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Basic Electricity
EAS 199A Lecture Notes
Learning Objec:ves
Successful comple:on of this module will enable students to • Link the basic model of an atom to the flow of electricity
• Apply the defini:ons of Amp, Volt, Coulomb, Joule, WaJ to unit conversions and basic problems involving current and voltage
• Apply Ohm’s Law to simple DC circuits
Defini:on
Concise Oxford English Dic:onary, revised 10th edi:on
Electricity is a form of energy resul2ng from the existence of charged par2cles (such as electrons or protons), either sta2cally as an accumula2on of charge or dynamically as a current.
Defini:on
Concise Oxford English Dic:onary, revised 10th edi:on
Electricity is a form of energy resul2ng from the existence of charged par2cles (such as electrons or protons), either sta2cally as an accumula2on of charge or dynamically as a current.
Defini:on Conductor: A conductor is a material that
readily allows the flow of electricity. A good conductor has a high numerical value of a conduc2vity, and a low numerical value of resistance.
Defini:on Conduc+vity: All materials have a measurable
property called electrical conduc:vity that indicates the ability of the material to either allow or impede the flow of electrons. Materials that easily conduct electricity have a high conduc:vity.
Defini:on Insulator: An insulator is a material that tends
to impede the flow of electricity. A resistor has a low numerical value of conduc:vity and high numerical value of resistance.
Defini:on Semiconductor: A semiconductor is a material with
conduc:vity between that of a conductor and insulator. The conduc:vity of a semiconductor
can be changed by exposing it to an electrical field, light, mechanical pressure, or heat.
Simplified Func:onal Differences
Semiconductors can be used in devices that act like a switch.
Elements
• Pure substances are made of elements. • An element consists of atoms • Atoms have a nucleus consis:ng of protons and neutrons
• Electrons move in shells around the nucleus
Elements
• Number of protons determines the element • Number of electrons varies – State of electrical charge – Is the element in a chemical bond?
• Number of neutrons varies with isotope
La-Lu57-71
Ac-Lr89-103
Tc
Lr
Pm
Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
BhRf Db Sg Hs Mt
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1.00791 4.00262
20.1801014.0077
39.9481835.45317
18.998915.9998
83.79836
131.2954
(222)86
12.0116
C
10.811
B
5
26.982
Al
13 28.086
Si
14 30.974
P
15 32.065
S
16
6.941
Li
3 9.0122
Be
4
22.990
Na
11 24.305
Mg
12
39.098
K
19 40.078
Ca
20 44.956
Sc
21 47.867
Ti
22 50.942
V
23 51.996
Cr
24 54.938
Mn
25 55.845
Fe
26 58.933
Co
27 58.693
Ni
28 63.546
Cu
29 65.38
Zn
30 69.723
Ga
31 72.64
Ge
32 74.922
As
33 78.96
Se
34 79.90435
85.468
Rb
37 87.62
Sr
38 88.906
Y
39 91.224
Zr
40 92.906
Nb
41 95.96
Mo
42
132.91
Cs
55 137.33
Ba
56
138.91
La
57
178.49
Hf
72 180.95
Ta
73 183.84
W
74
(223)
Fr
87 (226)
Ra
88
(227)
Ac
89
(98)43 126.90
I
53101.07
Ru
44 102.91
Rh
45 106.42
Pd
46 107.87
Ag
47 112.41
Cd
48
186.21
Re
75 190.23
Os
76 192.22
Ir
77 195.08
Pt
78 196.97
Au
79 200.59
Hg
80 204.38
Tl
81 207.2
Pb
82 208.98
Bi
83 (209)
Po
84 (210)
At
85
114.82
In
49 118.71
Sn
50 121.76
Sb
51 127.60
Te
52
H He
NeN
ArCl
FO
Kr
Xe
Rn
Br
IA
IIA
IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB IB IIB
IVA VA VIA VIIA
VIIIB
VIIIA1
54
2
3
13 14 15 16 17
18
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
IIIA
174.97
Lu
71140.12
Ce
58
232.04
Th
90 231.04
Pa
91 238.03
U
92
140.91
Pr
59 144.24
Nd
60
(262)103
(145)61
(237)93 (244)94 (243)95 (247)96 (247)97 (251)98 (252)99 (257)100 (258)101 (259)102
150.36
Sm
62 151.96
Eu
63 157.25
Gd
64 158.93
Tb
65 162.50
Dy
66 164.93
Ho
67 167.26
Er
68 168.93
Tm
69 173.05
Yb
70
(2 )72107(26 )7104 (26 )8105 (2 )71106 (277)108 (2 )76109 (2 1)8
Ds
110 (2 )80
Rg
111
Copyright Eni G© 2010 eneralic
10.811
B
5
13 IIIA
(2 )85
Cn
112
HYDROGEN HELIUM
NEONNITROGEN
ARGONCHLORINE
FLUORINEOXYGEN
KRYPTON
XENON
RADON
CARBONBORON
ALUMINIUM SILICON PHOSPHORUS SULPHUR
LITHIUM BERYLLIUM
SODIUM MAGNESIUM
POTASSIUM CALCIUM SCANDIUM TITANIUM VANADIUM CHROMIUM MANGANESE COBALT NICKEL COPPER ZINC GALLIUM GERMANIUM ARSENIC SELENIUM BROMINE
RUBIDIUM STRONTIUM YTTRIUM ZIRCONIUM NIOBIUM MOLYBDENUM
CAESIUM BARIUM
LANTHANUM
HAFNIUM TANTALUM TUNGSTEN
FRANCIUM RADIUM
ACTINIUM
TECHNETIUM IODINERUTHENIUM RHODIUM PALLADIUM SILVER CADMIUM
RHENIUM OSMIUM IRIDIUM PLATINUM GOLD THALLIUM LEAD BISMUTH POLONIUM ASTATINE
INDIUM TIN ANTIMONY TELLURIUM
PE
RIO
D
GROUP
IRON
MERCURY
LUTETIUMCERIUM
THORIUM PROTACTINIUM URANIUM
PRASEODYMIUM NEODYMIUM
LAWRENCIUM
PROMETHIUM
NEPTUNIUM PLUTONIUM AMERICIUM CURIUM BERKELIUM CALIFORNIUM EINSTEINIUM FERMIUM MENDELEVIUM NOBELIUM
SAMARIUM EUROPIUM GADOLINIUM TERBIUM DYSPROSIUM HOLMIUM ERBIUM THULIUM YTTERBIUM
BOHRIUMRUTHERFORDIUM DUBNIUM SEABORGIUM HASSIUM MEITNERIUM
BORON
ATOMIC NUMBER
ELEMENT NAME
SYMBOL
RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS (1)
GROUP NUMBERSCHEMICAL ABSTRACT SERVICE
(1986)
GROUP NUMBERSIUPAC RECOMMENDATION
(1985)
Lanthanide
ActinideROENTGENIUM
(1) Pure Appl. Chem., , No. , (200 )81 11 2131-2156 9
PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
LANTHANIDE
ACTINIDE
DARMSTADTIUM
h .comttp://www.periodni
Relative atomic mass is shown with five
significant figures. For elements have no
stable nuclides, the value enclosed in brackets
indicates the mass number of the longest-lived
isotope of the element. However three such
elements (Th, Pa, and U) do have a
characteristic terrestrial isotopic composition,
and for these an atomic weight is tabulated.
COPERNICIUM
Periodic Table: Copper
Bohr Model of the atom (Cu)
Electrical current in a trivial circuit
Battery+ –
Conductor
Electrical current: atomic model
Battery+ –
Electrical Current: electron flow
Battery+ –
Electrical Current: electron flow
Battery+ –
Electron flow:negative topositive
Electrical Current: current conven:on
Battery+ –
Electron flow:negative topositive
Current flow:positive tonegative
How many electrons?
How many electrons?
Electrical current: poten:al
Electrical current: electron flow
Electrical current: conven:on
Defini:on: Charge
Elementary charge 1 electron = 1.602 × 10–19 coulomb
Coulomb 1 coulomb= 6.24 × 1018 electrons
Defini:on: Current
!
1A = 1Cs
1 C = 6.24 "1018electrons
Defini:on: Voltage
!
1V = 1 Jcoulomb
Voltage and electrical work
A Be–
If the voltage between A and B is one volt, then one Joule of work is done when 6.28 × 1018 electrons move from A to B.
Ohm’s Law
V
I
R V = IR
Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s Law
Example: Current through a light bulb
A 1.5 volt AA baJery is wired to a light bulb with a resistance of 30 Ω. a. Sketch the components. b. Draw the circuit. c. Find the current flowing through the light
bulb.
Example: Current through a light bulb
A 1.5 volt AA baJery is wired to a light bulb with a resistance of 30 Ω. a. Sketch the components.
Example: Current through a light bulb
A 1.5 volt AA baJery is wired to a light bulb with a resistance of 30 Ω. a. Sketch the components. b. Draw the circuit.
Apply Ohm’s Law to the loop V = I R
V and R and known, so solve for I I = V/R
Subs:tute the known values and compute the value of I
where 1 A = 1000 mA.
Example: Current through a light bulb
c. Find the current flowing through the bulb
I = 1.5V30!
= 0.05 A = 50 mA
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