basic first aid, dcpqs
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Basic First AidDCPQS section 105
By: HS1 Warzynski
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Purpose of First Aid
1. Save lives
2. Preventinfection
3. Preventfurther injury
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FIRST RESPONDERS ACTIONS
1. REPORT THE CASUALTY
-Call bridge, Quarterdeck, local EMS
2. Survey the Area forDANGER
to yourself: Don't Put Yourself in Danger!
to others: Don't Allow Bystanders to be Exposed toDanger!
to the casualty: Remove the Danger from the Casualty,or the Casualty From the Danger!
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TO TRANSPORT
OR NOT TOTRANSPORT,
THAT IS THE
QUESTION.HAMLET, M.D.
FIRST RESPONDERS ACTIONS
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FIRST AID PRIORITIES
A-B-CS
AIRWAYBREATHINGCIRCULATION
CONTROL BLEEDINGTREAT FOR SHOCKTREAT BROKEN BONES
GET CASUALTY TO MEDICAL
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SHOCK
Definition:
Inadequate oxygenationof the cells and tissues of
the body caused byinsufficient flow ofoxygen rich blood.
(not enough circulatingO2 in the body).
Causes: (some examples)
Electrocution
Excessive bleeding
Allergic reaction
ALL treated the same
way!
ABCs, keep warm,elevate feet, nothing to
eat or drink.
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Controlling Bleeding
Three types ofbleeding Arterial
Venous Capillary
Whats the
difference? What type is
this?
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4 Easy steps to control bleeding
Direct pressurewithhand or bandage
Elevationabove level of
the heart.
Pressure points!!!
TourniquetONLY AS A
LAST RESORT!!!!
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BleedingDirect Pressure
Use a sterile dressing or clean cloth
Fold to form pad
Apply pressure directly over wound
Fasten with bandage; knot over wound
If bleeding continues, add second
pressure dressing
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BleedingPressure Points
Apply pressure where artery lies near
skin over bone.
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Pressure Points
A pressure point is anyplace in the body whereyou can trap an artery
between your fingers anda bone or cartilage, therefor stopping or slowingblood flow. Simple
enough.
Some common Pressurepoints-
Carotid =Neck
Brachial = inner arm Femoral = lateral groin
Axillary = under armpit
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TOURNIQUET Only as a last resort!!!!!!
Never skip right totourniquet before tryingother means.
Apply about 2-4 inches(or as close as you can)to wound site.
Write a T and the timeon the victims forehead
Anyone can use atourniquet, only a doctor
can remove one.
Tourniquets and skin
markers are located in allgunbags onboard
Gentian.
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Tourniquet application
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Asphyxiation
Definition: Inability tobreath, not breathing.
Begin rescue breathing.
Head tilt chin lift . Give one breath every 5
seconds.
Avg. adult breaths
between 12-20 times aminute.
Remember ABCs
Gunbag items:
O.P.A.(oropharyngeal airways)
Pocket masks
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Fractures (2 Types)
Simple fracture: Doesnt mean one break
The bone is broken but
hasnt penetratedthrough the skin.
Seeing a joint somewhereon a body where a joint
doesnt belong.treat itlike a fracture.
Compound fracture:
The skin is brokenover the fracture site.
Bone does NOT haveto be sticking out tobe a compound
fracture.Whats the added risk
with this type????
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FracturesSigns and Symptoms
Pain
Swelling
Bruise
Deformity
False Motion Crepitus
Tenderness
Exposed fragment
Locked joint
Guarding
Unable to supportweight
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Fractures
Classification Greenstick
Simple
Comminuted Compound
Impacted
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Fractures
Greenstick Incompleteseparation of bonefragments
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Fracture
SimpleTwo distinct bonefragments
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Fractures
Comminuted Multiple bonefragments
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Fracture
Compound Bone penetratedthrough skin
May or May NOTstill be presentoutside the body.
Added risk ofinfection withcompound fracture.
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Fractures
Impacted One bone fragment
telescopes into the other
F
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FracturesTreatment
Remove clothing from area Check ability to move and feel below fracture
Check circulation below fracture
Cover open wound Splint
Immobilize joints above and below fracture
Reduces pain Prevents additional damage
Pad all rigid splints
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Fractures
Treatment(cont.)When in doubt, SPLINT
Icenot directly to skin
Position injured limb slightly above level ofheart if easily possible
Immobilize all suspected spinal injuries
Shock - treat Report
Transport
F
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FracturesSplinting and Immobilizing
Sling Triangle bandage under injured arm; over
uninjured shoulder
Tie ends of sling at side of neckpad under knot Secure arm with cravat under good arm
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FracturesSplinting and Immobilizing
(cont.)
Splints Magazine
Shirt Flap Shirttail
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Heat Emergencies
Heat Cramps
Heat exhaustion
Heat Stroke
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Heat Cramps
Caused by loss of fluids and salt from the body,resulting in muscle cramps
Treatment:
Remove the person from the environment.
Cool the person
Rest
Allow small sips of water, gatorade or ice chips.
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Heat Exhaustion
Signs and symptoms: Normal to low body temperature
Skin pale, moist, cool and clammy
Breathing rapid and shallow
Nausea and/or vomiting
Profuse sweating
Treatment:
Remove from environment, cool patient, rest, smallsips of water, ice chips.
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Heat Stroke
*THIS IS A LIFE THREATENING EMERGENCY* Signs/Symptoms
Hot, dry skin, No sweating is present!!!
May be unconscious
Increased body temperature >105F
TX: ABCs, Call for Help!
Remove patient from hot area and remove clothing
Cool Patient using icepacks to groin, armpits, and neck.
Spray them down with water and fan them
*ABSOLUTELY nothing by mouth*
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BURNS, BURNS, BURNS
THREE DEGREESOF BURNS:
1
ST
2ND
3RD
All treated the same way.
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Burns
Classification by depth
Size generally more important than degree
First degree: mildest Second degree: inner layer of skin
Third degree: tissue destroyed
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Burns
Normal Skin
Dermis
FatMuscle
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BurnsFirst Degree
Only outer layer ofskin
Mild pain
Redness
Warmth
Tenderness
Skin
Reddened
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BurnsSecond Degree
Inner layer of skin
Red
WarmTender
Blister
Severe pain
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BurnsThird Degree
Tissue is destroyed
Charred (white toblack)
May lack feeling
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BurnsTreatment
Use body substance isolation methods
Extinguish fire
Do not remove burned clothing unless it issmoldering
Coolburn rapidly (immerse burn in cool
water if possible10 minutes maximum)Always do a complete assessmentthere
may be other serious injuries
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Burns
Treatment(cont.)
Electrical: remove patient from source withnonconductive material
Chemical: flush with water for 10-20 minutes
Cover with drysterile dressing
Treat for shock
Always obtain medical care
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BurnsSerious
Monitor airway
Reassess vital signs every 5 minutes
Do not give fluids by mouth Do not place ice on any burn
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Burns
Special Situations Eyes
Flush with water for 5 minutes
Cover both eyes
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BurnsSpecial Situations
Respiratory track
Always a medical emergency
Singeing of nasal hairs Cough
Hoarseness
Difficulty breathing
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Rule of Nines Head and Neck = 9%
Each arm = 9% (totaling 18%)
Front of chest = 9%
Stomach = 9%
Upper back = 9%
Lower back = 9%
Front of each leg = 9% (totaling 18%)
Back of each leg = 9% (totaling 18%)
Groin = 1% (+/-)Total body % = 100.
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Rule of the Palm
The size of the patients palm (not your own)
equals 1% of their total body surface.
Easy enough.
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The End
Remember:
Stay calm
Call for help
ABCs
Check for other injuries
Treat for shock
Always reassess ABCs
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