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Basic and Clinical Applications of Vision Science
Professor Jay M. Enoch, 0.0., Ph.D., D.Sc.(H.C.)
Basic and Clinical Applications of Vision Science The Professor Jay M. Enoch Festschrift Volume
Editedby
v. LAKSHMINARAYANAN School of Optometry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, St. Louis, Miss., U.S.A.
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, BV.
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
ISBN 978-94-010-6403-3 ISBN 978-94-011-5698-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-5698-1
Printed on acid-free papar
AII Rights Reserved © 1997 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1997 Softcover reprint of the hardcover lst edition 1997 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
Documenta Ophthalmologica Proceedings Series
VOLUME 60
The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.
Preface Acknowledgments List of contributors
CONTENTS
PART I
A multifaceted career in basic and applied Vision Science. J.M. Enoch.
Publications of Professor Jay M Enoch.
PART II
PHOTORECEPTOR OPTICS
Photoreceptor waveguides -A simple approach.
xi xiii xv
3 17
S.A. Klein. 37 Imaging Photoreceptors in the living eye with adaptive optics.
J. Liang, D.R. Williams, D.T. Miller. 43 Photopigment absorptance and directional sensitivity in peripheral primate retina.
O.S. Packer, D.R.Williams. 47 Refractive index gradients in sunfish cones
M.P. Rowe, N. Engheta, J.M. Corless, E.N. Pugh Jr. 51 Apodization neutralization: A new technique for investigating the impact of the Stiles-Crawford effect on the visual function.
M.C. Rynders, L.N. Thibos, A. Bradley, N. Lopez-Gil 57 Analysis of human receptor density.
C. W. Tyler. 63 Directional sensitivity of the cone system in normal and anomalous color vIsIon.
P.L. Walraven. 73
OPHTHALMIC AND VISUAL OPTICS
A formalism for analyzing degraded edges using modified Heaviside functions. M.L. Calvo, A. Manzanares, M. Chevalier, V. iAkshminarayanan. 77
Clinical implications of changes in lens and ocular imaging properties. M.C. W. Campbell, A. Glasser, A. Roorda. 83
Color and luminance: A 24 bit analysis of eccentric photorefraction combined with Bruckner red reflex (VVDA).
G. Cibis, M. Crandall, V. Pruzhanovskiy, J. Lynd, T. Hug. 93 Potential acuity on a shoestring: The use of entoptic imagery.
T.E. Cohn, J.M. Enoch. 97
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The axiallengthlcorneal radius ratio on emmetropia and ametropia: A review. T. Grosvenor, D.A. Goss. 103
New Progressive addition lenses with aspherical prescription smfaces. G. Guilino. 107
Calculation of aberration coefficients: A matrix method. V. Lakshminarayanan, S. Varadharajan 111
Residual Stress in PRK operated cornea and evaluation of the retinal image. H. Ohzu, M. Khin, M.H. Mori, T. Hatada. 115
The rotating dandelion: A new entoptic phenomenon? L.Spillmann. 119
Sampling theory of visual resolution and its clinical applications. L.N. Thibos. 123
BINOCULAR VISION, DEVELOPMENTAL VISION, EYE MOVEMENTS AND PHYSIOLOGY
A new method for measurement of cyclodeviation in diagnostic positions by the New Cyclo Test.
S. Awaya, M. Sato, T. Kora, M.Arai. 127 Activity of the human primary motor cortex during motor performance and motor imagery: A functional magnetic resonance investigation.
P. Baraldi, V. Cettolo, M.P. Francescato, M.E. Diamond, e.E. Porro. 131 Binocular chromatic rivalry and chromatic grid stimuli.
M.e. Barris. 137 Modeling magno- and parvo-like contributions from contrast-response functions using neuromagnetic measures.
H-W. Chen, C. Aine, E. Flynn, C.C. Wood. 143 Equivalence of temporal frequency and modulation depth for flicker response suppression: Preliminary results.
A. Eisner. 149 Haemostaticeffects oftheCW-Nd:YAG laser.
F. Fankhauser, S. Kwasniewska. 153 Developing magnocellular pathways in children show reduced sensitivity to movement discrimination.
T. Lawton. 159 An anatomical method for monitoring experimentally-induced changes in eye-related columns in kitten visual cortex.
D. Mitchell, e. Beaver. 165 The effects of barium on retinal function in the rabbit.
I. Perlman, B. Lei, E. Zemel, A. ltzhaki. 171 Exploring the characteristics of secret eye movements during fixation: A new approach of chaotic time series.
R.A. Schuchard, 1.M. Lim. 177 Visual imagery and virtual reality: New evidence supporting the scanpath theory explains the illusion of completeness and clarity.
L. Stark, Y. Choi, Y. Yu. 181
Guided Search 3.0: A model of visual search catches up with Jay Enoch 40 years later.
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J.M. Wolfe, G. Gancarz. 189
OPHTHAlMIC DYSFUNCTION
Treatment trial for retinitis pigmentosa. E.L. Berson. 193
Evaluation oflymphocyte proliferation assay to purified protein derivative, enzyme linked immunosorbant assay, and tuberculin hypersensitivity in Eales' disease.
J. Biswas, S. Narain, S Roy, H.N. Madhavan. 199 Refractive surgery in flux.
T.J. Campen, R. Bovelle, H.E. Kaufman. 203 Visual function favors age-related macular degeneration? A tentative hypothesis.
E.C. Campos, C. Schiavi, A. Baldi. 209 Comparison of Goldmann tonometry measurements using creamer vs fluorescein in cynomolgus monkeys.
M.A. Croft, J. Kiland, S.J. Gange, A. Aref, C.D. Pelzek, P.L. Kaufman. 213 Wavelength dependent lens transmission properties in diabetics andnon-diabetics.
C.A. Johnson, J.M. Nelson-Quigg, L.S. Morse. 217 Phototoxic consequences of the corneal dome.
L.S. Kwok. 221 Topography of rod and cone sensitivity loss in retinitis pigmentosa.
S. Nusinowitz, D.G. Birch. 227 Residual psychophysical deficits following recovery from the Cuban epidemic of optic neuropathy.
A. Sadun, R. Rubin. 231 In vivo cellular characterization of retinal pathology in a small eye animal.
H. Zwick, R. Elliot, S.T. Schuschereba, D.J. Lund, B.E. Stuck. 235
VISUAL PSYCHOPHYSICS AND CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Outside-In processing and the global precedence effect. G. Amirkhiabani. 239
Visual fields and functionality. I.L. Bailey. 243
Assessing reading ability in normal and low vision using the MNREAD reading acuity chart: Preliminary results.
J.E. Bailey, V. Lakshminarayanan. 247 Sensory deficits in idiopathic congenital nystagmus.
H.E. Bedell, M.T.Ukwade. 251
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Optical transfer functions, polyplopia and selective spatial frequency loss in contrast sensitivity functions.
L. Bour, P. Apkarian. 257 A new look at the utrocular discrimination.
A.I. Cogan. 263 The effect of age on the Westheimer function.
J. Comerford, D. Malloy, A. Pruszenski, F. Thorn. 267 Extensions of sustained-like and transient-like effects.
E.A. Essock, J.S. McCarley, M.J. Sinai, B-G. Khang, S. Lehmkuhle, W.K. Krebs, C. Yu. 271 Functional and imaging investigations in patients with well-defined abnormalities of the visual system.
F.W. Fitzke. 275 Evaluation of quantitative measurement of prism induced metamorphopsia
H. Hirose, J.M. Enoch, K.M.Tuan. 279 An analysis of human visual receptive fields using the perimetric method.
K. Kani, M. Takashima, S. Nagata, O. Mimura, K. Takubo. 283 Reaction times for recognition of degraded facial images.
V. lAJcshminarayanan, S.K. Bhatia, A. Samal, G. V. Welland. 287 Functional division of human retina.
L. Liu, C.M. Schor. 295 Grating visual acuity with short exposure duration.
S. Yamade, M. Kono. 299 Double flash resolution altered in aging and early glaucoma.
T. Yasuma, N. Miyakawa, J. Yamazaki, N. Yamamoto, H. Hirose. 305
HISTORY OF VISION SCIENCE
Descartes' contact tube: A contribution to contact lens history. R.F. Heitz.
Mach bands and art M.F. Marmor.
AUTHOR INDEX
309
313
317
PREFACE
I fU'St met Jay Enoch in 1981 at a Christmas party held in Minor Hall at Berkeley. He had recently anived as Dean and I was a junior graduale student. When he fowId out that my training was in Physics, he gave me a copy of his recently published book on photoreceptor optics, which I read through that Christmas break. Little did I mWze that this was the start of a long relationship in which he played the role of dissertation advisor, mentor, boss, colleague and more importantly, friend, and that 15 years later I would be the chief organizer of the Enoch Vision Science Symposium (EnochFest; April 27-30, 1996) and the editor of this volume celebrating his numerous contributions to Vision Science, Optometry and Ophthalmology.
When Dean Tony Adams first asked me to serve as organizer of the EnochFest, it was with trepidation I accepted. However, my task was lightened by the labor of the Scientiftc Program Committee (Profs. G. Westheimer, H. Kaufman, and Dr. D. Birch) and the Local Organizing Committee (Profs. I. Bailey, C. Johnson, W. Eng, Mr. C. Campbell, and Mr. R. Knowles). I use this opportunity to acknowledge their advice and considerable work in making this meeting a success. The topics presented at the Fest were representative of the many facets of Jay's career. Fourteen countries from four continents were represented by the participants. A report on the meeting is to be published in an upcoming issue of the journal Optometty and Vision Science (Vol 73, No. 11, 1996).
This book contains many of the papers delivered at the EnochFest, as well as papers by others who could not be present at the Fest. The range and breadth of Jay's interests are Iruly reflected in the nature of the contributions in this volume. Due to constraints beyond my control, I regret that I could not accommodate the articles d several others who would have gladly contributed to this volume. On behalf of all the contributors, EnochFest participants and all of his colleagues, friends and admirels, this Enoch Festschrift volume is dedicated to Professor Jay M. Enoch.
xi
V. Lakshminarayanan SL Louis, MO
September 3, 1996
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This book and the Enoch Vision Science Symposium would not have been possible without the generous support, financial and otherwise, of many people sd organizations. A special thanks goes to the University of California. Belke1ey School of Optometry and Dean A. J. Adams. UCBSO not only bosted the meeting, but WIll also a major symposium and publication sponsor. I also gratefully acknow1edge the other cmporate and individual sponsors whose financial contribution helped undelwrire the Symposium and this Volume (in alphabetical Older):
Alcon LaboIatories, Inc. Allergan, Inc.
Dr. Shinobu Awaya Drs. David and Eileen Birch
TbeFamUyofRaymondEog Heidelberg Engineering, Inc.
HoyaCorp. Dr. Donald Korb
NidekCorp. Dr. Hitoshi Ohzu
Optische Werke G. Rodenstock Pentax • Asahi Optical Co.
Retina Foundation of the Southwest Smith Kettlewell Eye Research Institute
Dr. Shinichi Yamade Dr. Tetsushi Yasuma
Welch Allyn, Inc.
Financial support for the Symposium was also provided by:
Dr. Irvin M. Borish Dr. Edward Revelli
Logistical and clerical support at Berlteley was provided by Lois Quick. who also served as the central co-ordinator. She was assisted by Renisa Andrika, BRnta Marshall and Michael Phipps. At SL Louis, invaluable assistance in preparation eX this book in the prescribed format was JIOvided by Srinivasa VaradharIUan. Thanks also go to Judie Walter and Janice White.
xiii
V. Lakshminarayanan SL Louis, MO
September 3, 1996
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Note: Only the address of the primary/senior author is given.
Cheryl AINE
Gholamali AMIRKHIABANI Faculty of Arts, Dept of Psychology Central Queensland University Rockhampton, QLD4702, AUSTRALIA
Patricia APKARIAN
Masashi ARAI
AmirAREF
Shinobu A WA Y A Nagoya University, School of Medicine Department of Ophthalmology 65 Tsurma-cho, Showa-ku Nagoya 466, JAPAN
Ian L. BAILEY School of Optometry University of California - Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720
James E BAILEY Southern California College of Optometry 2575 Yorba Linda Blvd Fullerton, CA 92631
Alessandra BALDI
Patrizia BARALDI Dip. Scienze Biomediche Universita'di Modena Via Campi 287, 41100 Modena, ITALY
Michael BARRIS College of Optometry Nova Southeastern University North Miami Beach, FL 33162
Christopher BEAVER
Harold E. BEDElL College of Optometry University of Houston 4901 Calhoun Blvd Houston, TX 77204
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Eliot L BERSON Berman-Gund Laboratory for the Study of Retinal Degenerations Harvard Medical School Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary 243 Charles Street Boston, MA 02114
Sanjiv K. BHATIA
David BIRCH Retina Foundation of the Southwest 9900 North Central Expressway #400 Dallas, TX 75231
Jyothirmay BISWAS Medical and Vision Research Foundation 18 College Road Madras 600 006, INDIA
LoBOUR Clinical Neurophysiology Department of Neurology Academic Medical Center, H2-214 Meibergdreef 9 1105 AZ Amsterdam THFNEfHERLANDS
Renee BOVELLE
Arthur BRADLEY
MariaL. CALVO Departamento de Optica Facultad de Ciencias Fisicas Universidad Complutense 28040 Madrid, SPAIN
Melanie C.W. CAMPBElL School of Optometry University of Waterloo Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3Gl CANADA
Thomas J. CAMPEN
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Emilio C. CAMPOS Clinica Oculistica Ia Universita di Bologna via Massarenti 9 40138 Bologna, ITALY
Valentina CETTOLO
Hai-WenCHEN Biophysics group, MS D454 Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, NM 87545
Margarita CHEV ALlER
YunCHOI
Gerhard CIBIS Children's Mercy Hospital Department of Surgery and Pediatrics 24th and Gillham Kansas City, MO 64112
Alexander I. COGAN The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute 2232 Webster Street San Francisco, CA 94115
Theodore E. COHN School of Optometry Univer'sty of California - Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720
James COMERFORD The New England College of Optometry 424 Beacon Street Boston, MA 02115
Joseph M. CORLESS
Melanie CRANDALL
Mary Ann CROFT
Mathew E. DIAMOND
Alvin EISNER RS. Dow Neurological Sciences Institute Good Samaritan Hospital 1120 NW 20th Avenue Portland, OR 97209
William R ELLIOT
NaderENGHEf A
JayM. ENOCH School of Optometry Univeristy of California - Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720
EdwardA. ESSOCK Departments of Psychology and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences University of Louisville Louisville, KY 40292
Franz FANKHAUSER Lindenhofspital Bern Bremgartenstrasse 117 CH-3012 Bern, SWITZERLAND
Frederick W. ATZKE Department of Visual Science Institute of Ophthalmology University College London 11-43 Bath Street London EC1 V 9EL, UK
EdwardFLYNN
Maria P. FRANCESCA TO
Gregory GANCARZ
Stephen J. GANGE
Adrian GLASSER
David A. GOSS
Theodore GROSVENOR Indiana University School of Optometry SOO E A twater A venue Bloomington, IN 47405
Gunther GUILINO Optische Werke G. Rodenstock Isartalstrasse 43 D-80469 Munich, GERMANY
Toyohiko HAT ADA
Robert F. HEITZ Department of Ophthalmology Central Hospital F-67504 Haguenau, FRANCE
Hiroshi lllROSE Nagoya University, School of Medicine Department of Ophthalmology 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466 JAPAN
Timothy HUG
A viran ITZHAKI
Chris A. JOHNSON Optics and Visual Assesment Laboratory Department of Ophthalmology University of California Davis 1603 Alhambra Blvd Sacramento, CA 95816
Kazutaka KANl Department of Ophthalmology Shiga University of Medical Science Seta-tsukinowacho, Ohtsu 520-21, JAPAN
HerbertE. KAUFMAN LSU Eye Center Louisiana State University 2020 Gravier Street, Ste B New Orleans, LA 70112
Paul L. KAUFMAN Dept of Ophthalmology and Vision Science University of Wisconsin Medical School 600 Highland A venue Madison, WI 53792
Byueng-Geun KHANG
Muang H. KHIN
Julie KILAND
Stanley A. KLEIN School of Optometry University of California - Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720
MomoyoKONO
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Toshitake KORA
William K. KREBS
SylwiaKW ASNlEWSKA
Stephen L. KWOK Department of Optometry and Vision Science The University of Auckland Park Road/Private Bag 92019 Auckland, NEW ZEALAND
VasudevanLAKSHMINARA Y ANAN School of Optometry and Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Missouri - St. Louis 8001 Natural Bridge st. Louis, MO 63121
TeriLAWTON Nano Tech Services 591 Katherine Avenue Oakview, CA 93022
Stephen LEHMKUHLE
BoLEI
Junzhong LIANG Center for Visual Science University of Rochester Rochester, NY 14627
Jung M. LIM
LeiLIU The Arlene R Gordon Research Institute The Lighthouse Inc. III East 59th Street New York, NY 10022
Norberto LOPEZ-GIL
DavidJ. LUND
Judith LYND
Hajib N. MADHAVAN
Donna MALLOY
Anna MANZANARES
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Michael F. MARMOR Department of Ophthalmology Stanford University Boswell Building Room A-157 Stanford, CA 94305
Jason A. McCARLEY
Donald T. MILLER
Osamu MIMURA
DonaldMITCHELL Department of Psychology Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 411, CANADA
Noriko MIY AKA WA
MineoMORI
Lawrence S. MORSE
SatoruNAGATA
Shishir NARAIN
Jacqueline M. NELSON-QUIGG
Steven NUSINOWITZ Jules Stein Eye Institute 100 Stein Plaza Los Angeles, CA 90024
Hitoshi OHZU Department of Applied Physics Waseda University 3-4-1 Ookubo, Shinjiku-ku Tokyo 169, JAPAN
Orin S. PACKER Center for Visual Science University of Rochester Rochester, NY 14627
Christopher D. PELZEK
IdoPERLMAN Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine Department of Physiology and Biophysics Technion-Isreal Institute of Technology Box 9649, Haifa 31096, ISRAEL
Carlo A. PORRO
Edward N. PUGH, Jr Department of Psychology University of Pennsylvania 3815 Walnut Street Philadelphia, PA 19104
AmyPRUSZENSKI
Valeriy PRUZHANOVSKIY
Austin ROORDA
Mickey P. ROWE
Sara ROY
Richard RUBIN
Maurice C. RYNDERS Laser Diagnostics Technologies, Inc. 9550 Waples St., #105 San Diego, CA 92121.
Alfredo SADUN Doheny Eye Institute University of Southern California 1450 San Pablo Street Los Angeles, CA 90033
AshokSAMAL
MihoSATO
Costantino SCHIA VI
Clifton M. SCHOR School of Optometry Univeristy of California - Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
Ronald A. SCHUCHARD Eye Foundation of Kansas City University of Missouri - Kansas City 2300 Holmes Street Kansas City, MO 64108
Steven T. SCHUSCHEREBA
Michael J. SINAI
Lothar SPILLMANN Institute of Biophysics and Radiation Biology University of Freiburg Hansastrasse 9 79104 Freiburg, GERMANY
Lawrence STARK School of Optometry University of California - Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720
Bruce E. STUCK
MisuzuT AKA SHIMA
Kazunori T AKUBO
Larry N. THIBOS Visual Science Group Indiana University School of Optometry 800 East Atwater A venue Bloomington, IN 47405
Frank THORN
Kuang M. TUAN
Christopher W. TYLER Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute 2232 Webster Street San Francisco, CA 94115
Srinivasa V ARADHARAJAN
Micheal T. UKWADE
Pieter L. W ALRA VEN Em TNO Human Factors Research Institute P.O. Box 23,3769 ZG Soesterberg THFNETHERLANDS
GrantV. WELLAND
David R WIlliAMS Center for Visual Science University of Rochester Rochester, NY 14627
Jeremy M. WOLFE Center for Ophthalmic Research Brigham and Women's Hospital 221 Longwood A venue Boston, MA 02115
Chris C. WOOD
Shinichi Y AMADE Department of Ophthalmology Shiga University of Medical Science Seta, Ohtsu 520-21, JAPAN
Noriaki YAMAMOTO
Jun YAMAZAKI
Tetsushi Y ASUMA Yasuma Eye Hospital 4-10-50 Ohsu, Nakaku Nagoya 460, JAPAN
CongYU
YongYU
Esther ZEMEL
HarryZWJCK Ocular Hazards Research US Army Medical Research Detachment Walter Reed Army Institute of Research 7914 A Drive, Brooks AFB San Antonio, TX 78235
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