biology 1/18/11 new learning targets & table of contents chapter 9 read and define vocabulary...

Biology 1/18/11 New learning Targets

& Table of Contents Chapter 9

Read and Define vocabulary 9.1

PS Lab 9.1 Notes 9.1

Energy in a Cell

Chapter 9

Cells Using Biochemical Energy

Essential for life: Active transport Movement Photosynthesis Protein Synthesis Cellular respiration All other cellular reactions

What Is ATP?oEnergy used by all Cells

oBroken down into:1. Adenosine Monophosphate

(AMP)-1 phosphate group2. Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) –

2 phosphate groups3. Adenosine Triphosphate(ATP)- 3

phosphate groups

9.1

Chemical Structure of ATP

3 Phosphates Ribose

Sugar

Adenine Base

*ATP contains two, high-energy phosphate bonds*Also contains the nitrogen base adenine & a ribose sugar

What Does ATP Do for You?It supplies YOU with

ENERGY!

How Do We Get Energy From ATP?

By breaking the high- energy bonds between the last two phosphates in ATP

How Does That Happen?

An Enzyme that breaks the phosphate bonds!

How is ATP Re-Made?

The reverse of the previous process occurs.

Another Enzyme is used!ATP Synthetase

The ADP-ATP Cycle

ATP-ase

ATP Synthetase

More on ATP Cells Have Enough ATP To

Last For A Few Seconds ATP must constantly be

made ATP Transfers Energy Very

Well ATP Is NOT Good At

Energy Storage

9.2 The Photosynthesis Equation

•Definition????

Photosynthesis

Is the process that plants use to trap the sun’s energy and build carbohydrates such as glucose, that store energy

AutotrophsPlants and some other types of organisms that contain chlorophyll are able to use light energy from the sun to produce food.

Pigmen

ts

• In addition to water, carbon dioxide, and light energy, photosynthesis requires Pigments

• Chlorophyll is the primary light-absorbing pigment in autotrophs

• Where is chlorophyll found?

• Why are leaves green?

Light and Pigments

Energy From The Sun Enters Earth’s Biosphere As Photons

Photon = Light Energy Unit

Light Contains A Mixture Of Wavelengths

Different Wavelengths Have Different Colors

Photosynthesis has 2 Phases:

1. Light Dependent Reaction – convert light energy into chemical energy which then helps to fuel the next step

occurs in the chloroplasts in the membranes of the thylakoids disks.

2. Light Independent Reaction – produces glucose

takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast

Occurs across the thylakoid membranes

Uses light energy Produce Oxygen from water

Convert ADP to ATP Also convert NADP+ into the energy carrier NADPH

Light Dependent Reactions

Inside A Chloroplast

Light dependent rxn

Photosynthesis BeginsElectrons are energized and passed to the Electron Transport Chain

Lost electrons are replaced from the splitting of water into 2H+, free electrons, and Oxygen

2H+ pumped across thylakoid membrane

Light Dependent Reaction

Function of the Stroma

Light Independent reactions occur here

ATP used to make carbohydrates like glucose

Location of the Calvin Cycle

GEL LIKE

MATERIAL

Inside A Chloroplast

Light dependent rxn

Light independent rxn

Light Dependent Reaction

Energy Carriers Nicotinamide Adenine

Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADP+)

NADP+ = Reduced Form Picks Up 2 high-energy

electrons and H+ from the Light Reaction to form NADPH

NADPH carries energy to be passed on to another molecule

Photosystem IHigh-energy electrons are moved to Photosystem I through the Electron Transport Chain

Energy is used to transport H+ from stroma to inner thylakoid membrane

NADP+ converted to NADPH when it picks up 2 electrons & H+

Phosphorylation

Enzyme in thylakoid membrane called ATP Synthetase

As H+ ions passed through thylakoid membrane, enzyme binds them to ADP

Forms ATP for cellular

Light Reaction SummaryReactants: H2O Light Energy

Energy Products: ATP NADPH

Light Independent Reaction

ATP & NADPH from light reactions used as energy

Atmospheric C02 is used to make sugars like glucose and fructose

Six-carbon Sugars made during the Calvin Cycle

Occurs in the stroma

The Calvin Cycle

The Calvin Cycle Two turns of the Calvin Cycle are required to make one molecule of glucose

3-CO2 molecules enter the cycle to form several intermediate compounds (PGA)

A 3-carbon molecule called Ribulose Biphosphate (RuBP) is used to regenerate the Calvin cycle

Photosynthesis Overview

Factors Affecting the Rate of Photosynthesis

Amount of available water

Temperature Amount of available light energy

When is ATP Made in the Body?

During a Process called Cellular Respiration that takes place in both Plants & Animals

9.3

Cellular Respiration What is it????? 3 stages

Glycolysis (anaerobic) Citric acid cycle aka Kreb Cycle

(aerobic) Electron transport chain (aerobic)

…….What is Aerobic? Anaerobic?........

Glucose is oxidized and O2 is reduced

Breakdown of one glucose results in 36 to 38 ATP molecules

Overall Equation for Cellular Respiration

6CO2 + 6H20 + e- + 36-38ATP’s

C6H12O6 + 6O2

YIELDS

What Carries the Electrons?

NAD+ (nicotinadenine dinucleotide) acts as the energy carrier

NAD+ is a coenzyme

It’s Reduced to NADH when it picks up two electrons and one hydrogen ion

Are There Any Other Electron Carriers?

YES! Another Coenzyme!

FAD+ (Flavin adenine dinucleotide)

Reduced to FADH2

What are the Stages of Cellular Respiration?

Glycolysis The Krebs Cycle aka Citric Acid Cycle

The Electron Transport Chain aka ETC

Where Does Cellular Respiration Take Place?

It actually takes place in two parts of the cell:Glycolysis occurs in the CytoplasmKrebs Cycle & ETC Take place in the Mitochondria

Diagram of the Process

Occurs in

Cytoplasm Occurs

in Matrix

Occurs across Cristae

Glycolysis Diagram

Glycolysis Summary*Takes place in the Cytoplasm

*Anaerobic (Doesn’t Use Oxygen)*Requires input of 2 ATP

*Glucose split into two molecules of Pyruvate or Pyruvic Acid*Also produces 2 NADH and 4 ATP Pyruvate is oxidized to Acetyl CoA and CO2 is removed

Review of Mitochondria Structure

Smooth outer Membrane

Folded inner membrane

Folds called Cristae

Space inside cristae called the Matrix

Krebs Cycle Summary Requires Oxygen (Aerobic) Cyclical series of oxidation

reactions that give off CO2 and produce one ATP per cycle

Turns twice per glucose molecule

Produces two ATP Takes place in matrix of

mitochondria

Krebs Cycle Summary Each turn of the Krebs

Cycle also produces 3NADH, 1FADH2, and 2CO2

Therefore, For each Glucose molecule, the Krebs Cycle produces 6NADH, 2FADH2, 4CO2, and 2ATP

Krebs Cycle

ATP

NETS: 3NADH, 1ATP, 1FADH2, & 2CO2

Electron Transport Chain Summary

34 ATP Produced H2O Produced Occurs Across Inner

Mitochondrial membrane Uses coenzymes NAD+ and FAD+

to accept e- from glucose NADH = 3 ATP’s FADH2 = 2 ATP’s

Electron Transport Chain

Differences between ETC in photosynthesis and cellular respiration???

FADH & NADH were byproducts of the kreb cycle/citric acid cycle

Electron Transport Chain Animation

Fermentation

Occurs when O2 NOT present (anaerobic)

Called Lactic Acid fermentation in muscle cells (makes muscles tired)

Called Alcoholic fermentation in yeast (produces ethanol)

Nets only 2 ATP

Comparison of Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis Food accumulated Energy from sun

stored in glucose Carbon dioxide

taken in Oxygen given off Produces glucose

from PGAL Goes on only in light Occurs only in the

presence of chlorophyll

Cellular RespirationFood broken downEnergy of glucose released

Carbon dioxide given off

Oxygen taken inProduces CO2 and H2O

Goes on day and night

Occurs in all living cells