bb10a: cells, biomolecules & genetics 2003-04 semester 1 welcome, again to biochemistry

BB10A: Cells, Biomolecules & Genetics2003-04 Semester 1

Welcome, again to

biochemistry

What is BB10A all about?

It is an introduction to university studies inCell Biology/microscopyBiochemistry/biomoleculesGenetics

Golgi-Complex

Endoplasmic reticulum – Golgi-Complex

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

transitional vesicles

Convex face, cis face, forming face of Golgi-Complex

Concave face, trans face, maturing face of Golgi-Complex

It is an introduction to university studies inCell biology

What is BB10A all about?

“HydrophobicInteraction”

H-bond

Ionicinteraction

Adapted FromVoet & Voet

What is BB10A all about?It is an introduction to university studies in

Biochemistry &Biomolecules

What is BB10A all about?It is also an introduction to university studies in Genetics

What is BB10A good for?It is a pre-requisite (along with BB10B)

for majors in:biochemistrybiotechnologybotanyenvironmental biologyexperimental biologymicrobiology (option)molecular biologyzoology

(N.B. BC10M can substitute BB10A/B for some majors)

Should I know chemistry and biology before starting?

Biology: yesChemistry: no, but it is needed for

majors in the biochemical sciences:

biochemistrybiotechnologymolecular biology

Biochemistry

& its Applications

Biochemistry & its Applications

Data for UK onlySource: The Biochemist Feb 2002

Biochemistry & its Applications

What is BB10A good for?Pre-requisite for majors in:

biochemistrybiotechnologybotanyenvironmental biologyexperimental biologymicrobiology (option)molecular biologyzoology

Biochemistry & its Applications

Biotechnology:the application of biochemical, microbiological and molecular biological knowledge for

benefit.

Biochemistry & its Applications

Biotechnology:

Biochemistry & its Applications

Biotechnology:

Biochemistry & its Applications

Biotechnology:

Biochemistry & its Applications

Biotechnology:

Biochemistry & its Applications

Biotechnology:

THE BIOREMEDIATION OF RUM DISTILLERY WASTE

USING Cryptococcus curvatus

by Kisha McLeod

Supervisor: A. G. M. Pearson

Biochemistry Section

Department of Basic Medical Sciences

Biochemistry & its Applications

Biotechnology:

The use of microorganisms to render sewage safer.

The use of microorganisms in food preservation.

Biochemistry & its Applications

Biotechnology:

The use of immobilised enzymes (biochemical reactors) to carry out precise reactions.

The production of pharmaceuticals.

Biochemistry & its Applications

Biotechnology:

The production of bulk biomolecules, e.g.

Ethanol Acetic acid Citric acidAscorbic acid Amino acids

Dietary supplements Vitaminsetc.

Biochemistry & its Applications

Molecular Biology:

Recombinant DNA technology(genetic engineering)

GMOs: genetically modified organisms

Biochemistry & its Applications

Molecular Biology:

Recombinant DNA technology

Modified enzymes : with greater stability

making new product moleculesbetter reaction kinetics

Biochemistry & its Applications

Molecular Biology:

Forensic applications(DNA fingerprinting)

Genetic diseases

Understanding fundamental biochemistry

Biochemistry & its Applications

Biochemistry

Synthesis of useful biomolecules

Characterisation of new reactions

Biochemistry & its Applications

Biochemistry

Poorly understood biochemistry:Insects

FishNematodes

PlantsMost microorganisms

Biochemistry & its Applications

The same biochemistry is used by allliving cells that have been studied.

Electrons, protons and energy arethe fundamental components ofbiochemistry and bioenergetics.

Essential cellular processes

Chemistry fundamentals:•Elements all have different nuclei.

Atomic nuclei are formed of :• protons (+ve charge)• neutrons (no charge)

electrons (-ve charge) are roughly equal in number to the no. of protons in thenucleus.

•Covalent bonds are the sharing of electronsbetween consenting nuclei.

Chemistryfundamentals:

The s and p orbitalsof electrons closestto the nuclei ofcarbon, hydrogen,oxygen & nitrogen,are those most frequently of importance in biochemical bonds,reactions andmolecules.

The ability of carbon, oxygen & nitrogento form “double”bonds gives rise toπ- bonding molecular orbitals.

How strong are chemical bonds

a) relative to each other?b) relative to other energies?

H-bonds

ElectrostaticInteractions

Van der Waal’s

Chemistry fundamentals:

Far UV = 1200 kJ.mol-1

UV = 480 to343 kJ.mol-1

Near IR = 120 kJ.mol-1

H-bonds

ElectrostaticInteractions

Van der Waal’s

visible

Far UV = 1200 kJ.mol-1

UV = 480 to343 kJ.mol-1

Near IR = 120 kJ.mol-1

Unlike covalent bonds, “hydrogen bonds”are a sharing of a proton between electro-negative nuclei, typically of oxygen ornitrogen.

Recall that they are much weaker.

It is the “weakness” of H-bonds that makesthem so useful to biomolecular interactions.

H-bonds are:•easily broken•easily formed•of variable strength•of variable orientation

Chemistry fundamentals:•Hydrogen nuclei (protons), like electrons,

can exist independently.

•Protons tend to dissociate from “acids”in aqueous media.

•Protons tend to associate with “bases”in aqueous media.

•Electrons readily associate with anddissociate from “redox couples” such as:

Fe2+/Fe3+; Cu+/Cu2+.

The tenacity with which a moleculeholds onto its dissociable protons (the pKa value) is related to the protonconcentration (the pH value) of itsenvironment.

pH = pKa + log [unprotonated] [protonated]

There is supplementary material on pH, pKand buffers in your lab handbook, includingthe url for a self-paced, web-based tutorial onpH, pK and the Henderson-Hasselbalchequation.

You will be expected to perform calculationsusing the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.