bifidobacterium longum general

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Bifidobacteriumlongum

Scientificclassification

Kingdom: Bacteria

Division: Firmicutes

Class: Actinobacteria

Order: Bifidobacteriales

Family: Bifidobacteriaceae

Genus: Bifidobacterium

Species: B.longum

Binomialname

BifidobacteriumlongumReuter

BifidobacteriumlongumFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Bifidobacteriumlongumisagrampositive,catalasenegative,rodshapedbacteriumpresentinthehumangastrointestinaltractandoneofthe32speciesthatbelongtothegenusBifidobacterium.[1][2]Itisamicroaerotolerantanaerobeandconsideredtobeoneoftheearliestcolonizersofthegastrointestinaltractofinfants.[1]Whengrownongeneralanaerobicmedium,B.longumformswhite,glossycolonieswithaconvexshape.[3]WhileB.longumisnotsignificantlypresentintheadultgastrointestinaltract,itisconsideredpartofthegutfloraanditsproductionoflacticacidisbelievedtopreventgrowthofpathogenicorganisms.[4]B.longumisnonpathogenicandisoftenaddedtofoodproductsforitsbeneficialprobiotichealtheffects.[1][5]

Contents

1Classification2Environment3Metabolism4Probiotichealthbenefits5Therapeuticuses

5.1Cancertreatment5.2Immunesystemregulation5.3Sensitiveskintreatment5.4Pancreaticnecrosis

6References7FurtherReading8Externallinks

Classification

In2002,threepreviouslydistinctspeciesofBifidobacterium,B.infantis,B.longum,andB.suis,wereunifiedintoasinglespeciesnamedB.longumwiththebiotypesinfantis,longum,andsuisrespectively.[6]ThisoccurredasthethreespecieshadextensiveDNAsimilarityincludinga16srRNAgenesequencesimilaritygreaterthan97%.[7]Inaddition,thethreeoriginalspecieswerephenotypicallydifficulttodistinguishduetodifferentcarbohydratefermentationpatternsamongstrainsofthesamespecies.[1]AsprobioticactivityvariesamongstrainsofB.longum,thereexistsaninterestintheexactclassificationof

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newstrains,althoughthisismadedifficultbythehighgenesimilaritybetweenthethreebiotypes.[8]Currently,strainidentificationisdonethroughpolymerasechainreaction(PCR)onthesubtlydifferent16srRNAgenesequences.[8]

Environment

B.longumcolonizesthehumangastrointestinaltractwhereit,alongwithotherBifidobacterium,representsupto90%ofthebacteriaofaninfantsgastrointestinaltract.[2]Thisnumbergraduallydropsto3%inanadultsgastrointestinaltractasotherentericbacteriasuchasBacteroidesandEubacteriumbegintodominate.[4]SomestrainsofB.longumwerefoundtohavehightoleranceforgastricacidandbile,suggestingthatthesestrainswouldbeabletosurvivethegastrointestinaltracttocolonizethelowersmallandlargeintestines.[5][9]ThepersistenceofB.longuminthegutisattributedtotheglycoproteinbindingfimbriaestructuresandbacterialpolysaccharides,thelatterofwhichpossessstrongelectrostaticchargesthataidintheadhesionofB.longumtointestinalendothelialcells.[1][10]ThisadhesionisalsoenhancedbythefattyacidsinthelipoteichoicacidoftheB.longumcellwall.[10]

Metabolism

B.longumisconsideredtobeascavenger,possessingmultiplecatabolicpathwaystoutilizealargevarietyofnutrientsinordertoincreaseitscompetitivenessamongthegutflora.[4]Upto19typesofpermeaseexisttotransportvariouscarbohydrateswith13beingATPbindingcassettetransporters.[11]B.longumhasseveralglycosylhydrolasestometabolisecomplexoligosaccharidesforcarbonandenergy.[2]ThisisnecessaryasmonoanddisaccharideshaveusuallybeenconsumedbythetimetheyreachthelowergastrointestinaltractwhereB.longumreside.[1]Inaddition,B.longumcanuniquelyfermentgalactomannanrichnaturalgumusingglucosaminidasesandalphamannosidasesthatparticipateinthefermentationofglucosamineandmannoserespectively.[1]Thehighnumbergenesassociatedwitholigosaccharidemetabolismisaresultofgeneduplicationandhorizontalgenetransfer,indicatingthatB.longumisunderselectivepressuretoincreaseitscapabilitytocompeteforvarioussubstratesinthegastrointestinaltract.[1]Furthermore,B.longumpossesseshydrolases,deaminases,anddehydratasesinordertofermentaminoacids.[1]B.longumalsohavebilesalthydrolasestohydrolyzebilesaltsintoaminoacidsandbileacids.Thefunctionofthisisnotclear,althoughitissuggestedthatB.longumcouldusetheaminoacidsproductsorbettertoleratebilesalts.[12]

Probiotichealthbenefits

Asanimportantorganisminvolvedinthemaintenanceofthehumangastrointestinaltract,B.longumiscommonlyusedasaprobioticinvariousdairyproducts.[8][13]Itspresencehasbeenassociatedwithmanyhealthbenefitsincludingimprovinglactosetoleranceandpreventingdiarrhea,foodallergies,andcolonizationbypathogens.[1][4]SomestrainsofB.longumweredemonstratedtohaveanantioxidativeeffectbyinhibitinglinoleicacidperoxidation,[13]aprocessthatresultsinthecreationoflipidhydroperoxidesthatdecomposeintohighlyreactiveradicalsassociatedwithagingandagerelateddiseases.[14]Additionally,B.longumcanscavengefreeradicals,loweringapersonschanceof

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atherosclerosisandstroke.[13]TheabilityofB.longumtoremovecholesterolfromitsenvironmentbyincorporatingcholesterolintoitsmembraneisthoughttolowertheserumcholesterollevelinhumans.B.longummayalsobindandsuppressresorptionofbileacids,[9]whichalsolowersserumcholesterollevelsasbilesaltreplacementrequiresutilizationofcholesterolwithinthebody.[15]B.longumsupplementationwasshowntosignificantlysuppresstumorvolumeandincidence,althoughtheexactmechanismisnotclear.SincehighcolonicpHisthoughttopromotecolorectalcancer,itispostulatedthatB.longumcaninhibitcolorectalcancerbyproducingbileacidandcholesterolmetabolitesthatlowertheintestinalpH.[16]

Therapeuticuses

Cancertreatment

Asananaerobe,B.longumisabletolocalizeandproliferateinthehypoxicregionsofsolidtumorswheninjectedintravenously.[5]ItisproposedthatbyintroducinggenesintoB.longumthatgenerateantitumorenzymes,B.longumwillbeabletoactasthevectorincancergenetherapy.[5]B.longumisanidealvectorasitsactionsshouldremaintumorspecific,itisnonpathogenic,anditgenerallyeasilykilledbyantibioticsunlikeotherpotentialanaerobicvectorssuchasSalmonellaorClostridium.[5]

Immunesystemregulation

SeveralstudiesindicatethatB.longumhasapositiveeffectonmodulatingtheimmunesystem.AstrainofB.longumhasbeenshowntoreducethesymptomsofJapanesecedarpollinosis,[17]whileotherstrainshavebeenshowntoreducethesymptomsofinfluenzainfectionandfeverinelderlypersons.[18]Aswell,theuseofB.longumwasshowntoshortenthedurationandminimizetheseverityofsymptomsassociatedwiththecommoncoldwithasimilareffecttothatofneuraminidaseinhibitorsforinfluenza.[19]

Sensitiveskintreatment

Whenappliedtopically,B.longumlysatewasshowntoprovideanantiinflammatoryeffect,preventingproblemsassociatedwithskinsensitivityandreinforcingskinbarrierfunction.[20]

Pancreaticnecrosis

Pancreaticnecrosisifleftuntreatedhasanalmost100percentfatalityrateduetobacterialtranslocation.Bifidobacteriumlongumsubspeciesinfantishasbeenfoundtohaveawidespectrumofcoverageagainstpathogenicorganismsthattranslocatefromthegastrointestinaltracttherebydemonstratingtherapeuticbenefitinthemanagementofpancreaticnecrosis.Theadditionofotherprobioticstrainsreducesproinflammatorycytokinesandfurthersuppressedbacterialovergrowthinthesmallintestineleadingtoareductioninbacterialtranslocation.[21]

References

1. Schell,M.A.Karmirantzou,M.Snel,B.Vilanova,D.Berger,B.Pessi,G.Zwahlen,M.C.Desiere,F.

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Bork,P.Delley,M.Pridmore,R.D.Arigoni,F.(2002)."ThegenomesequenceofBifidobacteriumlongumreflectsitsadaptationtothehumangastrointestinaltract"(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC137899).ProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences99(22):1442214427.doi:10.1073/pnas.212527599(https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.212527599).PMC137899(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC137899).PMID12381787(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12381787).

2. Garrido,D.RuizMoyano,S.JimenezEspinoza,R.Eom,H.J.Block,D.E.Mills,D.A.(2013)."UtilizationofgalactooligosaccharidesbyBifidobacteriumlongumsubsp.Infantisisolates"(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3593662).FoodMicrobiology33(2):262270.doi:10.1016/j.fm.2012.10.003(https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fm.2012.10.003).PMC3593662(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3593662).PMID23200660(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23200660).

3. Park,SHa,NLee,DAn,HCha,MBaek,EKim,JLee,SLee,K(2011)."PhenotypicandgenotypiccharacterizationofbifidobacteriumisolatesfromhealthyadultKoreans".IranianJournalofBiotechnology(NationalInstituteofGeneticEngineeringandBiotechnology)9(3):173179.

4. Yuan,J.Zhu,L.Liu,X.Li,T.Zhang,Y.Ying,T.Wang,B.Wang,J.Dong,H.Feng,E.Li,Q.Wang,J.Wang,H.Wei,K.Zhang,X.Huang,C.Huang,P.Huang,L.Zeng,M.Wang,H.(2006)."AProteomeReferenceMapandProteomicAnalysisofBifidobacteriumlongumNCC2705".Molecular&CellularProteomics5(6):11051118.doi:10.1074/mcp.M500410MCP200(https://dx.doi.org/10.1074%2Fmcp.M500410MCP200).PMID16549425(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16549425).

5. Yazawa,K.Fujimori,M.Amano,J.Kano,Y.Taniguchi,S.I.(2000)."Bifidobacteriumlongumasadeliverysystemforcancergenetherapy:Selectivelocalizationandgrowthinhypoxictumors".CancerGeneTherapy7(2):269274.doi:10.1038/sj.cgt.7700122(https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.cgt.7700122).PMID10770636(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10770636).

6. Sakata,S.Kitahara,M.Sakamoto,M.Hayashi,H.Fukuyama,M.Benno,Y.(2002)."UnificationofBifidobacteriuminfantisandBifidobacteriumsuisasBifidobacteriumlongum".Internationaljournalofsystematicandevolutionarymicrobiology52(Pt6):19451951.doi:10.1099/ijs.0.022210(https://dx.doi.org/10.1099%2Fijs.0.022210).PMID12508852(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12508852).

7. Mattarelli,P.Bonaparte,C.Pot,B.Biavati,B.(2008)."ProposaltoreclassifythethreebiotypesofBifidobacteriumlongumasthreesubspecies:Bifidobacteriumlongumsubsp.Longumsubsp.Nov.,Bifidobacteriumlongumsubsp.Infantiscomb.Nov.AndBifidobacteriumlongumsubsp.Suiscomb.Nov".InternationalJournalofSystematicandEvolutionaryMicrobiology58(4):767772.doi:10.1099/ijs.0.653190(https://dx.doi.org/10.1099%2Fijs.0.653190).PMID18398167(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18398167).

8. rtkov,D.Spanova,A.Spano,M.Drb,V.R.Schwarzer,M.Kozakov,H.Rittich,B.(2011)."EfficiencyofPCRbasedmethodsindiscriminatingBifidobacteriumlongumssp.LongumandBifidobacteriumlongumssp.Infantisstrainsofhumanorigin".JournalofMicrobiologicalMethods87(1):1016.doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2011.06.014(https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mimet.2011.06.014).PMID21756944(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21756944).

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9. Xiao,J.Z.Kondo,S.Takahashi,N.Miyaji,K.Oshida,K.Hiramatsu,A.Iwatsuki,K.Kokubo,S.Hosono,A.(2003)."EffectsofMilkProductsFermentedbyBifidobacteriumlongumonBloodLipidsinRatsandHealthyAdultMaleVolunteers".JournalofDairyScience86(7):24522461.doi:10.3168/jds.S00220302(03)738399(https://dx.doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S00220302%2803%29738399).PMID12906063(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12906063).

10. AbbadAndaloussi,S.Talbaoui,H.Marczak,R.Bonaly,R.(1995)."IsolationandcharacterizationofexocellularpolysaccharidesproducedbyBifidobacteriumlongum".Appliedmicrobiologyandbiotechnology43(6):9951000.doi:10.1007/BF00166915(https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00166915).PMID8590666(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8590666).

11. Parche,S.Amon,J.Jankovic,I.Rezzonico,E.Beleut,M.Barutu,H.Schendel,I.Eddy,M.P.Burkovski,A.Arigoni,F.Titgemeyer,F.(2007)."SugarTransportSystemsofBifidobacteriumlongumNCC2705".JournalofMolecularMicrobiologyandBiotechnology12(12):919.doi:10.1159/000096455(https://dx.doi.org/10.1159%2F000096455).PMID17183207(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17183207).

12. Tanaka,H.Hashiba,H.Kok,J.Mierau,I.(2000)."BilesalthydrolaseofBifidobacteriumlongumbiochemicalandgeneticcharacterization"(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC110569).Appliedandenvironmentalmicrobiology66(6):25022512.doi:10.1128/aem.66.6.25022512.2000(https://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2Faem.66.6.25022512.2000).PMC110569(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC110569).PMID10831430(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10831430).

13. Lin,M.Y.Chang,F.J.(2000)."AntioxidativeeffectofintestinalbacteriaBifidobacteriumlongumATCC15708andLactobacillusacidophilusATCC4356".Digestivediseasesandsciences45(8):16171622.doi:10.1023/A:1005577330695(https://dx.doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1005577330695).PMID11007114(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11007114).

14. Spiteller,G.(2001)."Peroxidationoflinoleicacidanditsrelationtoagingandagedependentdiseases".Mechanismsofageinganddevelopment122(7):617657.doi:10.1016/S00476374(01)002202(https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS00476374%2801%29002202).PMID11322990(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11322990).

15. Dambekodi,P.C.Gilliland,S.E.(1998)."IncorporationofCholesterolintotheCellularMembraneofBifidobacteriumlongum".JournalofDairyScience81(7):18181824.doi:10.3168/jds.S00220302(98)757510(https://dx.doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S00220302%2898%29757510).PMID9710749(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9710749).

16. Benno,Y.Mitsuoka,T.(1992)."ImpactofBifidobacteriumlongumonhumanfecalmicroflora".Microbiologyandimmunology36(7):683694.doi:10.1111/j.13480421.1992.tb02071.x(https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.13480421.1992.tb02071.x).PMID1406371(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1406371).

17. Xiao,J.Z.Kondo,S.Yanagisawa,N.Miyaji,K.Enomoto,K.Sakoda,T.Iwatsuki,K.Enomoto,T.(2007)."ClinicalEfficacyofProbioticBifidobacteriumlongumfortheTreatmentofSymptomsofJapaneseCedarPollenAllergyinSubjectsEvaluatedinanEnvironmentalExposureUnit".AllergologyInternational56(1):6775.doi:10.2332/allergolint.O06455(https://dx.doi.org/10.2332%2Fallergolint.O06455).PMID17259812(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17259812).

18. Iwabuchi,N.Xiao,J.Z.Yaeshima,T.Iwatsuki,K.(2011)."OraladministrationofBifidobacteriumlongum

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amelioratesinfluenzavirusinfectioninmice".Biological&pharmaceuticalbulletin34(8):13521355.doi:10.1248/bpb.34.1352(https://dx.doi.org/10.1248%2Fbpb.34.1352).PMID21804232(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21804232).

19. DeVrese,M.Winkler,P.Rautenberg,P.Harder,T.Noah,C.Laue,C.Ott,S.Hampe,J.Schreiber,S.Heller,K.Schrezenmeir,J.R.(2005)."EffectofLactobacillusgasseriPA16/8,BifidobacteriumlongumSP07/3,B.BifidumMF20/5oncommoncoldepisodes:Adoubleblind,randomized,controlledtrial".ClinicalNutrition24(4):481491.doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2005.02.006(https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.clnu.2005.02.006).PMID16054520(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16054520).

20. Guniche,A.Bastien,P.Ovigne,J.M.Kermici,M.Courchay,G.Chevalier,V.Breton,L.CastielHigounenc,I.(2009)."Bifidobacteriumlongumlysate,anewingredientforreactiveskin".ExperimentalDermatology19(8):e1e8.doi:10.1111/j.16000625.2009.00932.x(https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.16000625.2009.00932.x).PMID19624730(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19624730).

21. Ridwan,BU.Koning,CJ.Besselink,MG.Timmerman,HM.Brouwer,EC.Verhoef,J.Gooszen,HG.Akkermans,LM.(Jan2008)."Antimicrobialactivityofamultispeciesprobiotic(Ecologic641)againstpathogensisolatedfrominfectedpancreaticnecrosis".LettApplMicrobiol(PDF)46(1):617.doi:10.1111/j.1472765X.2007.02260.x(https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1472765X.2007.02260.x).PMID17944834(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17944834).

FurtherReading

Taniguchi,ShunichiroFujimori,MinoruSasaki,TakayukiTsutsui,HirokoShimatani,YukoSeki,KeiichiAmano,Jun(May22,2010)."Targetingsolidtumorswithnonpathogenicobligateanaerobicbacteria".Cancerscience(2010)101(9):19251932.doi:10.1111/j.13497006.2010.01628.x(https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.13497006.2010.01628.x).

Externallinks

Discoveryof"probiotictransporters"unlockssecretsofinfectionpreventivebifidobacteria(www.riken.jp)(http://www.riken.jp/en/pr/press/2011/20110127_2/)Freshfoodcouldlastforyears.(http://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/8700622/Freshfoodcouldlastforyears.html)

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