ben franklin published the first chart of an ocean current in 1769
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Ben Franklin published the first chart of an ocean current in 1769
Franklin’s chart of the Gulf Stream
Oceanography
Surface currents
Deep water currents
Bathymetry
Tides
Physical Oceanography
Geological Oceanography
Chemical Oceanography Dissolved Oxygen and other gases Fish and other animals
need oxygen to breathe. This oxygen is present in the water and is called dissolved oxygen (DO). It is measured in mg/L.
<3 mg/L – harmful to fish – too little O2
5-6 mg/L – desirable range
>10 mg/L – harmful to fish – too much O2
Dissolved minerals and other solids
Salinity – amount of salt in water, measured in parts per thousand (ppt)
Biological oceanography Otherwise
known as Marine Biology
MeteorologyHurricanes
Formation of Hurricanes
Photo by: Jill Turner
Hurricane Katrina 2005
Eye wall of Hurricane Ivan
2004
www.hurricanehunters.com
oceanographic tools Properties of water measured:
Parameters, units, significance• Temperature• Salinity• Dissolved oxygen • Turbidity• Light levels• Depth…
these properties vary with depth
Typical open ocean profiles Called - a hydrocast
thermocline
Temperature (°C)
Dep
th (k
m)
1
2
halocline
Salinity (‰)
Dep
th (k
m)
1
2
Density (g/ml)
Dep
th (k
m)
1
2
pycnocline
Tools to measure these properties - depth Sounding lines
Problems… (currents) Pressure sensor Sonar
Tools to measure these properties - salinity
Direct or indirect measurement Refractometer Conductivity sensor
Tools to measure these properties - turbidity
Secchi disk transmissometer
Tools to measure these properties - dissolved oxygen
Methods – chemical and electrical
Polarigraphic electrode
Winkler
Tools to measure these properties - light
Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) sensor
Deck sensor
Water samplers
Niskin bottle
Other parameters Chlorophyll levels - fluorometer
Monitoring units Hydrolab/YSI = brands
Combined units moored, deployed, mobile CTD Argo ’floats’
CTD hydrocast
See our CTD hydrocast
The Quest for Longitude
-- 1707 shipwreck of four British warships-- 2000 dead-- Longitude Act of 1714-- John Harrison
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/longitude/
Latitude and Longitude
Global Positioning Systems
Image from Wikipedia.com
Used with permission from Garmin
Waypoint = latitude/longitude
GPS APPLICATIONS
Images from seaturtle.org
Gulf of Mexico
MEXICO
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