of soils and topsoil). Probability of natural restoration of the ecosystem is extremely low and will in any case take dozens of years.
Changes in
the soil water
regime
Low Medium Low
A change in the ratio between soil fractions and a local compaction of soils given the naturally heterogeneous particle size distribution will change the water regime slightly.
Addition of light fractions and a local compaction of soils given the naturally heavy particles will disturb re-distribution of water in soils.
See Group I
Soil
degradation
due to
pollution
Low High
Neutral and weakly alkaline reaction of the medium and high thickness of organogenic layer (40 cm on average) create a good soil buffer, which prevent downward migration of contaminants.
Restoration of soil properties will only be possible after reclamation. Soils have zero self-purification capacity.
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Table 2.3-17 below presents the Responsivity assessment relating to the
potential adverse impacts.
Table 2.3-17 Responsivity of receptors to potential adverse impacts
Component Receptor Vulnerability/
Importance Sensitivity Responsivity
Geo
log
ica
l co
nd
itio
ns
an
d r
elie
f
Disturbance of natural bedding of soils and modification of the relief
Group I High High High
Group II Medium High Medium
Development and intensification of adverse exogenous processes and phenomena
(erosion)
Group I High High High
Group II Medium Medium Medium
So
ils
an
d s
oil
co
ver
Soil fertility decrease
Group I High High High
Group II Medium High Medium
Group III Low High Medium
Changes in the soil water regime
Group I High Low Medium
Group II Medium Medium Medium
Group III Low Low Low
Soil degradation due to pollution
Group I High Low Medium
Group II Medium Low Low
Group III Low High Medium
2.3.5.2 Assessment of the potential impacts during the construction phase
Disturbance of natural bedding of soils and modification of the relief
The impact is likely to occur during earthworks, clearing and preparation of
construction sites and the road corridor and will be associated with
mechanical disturbance of natural bedding of soils and creation of positive
and negative landforms.
The construction process will involve removal of topsoil1 and replacement of
weak soils following by backfilling of the roadbed with imported soils.
The footprint of the impact will be 674.3 ha within the permanent land
allotment and 59.4 ha within the temporary land allotment. At quarries, the
1 The impact associated with topsoil removal is assessed in the “Soil fertility decrease” section.
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disturbance area is estimated at around 68.5 ha. In total, the earthworks1
(excavation, transfer and stockpiling of soils including soils from quarries)
will amount to over 15 mln m3.
The soil will be used to construct the road bed, embankment slopes, and
artificial structures (overpasses). During this processes, soil masses will be
moved, and positive and occasionally negative landforms will be generated.
Development of quarries will also lead to creation of negative forms of relief.
Riverbed diversion is another reason of modification of the relief. At the
moment permanent riverbed diversion is planned at the B. Almatinka and
Kartabulak Rivers and temporal diversion at M. Almatinka River (see Section
2 "Project description" of the ESIA Report, Volume II).
The table below (Table 2.3-18) estimates the force of the potential impact taking
into account the impact mitigation measures of the Project.
Table 2.3-18 Assessment of the Impact Magnitude
Impact Magnitude
criteria Temporary land allotment Permanent land allotment
Scale
Medium
Project implementation will cause changes in the terrain which will
result in the new forms of the man-made origin (both positive and
negative, which will occupy a large area – from 50% to 75% of the
Project territory); these forms will exist after completing the Project
lifecycle. It is quite probable that activation of adverse exogenous
processes as well as the change of geotechnical conditions / soil
properties will take place within newly formed forms of man-made
origin.
Frequency
Single
The impact will occur on a one-time basis during construction
works.
Duration
Medium-term
The impact will last
throughout the construction
phase.
Long-term
The impact will last throughout
the operational phase.
Extent
Local
The extent of the impact will be confined to the land allotment and
quarries.
Impact Magnitude Medium Medium
1 The volume of earthworks includes, in particular, the removal and transfer of grounds from quarries. Data on the
projected depths of quarries at the time of the section preparation are not available
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Development and intensification of adverse exogenous processes and
phenomena
The impact is likely to occur during earthworks, clearing and preparation of
construction sites and the road corridor and will be associated with
mechanical disturbance of natural bedding of soils and creation of positive
and negative landforms.
The removal of topsoil at most of the area will expose light silty loess-like
loams, which have little resilience to erosion. The impact may be reduced if
the construction method and schedule are strictly followed, as exposed soils
will need to be promptly transferred to temporary storage areas or covered
with more resilient soils as soon as possible.
The table below (Table 2.3-19) estimates the force of the potential impact taking
into account the impact mitigation measures of the Project.
Table 2.3-19 Assessment of the Impact Magnitude
Impact Magnitude criteria Permanent and temporary land allotment
Scale
Medium
The Project may potentially cause significant intensification of
adverse exogenous processes that will require engineering
protection measures. In addition, noticeable changes of
geotechnical conditions / soil properties are expected to take
place. Exogenous processes may potentially be in progress
after completing the Project lifecycle.
Frequency
Occasionally
The impact is associated with the specifics of the construction
cycle and is highly likely.
Duration Medium-term
The impact will occur last throughout the construction phase.
Extent
Local
The extent of the impact will be confined to the land allotment
and quarries.
Impact Magnitude Medium
The Project area is located in the zone of erosion processes, as well as in the risk
zone of mudflows and landslides (see Section 0). To fully assess the risk of
development of exogenous geological processes and phenomena, it is necessary to
conduct the following additional studies:
characteristics of the regime of channel and floodplain deformations of
rivers, marginal erosion, water erosion (types of processes, their
orientation, intensity and impact boundaries);
the identification of possible mudflow occurrence areas (the boundaries of
mudflow distribution, the duration, the frequency, the maximum flow);
identification of slope processes manifestation areas (area, soil
characteristics, sustainability factors, degree of activity and hazard for the
Project area).
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Based on the results of the studies, it is necessary to conduct engineering-geological
zoning of the Project area relating to the occurrence and peculiarities of
development of exogenous geological processes and phenomena.
Assessment of potential impact of the Project on the development and
intensification of adverse exogenous processes and phenomena (erosion)
will be updated after the above studies finished.
Straightening of the river beds can also lead to the development of negative
exogenous processes: bottom and coastal erosion may occur due to increased
flow rate and light silty loess-like loams, which have little resilience to erosion.
It is necessary to carry out measures to strengthen the bottom and slopes of
the new channels. Slopes and bottoms of the channels are planned to be
reinforced with in-situ concrete. However, for permanent straightening sites,
consideration should be given to the use of natural materials for bank
protection and stabilization (e.g. vegetation fringes and bankside trees) with
steel reinforcements (gabions). It is also necessary to provide new channels
sinuous (and not straight) with asymmetrical cross sections (see section 2.5
"Surface waters").
Moreover, numerous discharges of groundwater were identified on the slopes
and in floodplains of the rivers (additional hydrological survey of the valleys
of the rivers Malaya and Bolshaya Almatinka was performed by
MosiInzhGeoStroyProekt LLP in September-October 2018), so the risk of
adverse processes is very high.
To assess the significance of impacts from the riverbed migration on the
groundwater discharge, it is necessary to conduct a detailed hydrogeological
study of the river valleys (see section 2.4 " Hydrogeological conditions and
quality of groundwater").
Soil fertility decrease
The impact is likely to occur during clearing and preparation of construction
sites and the road corridor, which will involve removal of topsoil.
The footprint of the impact will be 674.3 ha within the permanent land
allotment and 59.4 ha within the temporary land allotment. At quarries, the
disturbance area is estimated at around 68.5 ha. The topsoil will be removed to
the depth of 50 cm in the total amount of 1.4 mln m3.
The topsoil will be stockpiled at designated areas and will then be used to
prepare a plant mixture used in slope reinforcement and land reclamation
activities. For backfilling, over 2.6 mln m3 of topsoil will be used.
Once the construction phase is over, the lands under temporary allotment and
the temporary access roads will be rehabilitated in two stages: technical
reclamation (surface grading and backfilling of topsoil) and biological
reclamation (land treatment and planting of perennial herbs).
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The table below (Table 2.3-20) estimates the force of the potential impact taking
into account the impact mitigation measures of the Project.
Table 2.3-20 Assessment of the Impact Magnitude
Impact
Magnitude
criteria
Temporary land allotment Permanent land allotment
Scale
Medium
Decrease of fertility during partial or full
removal of topsoil. Erosion processes
can start, which requires erosion
prevention measures. Restoration is
possible after reclamation.
Large
Complete loss of topsoil.
Restoration will only be possible
after reclamation.
Frequency Single
The impact will occur on a one-time basis during construction works.
Duration
Medium-term
The impact will last throughout the
construction phase.
Long-term
The impact will last throughout the
operational phase.
Extent Local
The extent of the impact will be confined to the land allotment and quarries.
Impact
Magnitude Medium Large
Changes in the soil water regime
As surface run-offs will be re-distributed and filtration capacity of soils will be
modified, the water regime of soils in the Project AoI is likely to change,
mainly towards oversaturation. The impact will be associated with the
following activities:
Topsoil removal, which will expose soils with different filtration
properties to the daylight surface;
Earthworks and roadbed construction, which will change the
groundwater level and re-distribute surface run-offs towards drainage
ditches and create new barriers like embankments and ditches
excavated for other linear facilities of the Project;
Grading and landscaping, which will diver surface run-offs towards
depressions and add light and heavy fractions of soils to the existing
soil structure.
The main anticipated adverse effect of this impact will be potential
waterlogging of lands.
Areas of waterlogging can appear at straightening of river beds because of
numerous discharges of groundwater identified on the slopes and in
floodplains of the rivers (see the section “
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Development and intensification of adverse exogenous processes and phenomena ”).
The table below (Table 2.3-21) estimates the force of the potential impact taking
into account the impact mitigation measures of the Project.
Table 2.3-21 Assessment of the Impact Magnitude
Impact
Magnitude
criteria
Temporary land allotment Permanent land allotment
Scale
Small
Minor changes in physical properties
of soils will not cause significant
modifications of the vegetation cover.
Restoration is possible after
reclamation.
Medium
Local waterlogging will lead to a
change in the properties of soils
and vegetation change.
Restoration is possible after
reclamation.
Frequency
Regularly
Occurrence of the impact will depend on the season and richness of
atmospheric precipitation.
Duration
Medium-term
The impact will last throughout the
construction phase.
Long-term
The impact will last throughout
the operational phase.
Extent Local
The extent of the impact will be confined to the land allotment.
Impact
Magnitude Small Medium
Soil degradation due to pollution
Pollution of soils within the potential area of influence will be associated with
exhaust emissions from construction machinery and equipment, as well as
emissions from concrete and asphalt plants.
The pollutants will mainly disperse in the air (gases) or quickly transform in
soils (organic matters).
Modelling shows that during the construction phase soils will be mainly
contaminated by nitrogen oxides and dust. The dispersion range may reach
1.5 km from sources of emissions; however, it is expected that applicable air
quality standards will not be exceeded (see Section 2.1 “Air Quality”).
Given that concentrations of pollutants are expected to be low and the
duration of the construction phase to be fairly short, no significant
degradation of soils induced by pollution is anticipated.
The table below (Table 2.3-22) estimates the force of the potential impact taking
into account the impact mitigation measures of the Project.
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Table 2.3-22 Assessment of the Impact Magnitude
Impact
Magnitude
criteria
Temporary land allotment Permanent land allotment
Scale
Negligible
Pollutants will be fully absorbed by the absorbing complex of soils.
Exceedance of quality standards is not anticipated.
Frequency
Frequent
Occurrence of the impact will depend on the construction method and
operation of machinery and plants.
Duration
Medium-term
The impact will last throughout
the construction phase.
Long-term
The impact will last throughout
the operational phase.
Extent
Local
The extent of the impact will be confined to the land allotment and the
lands within a 1.5 km radius from sources of pollution.
Impact
Magnitude Small
2.3.5.3 Assessment of the potential impacts during the operational phase
Potential impacts of the operational phase include changes in the soil water
regime and soil degradation due to pollution. Other impacts including those on
geological conditions and relief will not be anticipated if the impact mitigation
measures of the Project are put in place (see Section 2.3.4).
Changes in the soil water regime
A change in the water regime of soils in the Project AoIa towards
oversaturation and waterlogging will be caused by re-distribution of surface
run-offs and a change in the filtration capacity of soils. Also, local
oversaturation is expected at pipeline outlets discharging effluents onto the
landscape.
The presence of a barrier (road embankment) will prevent re-distribution of
water to a larger area and will contribute to accumulation of water on the
roadside.
The table below (Table 2.3-23) estimates the force of the potential impact taking
into account the impact mitigation measures of the Project.
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Table 2.3-23 Assessment of the Impact Magnitude
Impact Magnitude criteria Permanent land allotment
Scale
Negligible
No significant changes in soil quality are expected. The impact
will be minimised by the water removal solutions envisaged
by the Project.
Frequency
Regularly
Occurrence of the impact will depend on the season and
richness of atmospheric precipitation.
Duration Long-term
The impact will last throughout the operational phase.
Extent Local
The extent of the impact will be confined to the roadside area.
Impact Magnitude Small
Soil degradation due to pollution
Potential pollution of soils covering lands adjacent to BAKAD will be mainly
associated with traffic emissions. However, most of these pollutants will
disperse in the air (gases) or quickly transform in soils (organic matters).
Long-term accumulation in soils is only possible for heavy metals coming
from combustion of low-quality fuels, and attrition of tyres, parts etc.
Soils along roads may also be contaminated with de-icing chemicals, whose
particles may be flown beyond the road surface by fast-moving vehicles or if
traffic is high.
Pollutants are generally accumulated in the upper horizon of soils. Their
downward migration will depend on the soils’ water regime and oxidation-
reduction conditions. This impact may increase soils’ toxicity and reduce its
quality.
Modelling shows that during the construction phase soils will be mainly
contaminated by nitrogen oxides and dust, which may change acidity of soils.
At the same time, concentrations of particulate matter are expected to be
negligibly low (see Section 2.1 “Air Quality”).
Based on the results of the modelling the concentrations of pollutants will be
at their highest at the crossings between BAKAD and existing motor roads:
BAKAD’s crossing with KV-15 Iliyskaya motorway: concentration of
NO2 may be as high as 1.15 MPCOT; of NO – up to 1.2 MPCOT;
BAKAD’s crossing with KV-67 Burundayskaya motorway:
concentration of NO2 may be as high as 1.15 MPCOT; of NO – up to
1.0 MPCOT;
BAKAD’s crossing with R-17 Talgarskaya motorway: concentration of
NO2 may be as high as 1.3 MPCOT; of NO – up to 1.0 MPCOT.
Within the immediate vicinity of BAKAD (i.e. within 50-250 m) concentrations
may reach 0.7-0.9 MPCOT for NO2 and 0.6 MPCOT for NO.
Given the extremely low concentration of pollutants, the probability of an
increase in acidity of soils due to accumulation of nitrogen compounds will be
negligibly low.
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The table below (Table 2.3-24) estimates the force of the potential impact taking
into account the impact mitigation measures of the Project.
Table 2.3-24 Assessment of the Impact Magnitude
Impact Magnitude criteria Permanent land allotment
Scale
Negligible
Pollutants will be fully absorbed by the absorbing complex of
soils. Exceedance of quality standards is not anticipated.
Frequency
Frequent
Occurrence of the impact will depend on intensity of traffic on
BAKAD.
Duration Long-term
The impact will last throughout the operational phase.
Extent
Local
The extent of the impact will be confined to the land allotment
and its immediate surroundings within 200-300 m.
Impact Magnitude Small
2.3.5.4 Assessment of Impact Significance
The Impact Significance after mitigation measures (implementation of
embedded controls) is described in Table 2.3-25. The residual impact of was
evaluated taking into account recommended additional impact mitigation
measures.
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Table 2.3-25 Assessment of Impact Significance and Residual Impact
Receptor Impact
Magnitude Responsivity
Impact Significance
Additional impact mitigation measures Residual Impact
CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Disturbance of natural bedding of soils and modification of the relief
Geological conditions and relief (Group I)
Medium High Major Strict compliance with the planned work to strengthen the slopes of the
roadway, the bottom of the ditches, new river beds to prevent erosion and removal of substances to nearby areas.
Control of land rehabilitation/ reinstatement activities.
Development of a “Closure plan” of the quarries at the time of construction works completion.
Implementation of measures to strengthen new river beds (see “Development and intensification of adverse exogenous processes and phenomena " in this table).
Minor
Geological conditions and relief (Group II)
Medium Medium Moderate Minor
Development and intensification of adverse exogenous processes and phenomena
Geological conditions and relief (Group I)
Medium
High Major Compliance with the technology and schedule of construction works
Minimization of the time between withdrawal and backfilling of soils on eroded areas
Erosion, sediment and pollution control, management of upper soil, as well as storm water run-off
The Project area is located in the zone of erosion processes, as well as in the risk zone of mudflows and landslides (see Section 2.3.3). To fully assess the risk of development of exogenous geological processes and phenomena, it is necessary to conduct the following additional studies:
- Characteristics of the regime of channel and floodplain deformations of rivers, marginal erosion, water erosion (types of processes, their orientation, intensity and impact boundaries);
- Identification of possible mudflow occurrence areas (the boundaries of mudflow distribution, their duration, frequency and maximum
flow);
Minor Geological conditions and relief (Group II)
Medium Moderate
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Receptor Impact
Magnitude Responsivity
Impact Significance
Additional impact mitigation measures Residual Impact
- Identification of slope processes manifestation areas (area, soil characteristics, sustainability factors, degree of activity and hazard for the Project area).
Based on the results of the studies, it is necessary to conduct engineering-geological zoning of the Project area relating to the occurrence and peculiarities of development of exogenous geological processes and phenomena.
Territories adjacent to the section of the river on which the temporary and permanent straightening of the channel is planned
There is not enough data to assess impact significance
High risk of flooding and other negative processes
It is necessary to conduct a detailed hydrogeological study of the river valleys where straightening is planed (B. Almatinka, M. Alamtinka and Kartabulak);
Based on the analysis of the data obtained, decision should be made on the feasibility of the straightening. Also, the decision should take into account the impact significance of changes in the hydrological regime of watercourses and the significance of loss and degradation of freshwater habitats due to the permanent realignment of riverbeds.
Assessment is ongoing1
New river beds (on rivers Karabulak, B. Almatinka and M. Almatinka
The significance of the impact was not assessed, as the strengthening of the slopes and the bottom of the
channels is not provided by the design
New channels will be made sinuous (and not straight) with asymmetrical cross sections.
Currently, it is required to clarify the design solution for permanent realignment. If permanent realignment remains as construction solution use of natural materials to protect and strengthen banks (turf and forest plantations) in conjunction with steel structures (gabions) rather than monolithic concrete, although slopes and bottoms of the channels are planned to be reinforced with monolithic concrete for both temporary and permanent realignment at the moment.
Assessment is ongoing
Risk of activation of seismic processes
1 Mitigation measures will be updated in the ESIA upon completion of the ongoing hydrology studies in parallel with the finalization of the road main design
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Receptor Impact
Magnitude Responsivity
Impact Significance
Additional impact mitigation measures Residual Impact
Project facilities The Project site is located on the 9 seismic activity zone.
There is a risk of activation of seismic processes
The detail design shall ensure the Project and all related structures such as interchanges, culverts, bridges technical solutions are based on the relevant scale required by Kazakh Regulation (in accordance with SP RK 2.03-30-
2017 (instead of SNiP RK 2.03.30-2006)).
Assessment is ongoing
Soil fertility decrease
Soils and soil cover (Group I) Medium
High Major Compliance with the technology and schedule of construction works,
storage technology of a fertile layer.
Additional measures will be taken such as erosion control measures, drainage and re-seeding in case the piles are higher than 3 metres.
Control of land rehabilitation/ reinstatement activities.
A layer-by-layer removal of topsoil is proposed, avoiding of mixing with underlying infertile horizons and construction waste.
Major Large
Soils and soil cover (Group II and Group III)
Medium
Medium
Moderate Moderate
Large Major Major
Changes in the soil water regime
Soils and soil cover (Group I and Group II)
Small Medium
Minor Control of land rehabilitation/ reinstatement activities.
It is necessary to conduct a detailed hydrogeological study of the river valleys where straightening is planed (B. Almatinka, M. Alamtinka and Kartabulak).
Based on the analysis of the data obtained, decision should be made on the feasibility of the straightening. Also, the decision should take into account the impact significance of changes in the hydrological regime of watercourses and the significance of loss and degradation of freshwater habitats due to the permanent realignment of riverbeds.
Minor
Medium Moderate Moderate
Soils and soil cover (Group III)
Small
Low
Negligible Negligible
Medium Minor Minor
Soil degradation due to pollution
Soils and soil cover (Group I and Group III)
Small Medium Minor Compliance with the embedded controls; Minor
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Receptor Impact
Magnitude Responsivity
Impact Significance
Additional impact mitigation measures Residual Impact
Soils and soil cover (Group II)
Low Negligible
The rest areas/TGs along the BAKAD road must include appropriate treatment of liquid and solid wastes to avoid contamination of local soils/ecology near these facilities (petrol stations are not part of the Project, however they also shall be designed in line with Kazakh legislation);
Store appropriately by following hazardous materials storage and handling good practice.
Negligible
OPERATIONAL PHASE
Changes in the soil water regime
Soils and soil cover (Group I and Group II)
Small
Medium Minor Control of the serviceable condition of culverts/drainage ditches, etc.
Minor
Soils and soil cover (Group III)
Low Negligible Negligible
Soil degradation due to pollution
Soils and soil cover (Group I and Group III)
Small
Medium Minor Confining of application of deicing agents to within the roadbed
Limitation of the quantity of applied agents with consideration of weather conditions and season
Control of application of de-icing agents and monitoring of the chlorides content in soil
In case of high concentration of chlorides in adjacent farmland areas, measures must be undertaken to reduce/ mitigate adverse impacts on vegetation (e.g. loosening, watering, organic manuring, etc.)
Measures for the case of lorry spills, fire, etc. involving hazardous/polluting substances along the BAKAD route to prevent and clean up any significant impacts from drainage of contaminated liquids and fire-fighting water.
Minor
Soils and soil cover (Group II)
Low Negligible Negligible
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Receptor Impact
Magnitude Responsivity
Impact Significance
Additional impact mitigation measures Residual Impact
Assessment of drainage infrastructure as part of surface and groundwater quality monitoring.
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2.3.6 References
[1] Feasibility Study (TEO) of the Big Almaty Ring Road (BAKAD)
Concession Project. Chapter V - Environmental section. Book 1
Explanatory Note, 2013.
[2] National Atlas of the Republic of Kazakhstan. – Almaty, 2006 (in Russian).
[3] Construction rules and regulations of the Republic of Kazakhstan. N 2.03-
30-2006 Construction in seismic areas (in Russian).
[4] Map of general seismic zoning of the Republik of Kazakhstan. Ministry of
education and science of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Institute of
seismology, 2003 (in Russian)
[5] Engineering geological report for the design project of 2008-2009 with
additional data for adjustment of Feasibility Study (TEO) of the Big
Almaty Ring Road (BAKAD) Concession Project. KazNIiPI "Dortrans",
2013 (in Russian)
2.3-47
Annex 2.3.1
Description of Soils within the proposed BAKAD
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ANNEX 2.3.1: 2.3-48
Description of soils within the proposed BAKAD AoI
Soil type/subtype Occurrence and typical vegetation Morphology Description
Haplic Chernozems
Pachic (Southern
chernozems)
Calcareous southern
chernozems, arable and
unused (long-
abandoned) abandoned
southern chernozems
SS17
Miscellaneous herbs and fescue grass;
miscellaneous herbs and feather and fescue
grass associations (groups)
Thickness of horizons A+B= 45 to 60 cm
Horizon A (20-25 cm): darkish grey, occasionally brownish, silty-
lumpy humus-accumulative horizon, partly distinguishable sub-
horizon Ad.
Horizon В (25-45 cm): darkish-brown with grey tints lumpy
transitional horizon.
Horizon С: pale yellow-yellow-brown dense calcareous horizon
formed by loessal rocks.
Calcareous formations are blurry pale stains, films, concretions and
earth capsules.
Compared to virgin soil, arable soils have larger thickness (by 8 to
10 cm) of humus horizons (A+B) and deeper occurrence of
calcareous horizons.
Humus content: 4-6% gradually
decreasing with depth
Total nitrogen: 0.2-0.3%
C/N ratio: 10-11
S-value: 30-35 meq/100g
Reaction: weak alkaline,
occasionally neutral, alkaline in
the calcareous horizon.
Nutrient content: N 70-80, P 10-
15, K 40- 55 mg/100g
Calcium calcareous: 15-25%.
Highly soluble salts: practically
absent
Granulometric composition: heavy
loamy
Voronic Chernozems
Pachic (Meadow
chernozems)
Depressions in relief;
in conditions of additional surface moisture
under gramineous plants and miscellaneous
herbs associations
Thickness of horizons A+B = 100 to 120 cm
Humus horizon A+B (100-120 cm): intense black or brown-black
with lumpy or nutty-grain structure.
Horizon BCL (30-70 cm): dark brown, frequently with ferro-humic
streaks, transitional horizon leached from carbonates.
Horizon СC: carbonate enriched loessal soil-forming rock with
veiny and mycelial-calcareous neoformations.
Humus content: 8-9 %
Total nitrogen: 0,36-0,45 %
C/N ratio: 11-13
S-value: 35-40 meq/100g.
Reaction: weak alkaline,
occasionally neutral
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Soil type/subtype Occurrence and typical vegetation Morphology Description
Granulometric composition: heavy
loamy
Haplic Kastanozems
Skeletic and Chromic
(Dark chestnut soils)
SS1, SS8, SS9, SS14, SS15
Piedmont steeply sloping-undulating
landforms in conditions of vertical zonation.
Fescue, feather-fescue grass dry steppe
associations with low-diversity xerophytic
miscellaneous herbs and considerable input
by ephemeroids
Thickness of horizons A+B = 45 to 60 cm
Horizon А (25-30 cm): darkish-grey with chestnut tint lumpy-silty
humus-accumulative horizon
Horizon (В): greyish- light brown or brown lumpy transitional
horizon.
Horizon (С): pale, pale-yellow-brown dense calcareous-illuvial
changing with depth to less calcareous loessal rock or rubbly marl
of dense rocks (DC).
Calcareous formations consist of concretions, blurry stains, rubble
incrustations. (HCl) effervescence boundary of calcareous soils is on
the surface and that of normal soils in the middle of the humus
horizon.
Humus content: 4-5 %
Total nitrogen: 0,3-0,6 %
C/N ratio: 8-10
S-value: 25-30 meq/100g.
Reaction: neutral or weak
alkaline in the upper and
alkaline in calcareous horizons.
Granulometric composition:
medium and heavy loams.
Irrigation resulted in a decrease
in humus reserves in the arable
horizon equivalent to 38-53%
while the humus content in
Horizon B has been decreasing
very slowly.
Haplic Kastanozems
Skeletic and Chromic
(Light chestnut soils)
SS2, SS4
Savanna-like desert-steppe vertical zone with
vegetation of the same name consisting of
wormwood-fescue phytocoenoses with
considerable input by savanna plants
(ephemeral plants and ephemeroids) and
noticeable presence of xerophilic
miscellaneous herbs
Thickness of horizons A+B = 45 to 55 cm
Horizon А (15-25 cm): humus-accumulative, intense grey slightly
brown or greyish-light chestnut, lumpy.
Horizon В (20-30 cm): transitional humus horizon, usually
brownish-grey from the surface and greyish-brown underneath,
lumpy.
Humus content: 2-3 %
S-value: 15-20 meq/100g
Reaction: alkaline
Highly soluble salts: practically
absent
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Soil type/subtype Occurrence and typical vegetation Morphology Description
Horizon ВС /С: pale-yellow-brown nutty calcareous-illuvial
horizon (СCI) changing to pale-yellow loessal loam (С).
HCl effervescence boundary is on the surface.
Granulometric composition:
medium loams.
Gleyic Kastanozems
Chromic (Meadow
chestnut soils)
SS13, SS16
Depressions in relief which receive
additional moisture from surface runoff or
shallow (3.5 to 6.0 m) groundwater.
Zonal but more diverse and dense vegetation
with relatively frequent presence of
mesophilic forms.
Morphogenetically, these differ from zonal soils with regard to
slightly greater thickness, humus content and properties associated
with these parameters (in the case of additional moisture from
surface sources) or may have similar or smaller thickness but
noticeably higher humus content and associated properties (in the
case of groundwater being the prevailing source of additional
moisture).
Soil-forming rocks are usually similar to baseline/background soils
with various ancient alluvial sediments performing this function
within river valleys.
Humus content: 5-6 %
Total nitrogen: 0.3-0.4%
S-value: 16-20 meq/100g.
Reaction: alkaline
Highly soluble salts: practically
absent
Granulometric composition:
medium and heavy loams.
Endosalic Calcisols
Yermic (Sierozems)
SS11, SS10
Piedmont and foothill plains form an
independent soil zone.
Wormwood- ephemeroid and ephemeroid-
wormwood vegetation (bulbous bluegrass,
colpodium, Carex pachystylis, Artemisia
sublessingiana or less common Artemisia
terrae-albae), occasionallt with Ceratocarpus.
Thickness of horizons A+B = 45 to 55 cm
Horizon А (10-15 cm): indistinct humus-accumulative horizon with
surface sod layer (А=4 to 5 cm).
Horizon В (30-40 cm): brownish-light grey or greyish-light brown
horizon.
Horizon СC (30-50 cm): whitish or whitish-pale calcareous-illuvial
horizon with numerous neoformations of carbonates in the form of
blurry stains, films, concretions and earth capsules. The underlying
soil-forming rock (С) is less dense and affected by calcareous
invasion.
Humus content: 1,5-2,5 %
Total nitrogen: 0,08-0,13%
C/N ratio: 7-9
S-value: 9-14 meq/100g
Reaction: alkaline and strongly
alkaline in the calcareous
horizon
Nutrient content: N 50-53, P 20-
27, K 520-560 mg/100g
Highly soluble salts: practically
absent
ERM EURASIA BAKAD ESIA
BAKAD CONSORTIUM ESIA REPORT: TECHNICAL APPENDIXES, VOL. III, REV 8
ANNEX 2.3.1: 2.3-51
Soil type/subtype Occurrence and typical vegetation Morphology Description
Granulometric composition:
medium loam
Endosalic Geysols
Calcaric (Meadow
sierozems)
Meadow sierozems
nonsaline (but
calcareous) and saline
(soloniform-slightly
saline, solonchak, etc.)
SS6
Depressions in relief (low terraces above
floodplains, low foothill-piedmont plains,
dry upland) which receive additional
moisture from surface sources and/or
groundwater.
Sierozem ephemeral-ephemeroid species
with some moisture-loving plants (liquorice,
couch grass, depressed reed)
Thickness of horizons A+B = 40 to 50 cm
Horizon А (12-20 cm): brownish-light grey lumpy-silty with
frequently distinct lamination.
Horizon В (20-30 cm): greyish-light brown silty-lumpy transitional
horizon.
Horizon СC : dense calcareous-illuvial horizon with blurry whitish
stains changing to carbonated enriched rock, frequently with rusty
stains and occasionally laminated.
Humus content: 2-3 %
Total nitrogen: 0.3-0.4%
C/N ratio: 8-9
S-value: 8-15 meq/100g
Reaction: alkaline
Highly soluble salts: present in
saline meadow sierozems
Granulometric composition:
medium to heavy loams
Haplic Gleysols Dystric
and
Endosalic Gleysols
Sodic (Meadow soils)
SS3, SS5
Noninundated (located outside of
floodplains) depressions with shallow (1.5 to
3 m) fresh or alkali groundwater within
moist steppe zone on piedmont plains and
low terraces above floodplains
Genetic horizons in the profile are not distinct.
Thin (25-40 cm) dark-coloured humus horizon with a 6 to 10 cm
thick entangled in roots well-aggregated (lumpy-grain) sod layer in
the upper part.
Horizon B is distinguished by brown colour hues, noticeable
compaction and a chunky-lumpy structure. No clear calcareous
accumulation horizon can be identified but the presence of
carbonates is frequently visible due to the whitishness of the profile.
Signs of gleying usually are visible in the second 50 cm of the
profile.
Depth of salt accumulations and quantity of these are determined
by the depth of occurrence and degree of mineralisation of
groundwater.
Humus content: 6-7 %
S-value: 34-36 meq/100g
Reaction: alkaline
Highly soluble salts: sulphate-
calcium salinity type
Granulometric composition: light,
medium and heavy loams.
ERM EURASIA BAKAD ESIA
BAKAD CONSORTIUM ESIA REPORT: TECHNICAL APPENDIXES, VOL. III, REV 8
ANNEX 2.3.1: 2.3-52
Soil type/subtype Occurrence and typical vegetation Morphology Description
Umbric Fluvisols
Oxyaquic and Mollic
Leptosols Eutric
(Floodplain meadow
and forest-meadow
soils)
SS7, SS12
Floodplain terraces of small rivers. Soil
forming factors are periodic flooding during
the high-water period, renewal of alluvium
and continuous recharge with capillary water
rising from shallow groundwater.
Gramineous plants and meadow vegetation
with prevalence of miscellaneous-
gramineous herbs and reedgrass meadows
Thickness of horizons A+B = 20 to 30 cm
Horizon A+B (20-30 cm): thin-to-medium grey-coloured horizon
with lumpy and grainy structure and a 5-10 cm layer of root-
entangled sod in the upper part.
Soil-forming rocks are bedded alluvial deposits of varying
mechanical composition with prevalence of loamy beds in the
upper part and sands in the lower part of the section.
Rusty stains of iron oxides begin to appear directly under the
humus layer and can be traced down the entire profile. Buried
horizons of varying thickness and completeness are sometimes
found in the profile of floodplain meadows.
Humus content: 2-5 %
S-value: 7-25 meq/100g
Reaction: alkaline
Highly soluble salts: none
Granulometric composition:
medium and heavy loams.
Surface soils are calcareous.
Carbonate content is high: >6%
in the lower part of the profile,
8-10% in the medium part and 7-
8% on the surface without
visible build-ups.
Haplic Gleysols Dystric
and Fibric Histosols
Dystric (Meadow-bog
and bog soils)
Piedmont plains in the groundwater show
zone (springs, pools, etc.), on river
floodplains. . Soil forming factors are
influence of mostly fresh groundwater of
varying salt content.
Hydrophilic associations (groups) frequently
dominated by reed, sedge and cattail.
Reed, sedge, reed and gramineous-
miscellaneous herbs, gramineous herbs-
reedgrass associations consist of bushgrass,
dog's tooth, couch grass, Ural liquorice and
other moisture-loving species.
Thickness of horizons A+B = 20 to 25 cm
Horizon А (5-10 cm): dark-coloured muck horizon with a large
proportion of semi-decomposed root remains.
Horizon В (8-12 cm): light with brownish tints, penetrated by plant
roots.
Horizon С (35-50 cm): gleyed bluish occasionally spotty ochreish-
bluish low-humus horizon.
No build-ups of carbonates. Salt efflorescence and spangles may be
sometimes visible in the upper part of the profile. Floodplain soils
formed on bedded alluvial deposits are characterised by a thinner
and less humous profile.
Humus content: 2-5 %
S-value: 15-32 meq/100g
Reaction: alkaline
Highly soluble salts: none
Granulometric composition:
medium and heavy loams.
2.3-53
Annex 2.3.2
Correlation between FAO WRB and USSR Soil Classifications
ERM EURASIA BAKAD ESIA
BAKAD CONSORTIUM ESIA REPORT: TECHNICAL APPENDIXES, VOL. III, REV 8
ANNEX 2.3.2: 2.3-54
Correlation between FAO WRB and USSR soil classifications
No FAO WRB, 2015 No USSR, 1977
1. Haplic Chernozems Pachic 1. Southern chernozems
2. Southern arable chernozems
2. Voronic Chernozems Pachic 3. Meadow chernozems
4. Meadow arable chernozems
3. Haplic Kastanozems Skeletic 5. Dark chestnut calcareous soils
6. Dark chestnut calcareous arable soils
7. Light chestnut calcareous soils
8. Light chestnut calcareous arable soils
4. Haplic Kastanozems Chromic 9. Dark chestnut eroded soils
10. Dark chestnut eroded arable soils
11. Light chestnut eroded soils
12. Light chestnut eroded arable soils
5. Gleyic Kastanozems Chromic 13. Meadow chestnut soils
14. Meadow chestnut arable soils
6. Endosalic Calcisols Yermic 15. Sierozems
16. Arable sierozems
17. Eroded sierozems
18. Arable eroded sierozems
7. Endosalic Geysols Calcaric 19. Meadow sierozems
20. Meadow arable sierozems
8. Haplic Gleysols Dystric 21. Meadow soils
9. Endosalic Gleysols Sodic 22. Meadow saline soils
10. Umbric Fluvisols Oxyaquic 23. Floodplain meadow soils
11. Mollic Leptosols Eutric 24. Forest-meadow soils
12. Haplic Gleysols Dystric and Fibric Histosols Dystric
25. Meadow-bog and bog soils
13. Anthropic soils 26. Anthropogenic (man-made) soils
2.3-55
Annex 2.3.3
Points of the Soil Survey and Sampling
ERM EURASIA BAKAD ESIA
BAKAD CONSORTIUM ESIA REPORT: TECHNICAL APPENDIXES, VOL. III, REV 8
ANNEX 2.3.3: 2.3-56
Points of the soil survey and sampling
FAO WRB, 2015 Sampling points
No USSR, 1977
Haplic Chernozems Pachic SS17 Southern chernozems
Haplic Kastanozems Skeletic SS1
SS8
SS9
SS15
Dark chestnut calcareous soils
SS2 Light chestnut calcareous soils
SS4 Light chestnut calcareous arable soils
Haplic Kastanozems Chromic SS14 Dark chestnut eroded arable soils
Gleyic Kastanozems Chromic SS13
SS16
Meadow chestnut soils
Endosalic Calcisols Yermic SS11 Sierozems
SS10 Arable sierozems
Endosalic Geysols Calcaric SS6 Meadow sierozems
Haplic Gleysols Dystric SS3 Meadow soils
Endosalic Gleysols Sodic SS5 Meadow saline soils
Umbric Fluvisols Oxyaquic SS7
SS12
Floodplain meadow soils
2.3-57
Annex 2.3.4
Soil Granulometric Composition within the Project AoI
ERM EURASIA BAKAD ESIA
BAKAD CONSORTIUM ESIA REPORT: TECHNICAL APPENDIXES, VOL. III, REV 8
ANNEX 2.3.4: 2.3-58
Soil granulometric composition within the Project AoI
Point No
Depth, cm
Soil fraction (%)by particle size (mm) Sum < 0.01
mm
Soil granulometric composition >10
10-5
5-2 2-1 1-0.5 0.5-0.25
0.25-0.1
0.1-0.05 0.05-0.01 0.01-0.005 0.005-0.002 0.002-0.001 <0.001
SS-1 0-8 - - - 0.1 0.2 0.8 3.1 20.0 33.9 12.4 11.2 5.7 12.6 41.9 heavy loam
SS-1 17-27 - - - 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 16.8 36.9 10.7 14.5 5.6 14.9 45.7 heavy loam
SS-1 37-47 - - - - 0.1 0.1 0.2 20.0 38.3 9.1 13.2 4.6 14.4 41.3 heavy loam
SS-1 57-67 - - - - 0.1 0.1 0.2 15.3 38.2 9.9 14.1 5.9 16.2 46.1 heavy loam
SS-2 0-7 - - 0.2 0.2 0.4 1.3 3.2 18.4 37.8 13.3 11.2 4.8 9.2 38.5 medium loam
SS-2 7-17 - - - - 0.1 0.1 0.1 15.5 38.4 12.8 13.4 5.5 14.1 45.8 heavy loam
SS-2 22-32 - - - - 0.1 0.1 0.1 19.4 39.1 8.6 13.7 5.2 13.7 41.2 heavy loam
SS-2 40-50 - - - - 0.1 - 0.1 17.3 40.0 10.3 13.2 4.6 14.4 42.5 heavy loam
SS-3 0-7 - - 0.5 2.5 5.8 8.0 14.0 24.5 20.7 5.4 8.8 4.1 5.7 24.0 light loam
SS-3 8-18 - - 0.4 2.0 6.7 7.9 13.2 19.2 20.8 10.1 8.8 4.9 6.0 29.8 light loam
SS-3 25-35 - - 0.4 3.0 5.2 7.8 15.4 17.0 22.9 8.9 9.2 2.4 7.8 28.3 light loam
SS-3 45-55 - - 0.5 2.3 4.9 7.8 15.7 16.8 22.3 10.8 11.8 2.4 4.7 29.7 light loam
SS-4 0-20 - - - 0.1 0.2 0.4 1.6 19.5 31.3 13.8 13.6 4.8 14.7 46.9 heavy loam
SS-5 0-7 - - - 0.2 0.8 2.0 3.0 13.2 28.4 14.4 14.4 5.0 18.6 52.4 light clay
SS-5 12-22 - - - 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.8 15.1 31.0 14.2 14.5 5.4 18.2 52.3 light clay
SS-5 25-35 - - - 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 13.3 32.4 13.9 14.3 5.1 19.9 53.2 light clay
SS-5 35-45 - - - - - 0.1 0.3 11.3 33.6 16.8 12.3 5.6 20.0 54.7 light clay
SS-5 70-80 - - - - - 0.1 0.1 10.6 35.4 12.1 13.1 4.6 24.0 53.8 light clay
SS-6 0-20 - - 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5 2.0 18.2 37.7 12.2 10.8 7.2 10.9 41.1 heavy loam
SS-6 25-35 - - - - 0.2 0.5 2.0 18.7 38.4 11.1 11.6 6.7 10.8 40.2 heavy loam
SS-6 42-52 - - - - 0.2 0.5 1.9 22.7 33.1 11.7 9.3 5.4 15.2 41.6 heavy loam
SS-6 60-70 - - - - 0.1 0.2 1.3 19.3 31.8 12.1 9.8 5.6 19.8 47.3 heavy loam
ERM EURASIA BAKAD ESIA
BAKAD CONSORTIUM ESIA REPORT: TECHNICAL APPENDIXES, VOL. III, REV 8
ANNEX 2.3.4: 2.3-59
Point No
Depth, cm
Soil fraction (%)by particle size (mm) Sum < 0.01
mm
Soil granulometric composition >10
10-5
5-2 2-1 1-0.5 0.5-0.25
0.25-0.1
0.1-0.05 0.05-0.01 0.01-0.005 0.005-0.002 0.002-0.001 <0.001
SS-7 0-10 0.4 1.0 1.5 2.9 5.3 4.1 13.6 27.7 30.1 7.2 3.0 1.2 2.0 13.4 sandy loam
SS-8 0-25 2.5 0.6 2.0 1.6 2.5 3.4 5.5 15.7 26.8 12.4 9.7 5.3 12.0 39.4 medium loam
SS-8 30-40 3.6 0.5 1.0 2.3 3.8 4.3 7.5 16.2 24.1 12.2 8.6 4.2 11.7 36.7 medium loam
SS-8 50-60 1.7 0.4 1.4 1.7 3.2 4.2 8.7 17.7 24.5 11.2 9.2 4.0 12.1 36.5 medium loam
SS-9 0-7 13.3 10.1 14.9 15.7 1.9 2.2 3.3 7.2 13.2 5.7 4.7 1.7 6.1 18.2 sandy loam
SS-9 7-25 10.9 17.7 21.8 19.8 13.8 5.8 4.3 2.1 1.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.7 2.3 sand
SS-10 0-7 - - 0.2 1.2 2.5 3.3 7.5 14.9 36.3 8.9 10.6 2.1 12.5 34.1 medium loam
SS-10 8-18 - 0.2 0.3 0.7 2.3 2.6 5.9 18.5 29.8 5.0 17.0 5.4 12.3 39.7 medium loam
SS-10 30-40 - - 0.3 0.7 2.3 3.1 7.6 20.5 29.6 9.8 12.5 4.0 9.6 35.9 medium loam
SS-10 53-63 - 0.1 0.5 1.0 3.1 4.5 9.2 16.4 30.8 10.5 10.9 3.9 9.1 34.4 medium loam
SS-11 0-20 - - - 0.5 1.0 1.3 3.2 14.9 34.1 10.6 15.1 6.7 12.6 45.0 heavy loam
SS-11 25-35 - - - 0.2 0.7 1.2 2.4 14.9 32.3 16.9 13.3 6.2 11.9 48.3 heavy loam
SS-11 50-60 - - - 0.1 0.3 0.5 1.3 16.7 35.0 13.6 16.7 1.5 14.3 46.1 heavy loam
SS-12 0-10 - 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.9 1.7 3.9 17.2 34.2 14.3 11.9 5.7 9.4 41.3 heavy loam
SS-12 10-20 - 0.3 0.2 0.4 1.0 1.5 4.6 16.3 31.2 15.4 12.3 6.0 10.8 44.5 heavy loam
SS-12 40-50 - - - 0.1 0.4 1.7 4.7 19.8 40.3 14.9 8.1 2.6 7.4 33.0 medium loam
SS-13 0-20 - - 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.8 1.3 16.8 32.8 11.9 13.7 6.4 15.3 47.3 heavy loam
SS-14 0-20 - - 0.4 1.7 2.0 2.5 2.9 14.6 28.7 14.3 11.3 6.3 15.3 47.2 heavy loam
SS-14 25-35 - 0.1 0.7 1.7 1.8 2.2 2.4 14.8 32.1 10.0 13.1 5.1 16.0 44.2 heavy loam
SS-14 50-60 - 0.5 0.9 1.6 2.1 1.6 2.6 11.4 41.6 21.8 8.9 4.2 2.8 37.7 medium loam
SS-15 0-7 - - 0.2 0.7 1.0 2.6 3.1 19.6 26.7 14.9 12.8 5.6 12.8 46.1 heavy loam
SS-15 8-18 - - 0.1 0.6 0.8 0.8 1.3 15.7 32.3 15.7 10.1 3.7 18.9 48.4 heavy loam
SS-15 25-35 - - 0.1 0.7 1.0 0.7 1.1 14.0 33.5 14.9 10.1 4.9 19.0 48.9 heavy loam
SS-16 0-10 - 0.1 0.3 0.9 1.0 2.5 3.9 16.9 30.4 13.2 12.8 6.1 11.9 44.0 heavy loam
ERM EURASIA BAKAD ESIA
BAKAD CONSORTIUM ESIA REPORT: TECHNICAL APPENDIXES, VOL. III, REV 8
ANNEX 2.3.4: 2.3-60
Point No
Depth, cm
Soil fraction (%)by particle size (mm) Sum < 0.01
mm
Soil granulometric composition >10
10-5
5-2 2-1 1-0.5 0.5-0.25
0.25-0.1
0.1-0.05 0.05-0.01 0.01-0.005 0.005-0.002 0.002-0.001 <0.001
SS-16 15-25 - - 0.2 0.6 0.7 0.9 2.2 16.4 33.0 13.5 12.0 6.1 14.4 46.0 heavy loam
SS-16 40-50 - - 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.6 15.5 32.9 14.7 11.7 5.9 17.1 49.4 heavy loam
SS-16 54-64 - - 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.4 14.6 32.4 15.3 14.1 4.8 17.4 51.6 light clay
SS-17 0-8 - 0.1 1.1 2.0 2.2 2.8 5.7 9.0 25.3 12.8 11.6 4.8 22.6 51.8 light clay
SS-17 11-21 - - 1.1 1.9 1.8 2.1 4.9 5.7 43.5 28.4 3.6 1.7 5.3 39.0 medium loam
SS-17 30-40 - 0.3 0.1 1.1 0.8 0.8 1.8 15.5 26.9 13.3 12.5 5.1 21.8 52.7 light clay
SS-17 55-65 - - - 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.3 14.6 28.5 15.1 12.7 4.3 23.8 55.9 light clay
2.3-61
Annex 2.3.5
General Physical and Chemical Soil Properties within the Project AoI
ERM EURASIA BAKAD ESIA
BAKAD CONSORTIUM ESIA REPORT: TECHNICAL APPENDIXES, VOL. III, REV 8
ANNEX 2.3.5: 2.3-62
General physical and chemical soil properties within the Project area
Point No Depth, cm Parameters Humus,
% N total mg/kg
P total mg/kg
Concentration in aqueous extract, mg-eq / 100 g Al mg/kg
Fe mg/kg
S, % pHKCL pHW Na К Ca Mg SO4 Cl
SS-1 0-8 7.2 7.8 4.9 6047 3181 0.07 0.13 <0.3 0.5 <0.10 0.20 12600 9950 0.13
SS-1 17-27 7.5 8.1 2.4 4530.2 2660.7 0.06 0.03 < 0.3 1.0 < 0.1 0.3 13000 10200 0.17
SS-1 37-47 7.4 8.2 1.7 3268.4 3059.6 0.07 0.03 0.3 0.5 < 0.1 0.25 14600 11400 <0.1
SS-1 57-67 7.6 8.0 0.9 1832.2 1601.6 0.07 0.09 0.8 1.3 < 0.1 0.88 10600 10400 <0.1
SS-2 0-7 7.3 8.0 5.6 10190 3590 0.04 0.05 0.4 0.6 <0.10 0.50 13900 10900 0.18
SS-2 7-17 7.4 8.1 3.0 2692.6 2717.9 0.24 0.05 0.3 0.9 < 0.1 0.5 14200 11200 0.1
SS-2 22-32 7.6 8.2 1.9 3804.9 3041.7 0.04 0.03 0.3 0.8 < 0.1 0.25 10800 8260 0.13
SS-2 40-50 7.6 8.4 1.7 2091.7 2917.3 0.07 0.03 1.3 0.6 < 0.1 0.25 7390 7660 <0.1
SS-3 0-7 7.6 7.8 4.4 1766 2090 0.03 0.13 <0.3 0.3 <0.10 0.25 10300 10100 <0.1
SS-3 8-18 6.6 7.7 2.8 3309.9 3349.1 0.04 0.06 0.3 0.8 < 0.1 0.38 13400 10100 0.18
SS-3 25-35 7.1 7.7 2.0 3230.9 3442.3 0.03 0.04 0.3 0.5 < 0.1 0.25 6030 6450 <0.1
SS-3 45-55 7.1 8.0 1.9 2353.8 3750.9 0.04 0.04 0.3 0.5 < 0.1 0.25 11600 9480 <0.1
SS-4 0-20 7.6 8.1 2.3 2933 373 0.03 0.14 <0.3 0.6 <0.10 0.25 15000 12100 <0.1
SS-5 0-7 7.5 8.2 3.9 1132 3996 0.10 0.12 <0.3 1.1 <0.10 0.50 13500 10700 0.13
SS-5 12-22 7.3 7.9 1.9 1641.0 3362.1 0.22 0.13 3.8 2.5 6.55 0.25 14600 11100 0.26
SS-5 25-35 7.6 7.8 2.0 4086.1 3009.2 0.92 0.12 2.4 2.6 4.28 0.5 11600 9140 0.27
SS-5 35-45 7.5 8.0 1.3 2464.0 3129.4 2.30 0.09 1.4 3.1 4.17 1.38 15200 11700 0.31
SS-5 70-80 7.9 7.9 0.7 3331.0 2613.6 3.24 0.08 1.0 2.9 3.86 1.88 13300 10600 3.88
SS-6 0-20 7.6 8.3 2.6 4746 3693 0.05 0.16 0.8 0.3 <0.10 0.63 10400 8000 0.13
SS-6 25-35 7.8 8.3 1.8 4917.0 2621.1 0.05 0.10 0.5 0.5 < 0.1 0.5 13700 11400 0.17
SS-6 42-52 7.9 8.2 1.4 2894.0 3164.5 0.06 0.05 0.9 0.5 < 0.1 0.25 16000 12600 0.12
SS-6 60-70 7.9 8.3 1.1 2133.6 3366.4 0.07 0.04 0.3 0.8 < 0.1 0.25 10700 8750 0.1
SS-7 0-10 7.7 7.5 1.5 1599 3465 0.05 0.09 <0.3 0.5 <0.10 0.25 6710 6950 0.11
ERM EURASIA BAKAD ESIA
BAKAD CONSORTIUM ESIA REPORT: TECHNICAL APPENDIXES, VOL. III, REV 8
ANNEX 2.3.5: 2.3-63
Point No Depth, cm Parameters Humus,
% N total mg/kg
P total mg/kg
Concentration in aqueous extract, mg-eq / 100 g Al mg/kg
Fe mg/kg
S, % pHKCL pHW Na К Ca Mg SO4 Cl
SS-8 0-25 7.5 7.7 2.8 3734 4227 0.03 0.05 <0.3 0.5 <0.10 0.25 14300 10800 0.13
SS-8 30-40 7.6 7.9 2.0 2669.3 3804.3 0.05 0.03 0.3 0.8 < 0.1 0.25 10900 9540 <0.1
SS-8 50-60 7.4 8.2 1.6 4431.8 3540.7 0.05 0.04 1.3 < 0.5 < 0.1 0.25 10300 8350 <0.1
SS-9 0-7 6.3 7.4 3.1 3390 3113 0.04 0.04 <0.3 0.50 <0.10 0.38 5840 6240 <0.1
SS-9 7-25 5.7 7.3 1.5 1798.1 3087.9 0.03 0.04 < 0.3 < 0.5 < 0.1 0.25 14200 10600 <0.1
SS-10 0-7 8.0 7.8 3.2 1167 1119 0.03 0.17 0.5 0.53 <0.10 0.25 12000 9790 <0.1
SS-10 8-18 7.5 7.9 2.5 3800.9 4687.0 0.04 0.08 0.4 < 0.5 < 0.1 0.25 11300 7990 <0.1
SS-10 30-40 7.4 8.0 2.2 2687.7 1182.6 0.12 0.03 0.5 0.8 < 0.1 0.38 11500 8730 0.14
SS-10 53-63 7.5 8.1 1.7 2335.4 667.8 0.13 0.01 0.3 0.8 < 0.1 0.38 10700 9620 0.13
SS-11 0-20 7.6 8.1 2.6 2980 3814 0.08 0.06 <0.3 0.75 <0.10 0.38 13800 10500 <0.1
SS-11 25-35 7.6 8.2 2.2 3245.1 3284.5 0.11 0.05 0.3 0.9 < 0.1 0.25 10300 9480 0.11
SS-11 50-60 7.6 8.1 1.7 2144.2 3791.2 0.12 0.02 1.0 1.1 < 0.1 0.25 10200 9770 <0.1
SS-12 0-10 7.3 7.6 2.0 5084 2567 1.31 0.57 4.0 3.75 7.41 0.50 12600 9940 0.16
SS-12 10-20 7.9 8.1 2.6 2587.1 2678.8 2.09 0.75 2.3 3.8 7.23 0.38 8310 9330 0.22
SS-12 40-50 8.0 8.2 1.3 1843.1 2679.2 3.04 0.37 2.0 3.5 7.12 0.5 11300 10100 0.21
SS-13 0-20 7.7 8.1 3.2 3815 2679 0.08 0.06 2.50 3.25 5.97 н.о. 14500 12100 <0.1
SS-14 0-20 7.5 8.1 2.8 3706 2679 0.09 0.05 0.38 0.50 <0.10 0.25 14200 10900 <0.1
SS-14 25-35 7.4 7.9 2.8 4162.1 2679.1 0.10 0.02 0.4 < 0.5 < 0.1 0.25 11600 11400 0.13
SS-14 50-60 7.2 7.8 2.9 4166.5 2678.7 0.11 0.02 0.3 < 0.5 < 0.1 0.25 10300 7660 0.15
SS-15 0-7 7.4 8.1 3.0 3210 2679 0.08 0.07 <0.3 0.50 <0.10 0.50 14300 11400 <0.1
SS-15 8-18 7.4 8.2 2.9 2919.7 2679.0 0.09 0.03 0.5 0.5 < 0.1 0.25 11600 9260 <0.1
SS-15 25-35 7.5 8.1 2.2 4657.9 2679.3 0.08 0.02 0.5 0.5 < 0.1 0.25 13000 10300 0.12
SS-16 0-10 7.3 8.0 3.4 3719 2679 0.08 0.04 <0.3 1.00 <0.10 0.50 14100 11200 <0.1
SS-16 15-25 7.3 8.0 2.8 3806.7 2678.8 0.09 0.01 0.5 0.5 < 0.1 0.25 9500 9400 <0.1
ERM EURASIA BAKAD ESIA
BAKAD CONSORTIUM ESIA REPORT: TECHNICAL APPENDIXES, VOL. III, REV 8
ANNEX 2.3.5: 2.3-64
Point No Depth, cm Parameters Humus,
% N total mg/kg
P total mg/kg
Concentration in aqueous extract, mg-eq / 100 g Al mg/kg
Fe mg/kg
S, % pHKCL pHW Na К Ca Mg SO4 Cl
SS-16 40-50 7.4 8.1 2.2 3305.2 2679.0 0.09 0.01 0.9 0.9 < 0.1 0.38 12500 10200 0.11
SS-16 54-64 7.5 8.2 1.8 4733.0 2679.1 0.11 0.01 0.5 0.5 < 0.1 0.38 12700 10100 <0.1
SS-17 0-8 6.1 7.7 2.8 3513 2679 0.07 0.02 <0.3 0.63 <0.10 0.50 10100 8260 <0.1
SS-17 11-21 5.8 7.6 0.4 3231.2 2678.8 0.08 0.03 0.5 0.5 < 0.1 0.38 9610 7470 0.12
SS-17 30-40 5.7 7.5 3.2 3201.0 2679.0 0.08 0.01 0.3 < 0.5 < 0.1 0.38 8800 9230 <0.1
SS-17 55-65 6.1 7.4 1.4 2298.8 2678.8 0.08 0.03 0.8 0.8 < 0.1 0.63 12000 9170 <0.1
2.3-65
Annex 2.3.6
Concentrations of the Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metals
ERM EURASIA BAKAD ESIA
BAKAD CONSORTIUM ESIA REPORT: TECHNICAL APPENDIXES, VOL. III, REV 8
ANNEX 2.3.6: 2.3-66
Concentrations of the hydrocarbons and heavy metals
Point No Depth, cm Concentrations, mg/kg
Oil products, mg/kg As* Cd Cr Cu Ni Pb* Zn Hg
SS-1 0-8 8.58 (4.3) 0.57 17.5 14.90 17.1 4.67 35.90 <0.1 8.4
SS-2 0-7 8.76 (4.4) 0.74 19.4 17.20 19.0 5.40 42.70 0.1 -
SS-3 0-7 5.55 (2.8) 0.52 14.3 13.20 14.0 4.28 36.70 <0.1 -
SS-4 0-20 7.73 (3.9) 0.69 18.5 16.40 17.9 4.27 40.40 <0.1 5.7
SS-5 0-7 7.85 (3.9) 0.70 18.7 16.30 17.9 4.53 40.30 <0.1 -
SS-6 0-20 6.38 (3.2) 0.52 13.9 12.80 13.1 3.30 30.20 <0.1 1.4
SS-7 0-10 5.32 (2.7) 0.48 9.8 7.18 8.8 2.34 25.60 <0.1 -
SS-8 0-25 7.79 (3.9) 0.77 17.0 14.40 16.2 4.22 36.50 <0.1 15.2
SS-9 0-7 2.94 (1.5) 0.39 5.9 8.24 6.3 7.57 35.00 <0.1 1.4
SS-10 0-7 5.58 (2.8) 0.71 14.7 13.80 14.2 3.61 35.50 <0.1 9.5
SS-11 0-20 7.62 (3.8) 0.92 18.4 17.30 17.8 4.58 41.20 <0.1 -
SS-12 0-10 6.64 (3.3) 0.70 14.9 14.10 13.7 58.7 (1.8) 36.50 <0.1 14.9
SS-13 0-20 6.45 (3.2) 0.82 19.3 17.40 16.8 5.1 40.30 <0.1 -
SS-14 0-20 6.30 (3.2) 0.89 20.7 18.10 18.9 5.2 42.20 <0.1 1.6
SS-15 0-7 6.53 (3.3) 0.83 17.8 16.80 17.6 4.48 39.30 <0.1 -
SS-16 0-10 7.26 (3.6) 0.88 19.1 17.60 18.6 5.02 39.50 <0.1 6.5
SS-17 0-8 8.23 (4.1) 0.95 22.8 19.50 20.8 5.57 42.50 <0.1 13.1
MPC (national standard) 2 - - - - 32 - 2.1 -
Intervention Value (Dutch List) 76 13 - 190 100 530 720 - 5000
Note: * portion of the national MPC level is presented in brackets
2.3-67
Annex 2.3.7
Concentrations of the Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH)
ERM EURASIA BAKAD ESIA
BAKAD CONSORTIUM ESIA REPORT: TECHNICAL APPENDIXES, VOL. III, REV 8
ANNEX 2.3.7: 2.3-68
Concentrations of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)
Point No Depth, cm
Concentrations, µg/kg
Na
ph
tha
len
e
Ace
na
ph
thy
len
e
Ace
na
ph
the
ne
Flu
ore
ne
Ph
en
an
thre
ne
An
thra
cen
e
Flu
ora
nth
en
e
Py
ren
e
Be
nz
o(a
)an
thra
cen
e
Ch
ryse
ne
Be
nz
o(b
)flu
ora
nth
en
e
Be
nz
o(k
)flu
ora
nth
en
e
Be
nz
o(a
)py
ren
e*
Be
nz
o(g
hi)
pe
ryle
ne
Dib
en
zo
(a,h
)an
thra
cen
e
SS-1 0-8 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 0.8 1.4 <0.7 1.0 1.1 1.2 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7
SS-4 0-20 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 0.8 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 1.0
SS-6 0-20 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 0.8 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7
SS-8 0-25 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 1.0 0.8 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7
SS-9 0-7 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 1.9 2.8 <0.7 1.6 1.6 0.7 0.7 <0.7 <0.7
SS-10 0-7 <0.7 0.8 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 1.9 2.7 0.8 1.6 2.3 0.9 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7
SS-12 0-10 <0.7 2.7 <0.7 <0.7 9.5 2.7 37.9 31.3 26.5 59.8 100.5 37.2 72.4 (3.6) <0.7 43.4
SS-14 0-20 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 1.1 1.3 <0.7 1.8 1.6 <0.7 1.1 <0.7 <0.7
SS-16 0-10 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 0.9 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7
SS-17 0-8 <0.7 1.1 <0.7 <0.7 2.3 <0.7 10.9 8.3 2.6 6.8 9.1 4.1 1.8 <0.7 2.4
MPC (national standard) - - - - - - - - - - - - 20 - -
Intervention Value (Dutch List) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Note: * portion of the national MPC level is presented in brackets
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