biofuels & infrastructure - neiwpcc
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NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.
Biofuels & Infrastructure
National Tank Conference 2015
Kristi Moriarty
September 16, 2015
2
Biofuels
• Definitions o Compatible with existing infrastructure:
–E10: 10% ethanol; 90% gasoline blendstock
–B5: 5% biodiesel; 95% petroleum diesel
o Usually requires upgrades at existing stations: –E15: 10.5%-15% ethanol; remainder gasoline
blendstock
–E85 or Flex-Fuel: a blend of 51%-83% (depending on geography or season) ethanol blended with gasoline blendstock for use in flexible fuel vehicles
–B20: a blend of 20% biodiesel and 80% petroleum diesel
3
B20 and E85 Stations
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000U.S. B20 and E85 Station Count
Biodiesel**
E85
**years 2005-2007 includes blends below B20 www.afdc.energy.gov/data/
6
Opportunity to Increase E10+/B20 Dispensers
• For security, magnetic strips on credit cards are being replaced with chips
• Target-October 2017 for dispensers to accept chip cards
• Liability shifts from credit card companies to station owners who do not upgrade
• Existing dispensers will require either an upgrade or a replacement
• Presents an opportunity for more E10+ and B20 dispensers
7
USDA Biofuels Infrastructure Partnership (BIP)
• USDA Farm Service Agency’s Commodity Credit Corporation will award $100 million in ethanol infrastructure grants which will be matched by state and private partners
• Goal is to double the number of dispensers selling blends above E10
• Funds may be used for up to 75% cost of dispenser/hanging hardware and 25% cost for a new tank and associated equipment
• 20 states applied
• Awards expected in September
8
Gas Stations Incidents
http://mentalfloss.com/article/30471/what-happens-if-you-drive-gas-pump-nozzle-still-car http://www.ctpost.com/local/article/Police-chase-ends-in-gas-station-crash-346218.php
http://aireform.com/faa-history-records/reference-materials/news-archive/news-clips-folder/newsclip-2000-mar-5-southwest-1455-accident-at-burbank/
http://www.wkow.com/story/23165091/2013/08/18/fire-crews-put-out-car-fire-in-eau-claire
9
Ethanol Compatibility
• E15-May 2015 Report
oA literature review looking for any failures of equipment caused by E10
oA diagram and chart of all fuel & vapor equipment
oStatements of compatibility from manufacturers with E15 and other ethanol blends
10
Literature Review
• Seeking information/data on leaks caused by E10
• Literature review:
o LUSTLine (2000-present); PEI Journal (2009-present); Tulsa letters (2000-present)
o Interviews with industry group experts and oil industry infrastructure experts
• Findings
o None of the reviewed literature listed any association between E10 and any specific UST release
o Anecdotal reports solicited from people working in the UST field either said that they knew of no releases caused by E10
11
EPA UST Release Data Review
• Reviewed EPA data on UST releases both national and state
• Findings o # of reported UST has been steadily declining
since 2000 from about 2% of all USTs in the US to 1.3% in 2014
o No evidence of increased UST leaks among states that slowly or quickly reached E10 saturation – it is not unusual to find leaks years after they
occurred during upgrading or removal of UST equipment
13
Tanks-Overall Decline in Leaks
Source: Energy Information Agency U.S. Product Supplied of Finished Motor Gasoline: http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=23&t=10 and Monthly Energy Review Table 10.3 Fuel Ethanol Overview: http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/
14
UST-Cause of Leaks
• A 2011 LUSTLine report summarized federal UST leak data for 2009 (5,168 leaks reported)
Source: Eighmey, C., March 2011, LustLine Bulletin #67
UST Releases
2009 Data (5,168 releases)
Source # %
Tank 1,616 31.3%
Piping 720 13.9%
Dispenser 655 12.7%
STP 76 1.5%
Delivery Problem 342 6.6%
Other 564 10.9%
Unknown 1,195 23.1%
Cause # %
Spill or Overfill 441 8.5%
Corrosion 385 7.4%
Installation 54 1.0%
Other 466 9.0%
Unknown 3,051 59.0%
15
Fuels and Infrastructure
• Who regulates refueling infrastructure?
• What about tanks? • Is existing equipment
compatible? • What do stations need to
consider when selling biofuels?
• E10 and B5 are approved for use in existing infrastructure
16
Who Regulates Stations?
• Patchwork of regulators-no one entity covers all equipment at a station
• EPA Office of Underground Storage Tanks o States administer federal code for tanks, pipes, and
associated equipment
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration o Requires third-party listing for some equipment
• Authorities Having Jurisdiction
• Fire Code-typically NFPA 30A
17
Underwriters Laboratory (UL)
UL 58 Underground steel tanks UL 79APower-operated pumps for gasoline and gasoline/ethanol blends with nominal
ethanol concentrations up to 85% (E0 – E85); B6-B20 and/or B100
UL 1746 External Corrosion Protection Systems for USTs UL 330 Hose and hose assemblies for dispensing flammable liquids
UL 1316 Underground fiberglass tanks UL 330A/B
Outline for hose and hose assemblies for use with dispensing devices dispensing
gasoline and gasoline/ethanol blends with nominal ethanol concentrations up to
85% (E0 – E85); B6-B20 and/or B100
UL 971 Pipes and pipe fittings non-metallic UL 331 Strainers for flammable fluids and anhydrous ammonia
UL 971A Pipes and pipe fittings metallic UL 331A/B Strainers for gasoline and gasoline/ethanol blends with nominal ethanol
concentrations up to 85% (E0 – E85); B6-B20 and/or B100
UL 2447
Sumps: tank, dispenser, transition, fill/vent, spill buckets
Sump fittings: penetration, termination, internal, test and monitoring
Sump accessories: frames/brackets, covers/lids, & chase pipe
UL 428 Electrically operated valves
UL 2583
Part I Vapor Control Products: emergency vents, pressure vacuum vents, fill and
vapor adaptors, and monitor well caps
Part II Liquid Control Products: overfill protection (or prevention) valves, ball float
vent valve (or flow restriction device), drop tubes, extractor tee, jack screw kit, face
seal adaptor (or threaded riser adaptor), AST fill cap and adaptors
UL 428A/B Outline for electrically operated valves for gasoline and gasoline/ethanol blends with
nominal ethanol concentrations up to 85% (E0 – E85); B6-B20 and/or B100
UL 2039 Flexible Connectors UL 567 Emergency breakaway fittings, swivel connectors and pipe-connection fittings for
petroleum products and LP-gas
UL 87 Power-operated dispensing devices for petroleum products UL 567A/B
Emergency breakaway fittings, swivel connectors and pipe-connection fittings for
gasoline and gasoline/ethanol blends with nominal ethanol concentrations up to
85% (E0 – E85); B6-B20 and/or B100
UL 87A/BPower-operated dispensing devices for gasoline and gasoline/ethanol blends with
nominal ethanol concentrations up to 85% (E0 – E85); B6-B20 and/or B100UL 842 Valves for flammable fluids
UL 25 Meters for flammable and combustible liquids and LP-gas UL 842A/BValves for gasoline and gasoline/ethanol blends with nominal ethanol concentrations
up to 85% (E0 - E85); B6-B20 and/or B100
UL 25A/BMeters for gasoline and gasoline/ethanol blends with nominal ethanol concentrations
up to 85% (E0 – E85); B6-B20 and/or B100UL 2586 Hose nozzle valves
UL 79 Power-operated pumps for petroleum dispensing products UL 2586A/BHose nozzle valves for gasoline and gasoline/ethanol blends with nominal ethanol
concentrations up to 85% (E0 – E85); B6-B20 and/or B100
UL Testing Standard
19
Fuel and Vapor Equipment at a Station
# EquipmentUL UL
Std.
Test
w/
fuel
Ethanol Test
fluidsMaterials Function
1 Tank-steel yes 58 no none steel Stores fuel.
1 Tank-fiberglass yes 1316 yes E100 fiberglass Stores fuel.
1Tank-external corrosion protection
Jacketed steel tankyes 1746 yes
aE100
a Protects tank from corrosion.
1 Tank-lining and upgrades yes 1856 yes E100 General tank protection.
1 Tank-above ground yes 142/142A no none fiberglass or steel Stores fuel.
1 Tank-above ground fire protection yes 2080/2085 no none Protects tank from fire.
2 Tank straps nometal, fiberglass,
and other
Outside of tank and usually made of concrete. Devices
installed in storage tank excavations to prevent tanks from
floating out of the ground in event of a high level of
groundwater in the excavation or a high groundwater level
after the installation is complete.
3 Sump and cover (tank) yes 2447 yes E85polyethylene,
fiberglassContains spills from a tank.
4 Sump entry fitting (boot) yes 2447 yes E85
fiberglass, bronze,
stainless steel, nitrile
rubber
These seals provide a studded flange connection to create a
positive and secure seal where the rubber contacts the
sump wall and also around the pipe or conduit.
5 Sump penetration fittings yes 2447 yes E85fiberglass or flexible
plastic
A fitting that provides a liquid and vapor-tight seal around
both the piping or conduit and the wall of a containment
sump.
6 Flexible entry boots (conduit entry) yes no no noneglass filled nylon,
nitrilePipe where electric wires are inserted.
7 Submersible turbine pump yes428
428Ayes
E10
E25 and/or E85
cast aluminum, steel,
flurocarbonDelivers fuel from the tank to the dispenser.
8 Mechanical line leak detector yes 1238 no none
brass, stainless
steel, copper,
fluorocarbon
A device used to detect the presence of a leak in the piping.
Usually connected to the STP.
9 Ball valve yes842
842Ayes
E10
E25 and/or E85
brass, plated steal,
vinyl, fluorocarbonA valve in a piping system that allows or stops flow of fuel.
10 Magnetostrictive probe yes 1238 no nonestainless steel, nitrile
rubber
A form of measurement technology used in in-tank electronic
monitoring systems.This is a leak detection method that
relies on sound waves and a magnet.
11 Float kit yes 1238 no nonenitrile rubber,
fluoropolymer
Works in conjunction with the magnetostrictive probe to
determine inventory and identify leaks.
12 Interstitial sensor yes 1238 no none
An electronic device that can detect the presence of water,
liquid product, product vapors or a loss of pressure or
vacuum in the interstice of a tank, a tank top sump, fuel
dispenser sump, or observation well.
13 Manhole-composite yes 2447 yes E85fiberglass, steel,
resin, nitrileManhole covering the STP sump.
a-only part III provides ethanol listing for jacket tanks with secondary contaiments; other methods covered in parts I, II, and IV list for flammable liquids rather than specific fuels
20
UL E25 and E85 listed Equipment
This is not an all inclusive list.
E25 E85*
Breakaway OPW 66V-0300 66V-0492
Gilbarco
Option on any new model or
retrofit kit Option on Encore, Atlas
Wayne Option on Helix, Ovation Option on Helix, Ovation
Hose Veyance Flexsteel Futura Ethan-all
OPW 21GE and 21GE-A
Husky X E25, XS E25 X E85, XS E85
Franklin Fueling 662
OPW 10P-0152E85, 10P-4152E85
Swivel
OPW
241TPS-0241, 241TPS-1000,
241TPW-0492 241TPS-0492
Submersible Turbine Pump Franklin Fueling IST and STPAG
Equipment Manufacturer
Dispenser
Nozzle
Shear Valve
Model
*All E85 and E100 equipment is also UL listed for E25
21
Tanks
• Tank owners storing greater than E10 can meet federal code compatibility requirements by
1. Third-party listing for fuel stored – All existing steel tank manufacturers are listed for flammable
fuels under UL Standard 58
– Both existing fiberglass tank companies are listed for E100 under UL Standard 1316
2. Manufacturer written statement of compatibility for E10+ blends – All existing steel tank manufacturers have issued letters stating
compatibility with ethanol blends up to E100 and B100
– Fiberglass ethanol compatibility depends on single or double wall and year it was manufactured; both manufacturers state that all their products are compatible with B100
– Stations with tanks from out of business manufacturers should not store blends above E10 or B20
22
Tank Compatibility
E10 E100
Manufacturer
Containment Solutions
Owens Corning (single wall between 1965-1994) ×
Owens Corning (double wall 1965-7/1/1990) ×
Owens Corning (double wall 7/2/1990-12/31/1994)
Xerxes (single wall prior to 2/1981) × ×
Xerxes (single wall prior 2/1981-6/2005) ×
Xerxes (single wall prior since 7/2005)
Xerxes (double wall prior to 4/1990) ×
Xerxes (double wall since 4/1990)
Acterra Group Inc.
Caribbean Tank Technologies Inc.
Eaton Sales & Service LLC
General Industries
Greer Steel, Inc.
Hall Tank Co.
Hamilton Tanks
Highland Tank
J.L. Houston Co.
Tank Manufacturer Compatibility with Ethanol Blends
FIBERGLASS1
STEEL2
Manufacturer E10 E100
Kennedy Tank and Manufacturing Co., Inc.
Lancaster Tanks and Steel Products
Lannon Tank Corporation
Mass Tank Sales Corp.
Metal Products Company
Mid-South Steel Products, Inc
Modern Welding Company
Newberry Tanks & Equipment, LLC
Plasteel1
Service Welding & Machine Company
Southern Tank & Manufacturing Co., Inc.
Stanwade Metal Products
Talleres Industriales Potosinos, S.A. de C.V.
Tanques Antillanos C. x A.
Watco Tanks, Inc.
We-Mac Manufacturing Company
Letters stating compatibility
1 PEI
http://www.pei.org/PublicationsResources/ComplianceFunding/UST
ComponentCompatibilityLibrary/tabid/882/Default.aspx
2 STI
http://www.steeltank.com/Publications/E85BioDieselandAlternativeF
uels/ManufacturerStatementsofCompatibility/tabid/468/Default.aspx
23
Pipe Compatibility
Company Model(s) Type Compatibility UL 971 E100 Listing
Advantage Earth Products 1.5", 2", 3", 4" flexible plastic E100 2009
Brugg PipesystemsFLEXWELL-HL, SECON-X,
NIROFLEX, LPGstainless steel E100 2007
Franklin Fueling XP, UPP flexible plastic E100 2005, 2006
NOV Fiberglass Red Thread IIA fiberglass E100 1990
NUPI Smartflex flexible plastic E100 Has UL listing; year unknown
OMEGAFLEX DoubleTrac flexible plastic E100 2008
OPWPisces (discontinued)
FlexWorksflexible plastic E100
2000
2007
• 99% of installed pipes are fiberglass or flexible plastic
• Flexible piping (which is jointless) has been installed more often in recent years
24
Associated UST Equipment
Compatibility letters available at: http://www.pei.org/PublicationsResources/ComplianceFunding/USTComponentCompatibilityLibrary/tabid/882/Default.aspx
• Equipment includes: • Sumps and accessories • Manholes • Flexible connectors • Fill caps and adaptors, • Entry fittings • Overfill prevention • Leak detection • Sensors • Drop tubes • Vents
• More equipment compatible with E15 than E85
25
Associated UST Equipment
• Many manufacturers have a laboratory at their facility where they test for fuels compatibility including ethanol and biodiesel
• Manufacturers without laboratories determine compatibility by working with their materials and parts suppliers
• American Petroleum Institute conducted testing of tank vapor recovery equipment and overfill protection devices with E15 and nearly all equipment passed
• Pipe dope (a sealing product used to make pipe thread joints leak proof and pressure tight) manufacturers Gasoila and Rectorseal both say their product is compatible with E15
26
Determining E15 & E85 Compatibility
• NREL’s E15 & Infrastructure Report appendices contain long lists of compatible equipment
• 2015 updated federal code requires stations storing E10+ to keep equipment records to prove compatibility
• Stations interested in selling E10+ may not have equipment records o It would take time to develop equipment records o Some equipment is easy to identify (example dispenser)
while the tank manufacturer plate and date are not located at tank access points
• Compare existing equipment to compatible equipment lists to determine upgrades needed to comply with regulations
28
UL B20 listed Equipment
• All Gilbarco dispensers sold as of 1/1/2014 are B20 listed-stations may not be aware
• Wayne offers B20 as an option on Ovation and Helix models
Equipment Type Manfucturer Model
Husky 5812 safe-t-break
OPWb 66RB
Gilbarco All (as of 1/1/2014)
WayneOvation models suffix # starting
with 9; option on Helix models
Hose Veyance Flexsteel Futura
Husky 1+VIII, 2+VIII
OPWb 11A, 11B (both with dash pot)
Franklin Fueling 662521902
OPWb 10BFP-5726, 10P-0152
Husky 4860
OPWb 241 TPS, 45-5060, 45-5075
Submersible Turbine Pump Franklin Fueling STPAG and IST models
a-earlier dispensers from both Gilbarco and Wayne are warrantied for B20 use
b-contact OPW for specific serial numbers for B20 UL listed equipment
B20 UL Listed Equipment
Breakaways
Dispensera
Nozzle
Shear Valve
Swivel
29
Tank Compatibility
• Many manufacturers of associated UST have compatible equipment; NREL can provide lists.
Manufacturer B20 B100
Containment Solutions
Owens Corning × ×
Xerxes
Acterra Group Inc.
Caribbean Tank Technologies Inc.
Eaton Sales & Service LLC
General Industries
Greer Steel, Inc.
Hall Tank Co.
Hamilton Tanks
Highland Tank
J.L. Houston Co.
STEEL2
Letters stating compatibility
1 PEI
http://www.pei.org/PublicationsResources/ComplianceFunding/USTComponent
CompatibilityLibrary/tabid/882/Default.aspx
2 STI
http://www.steeltank.com/Publications/E85BioDieselandAlternativeFuels/Manufa
cturerStatementsofCompatibility/tabid/468/Default.aspx
FIBERGLASS1
Manufacturer B20 B100
Kennedy Tank and Manufacturing Co., Inc.
Lancaster Tanks and Steel Products
Lannon Tank Corporation
Mass Tank Sales Corp.
Metal Products Company
Mid-South Steel Products, Inc
Modern Welding Company
Newberry Tanks & Equipment, LLC
Plasteel1
Service Welding & Machine Company
Southern Tank & Manufacturing Co., Inc.
Stanwade Metal Products
Talleres Industriales Potosinos, S.A. de C.V.
Tanques Antillanos C. x A.
Watco Tanks, Inc.
We-Mac Manufacturing Company
30
Pipe Compatibility
Compatibility letters available at: http://www.pei.org/PublicationsResources/ComplianceFunding/USTComponentCompatibilityLibrary/tabid/882/Default.aspx
PIPE MANUFACTURER COMPATIBILITY WITH BIODIESEL BLENDS
MANUFACTURER MODELS B20 B100
FIBERGLASS
Ameron NOV Dulaloy 3000L and 300LCX; Red Thread IIA (since 1990)
FLEXIBLE PLASTIC
Brugg FLEXWELL-HL, LPG, NIROFLEX, SECON-X
Franklin Fueling UPP, XP; both must use stainless steel fittings
Omega OmegaFlex DoubleTrac must use stainles steel fitings
NUPI Americas Smartflex
Western Fiberglass Co-Flex
Letters stating compatibility http://www.pei.org/PublicationsResources/ComplianceFunding/USTComponentCompatibilityLibrary/tabid/882/Default.aspx
a-Franklin Fueling does not provide a letter stating compatibility but does warranty biodiesel use
31
Useful Links
• NREL E15 & Infrastructure Report: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/64156.pdf
• Department of Energy Alternative Fuels Data Center:
http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels
• Handbook for Handling, Storing, and Dispensing E85 and Other Ethanol-Gasoline Blends: Anticipated update in late 2015 http://www.afdc.energy.gov/uploads/publication/ethanol_handbook.pdf
• Steel Tank Institute Letters Stating Compatibility:
http://www.steeltank.com/Publications/E85BioDieselandAlternativeFuels/ManufacturerStatementsofCompatibility/tabid/468/Default.aspx
• Petroleum Equipment Institute Letters Stating Compatibility: http://www.pei.org/ust-component-compatibility-library
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