bellwork 9/24 using zinn ch. 7, answer the following: 1.explain president jackson’s strategy for...

BELLWORK 9/24Using Zinn ch. 7, answer the following:1. Explain President Jackson’s strategy for conquering native

land.2. How were treaties used by the U.S. government to take

native land? Why did natives continue to sign treaties if the U.S. continued to break them?

3. Describe the progression of the state of Florida. How did it switch between Spanish-Native-U.S. control?

4. THINKER: To what extent did Native American removal make way for the successes and development of the United States?

Westward Expansion

A new nation grows

Motive #1: Over-Population in the East• In 1780, 2.7 million people lived in the 13

states.• By 1830, 12 million people lived in 24

states.• Average American woman had five

children.• Half of America’s population was under

17.• Competed with immigrants for jobs• Many people felt that in order to achieve

success within a huge population they would have to move West.

1610 3,800

1620 4,100

1630 4,600

1650 50,400

1670 111,900

1690 210,400

1700 250,900

1720 466,200

1740 905,600

1750 1,170,800

1770 2,148,100

1780 2,780,400

1790 3,929,214

1800 5,308,483

1810 7,239,881

1820 9,638,453

1830 12,866,020

1840 17,069,453

1850 23,191,876

1860 31,443,321

1870 38,558,371

1880 50,189,209

1890 62,979,766

1900 76,212,168

1910 92,228,496

1920 106,021,537

1930 123,202,624

1940 132,164,569

1950 151,325,798

1960 179,323,175

1970 203,211,926

1980 226,545,805

1990 248,709,873

2000 281,421,906

2010 308,745,53

Population growth in

America by decade

Motive #2: Available Farmland West of the Appalachians

Motive #3: Desire for New Opportunity and Wealth

Motive #4: Manifest Destiny• “From sea to shining sea”• Belief that the United

States was destined to expand across the North American continent.

• Used to justify war with Mexico and taking over Native American land.

The Louisiana Purchase• In 1803, President Jefferson sent James Monroe to buy all

of the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million.• This nearly doubled the size of the U.S.• Next, President Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis and

William Clark to lead explorations of the new territory.• Lewis and Clark traveled all the way to the Pacific Ocean,

while creating the first completed map of the U.S.• Their detailed reports and maps sparked the interest of

Americans and caused thousands of families to move West.

Conflict with Native Americans• Settlers’ views of land and resources

contradicted with Native American traditions. • Both groups felt they had fair claim to the

Western region and Great Plains because they held numerous resources.

• Several groups were hostile to the whites (Shawnee/Apache/Creek) while others tried to assimilate (Cherokee/Chickasaw/Sioux).

• Eventually, white settlers took over and forced them onto reservations: federal lands set aside for their inhabitance.

Native American Removal• When President Jackson came to power, he

authorized the largest Native American removal in history. (1830 Indian Removal Act)

• Trail of Tears (1833): forcible relocation of Natives from the eastern U.S. to Oklahoma.

• On the way, 4,000 of the 15,000 Indians died of diseases and starvation.

Nation

Population east of the MI River before

removal treaty

Removal treaty(year signed)

Years of major emigration

Total number emigrated or

forcibly removed

Deaths during removal

Choctaw 19,554 Dancing Rabbit Creek (1830)

1831–1836 12,5002,000–4,000+ (Cholera)

Creek 22,700 Cusseta (1832) 1834–1837 19,6003,500 (disease after removal)

Chickasaw 4,914 Pontotoc Creek (1832)

1837–1847 over 4,000 500–800

Cherokee

21,500

New Echota (1835)

1836–1838 20,000 2,000–8,000

Seminole 5,000 Payne's Landing (1832)

1832–1842 2,833

Jackson and the Natives• “In possession of land of

their own, which they shall possess as long as grass grows or water runs. I am and will protect them and be their friend and father.”

Manifest Destiny• Florida: Given to the United

States as a part of the Adams - Onis Treaty in 1819….. Why?

• Oregon (1846)- Russia, France, Britain and the United States all had claims in the area – U.S. led negotiations

• Mexican Cession (1848) – The treaty that ended the Mexican-American War added CA, NV, AZ, NM, TX, UT, CO

The Mexican-American War1846-1848

Invasión Estadounidense a México

Background• Mexico suffered political, economic,

and social instability following their revolution from Spain.– 49 presidents in 33 years– Racial hierarchy– Santa Anna = conservative

• 1820: To help pay off debt, Mexico granted permission for Stephen Austin to move 300 families into TX (The First 300)

Stephen Austin and The First 300

Texas Independence• Texas - American settlers had come

to Texas and built plantations and farms….eventually Americans outnumbered Mexicans 4:1

1. Settlers asked Mexico for permission to establish their own independent state.

2. Mexicans refused 3. Texas declared herself independent4. Mexico vs. Texas (Battle of the

Alamo)

• General Sam Houston (leader of Texan revolution; elected Texan President)

• Texans had early defeats (Alamo - 1835)

• Eventually, Texans win independence after Battle of San Jacinto

Remember the Alamo!• During a 13-day siege, Santa Anna led an

assault on the Alamo• Former Roman Catholic mission and

fortress compound (held supplies/weapons)

• 1,500 Mexicans vs. 250 Texans• All Texans were killed, but Santa Anna’s

cruelty caused more Texans and other U.S. citizens to join the fight

• Motivated by revenge, Texas defeats Mexican army at Battle of San Jacinto & wins their independence in 1836!

The Fall of the Alamo (1903) by Robert Jenkins Onderdonk, depicts Davy

Crockett wielding his rifle as a club against Mexican troops who have breached the walls of the mission

Causes of Mexican-American War• 1845: Congress

votes to annex Texas– Mexico views as act

of war• Border raids• Manifest Destiny

American Occupation of Mexico CityBy: Carl Nebel

Why was the U.S. victorious?• Strength and unification of

U.S. military• Instability, debt, organization,

unpopularity of Mexican military

Effects of Mexican-American War• 1848: Treaty of Guadalupe-

Hidalgo• Mexican Cession in exchange for

payment of $15 million• U.S. forgave Mexico’s $3.5 million

debt• Mexico accepted Texas as part of

U.S.• National border became the Rio

Grade• U.S. guaranteed Mexicans

American citizenship • Mexico plunged into a period of

chaos, debt, and political overthrows

This cartoon depicts U.S. General Zachary Taylor sitting atop the skulls of Mexican-

American war casualties

Manifest Destiny • Gadsden Purchase (1853)– US purchased

Southern Arizona and New Mexico to build a railroad to the West coast

Problems settlers faced moving West• Conflict• Exploitation of

natural resources (animals & minerals)

• High death and disease rates

Finish Zinn Ch. 7 by Monday!!!