biology, cells, and proteins
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BIOLOGY, CELLS, AND PROTEINS
BIOLOGY Biology is the study of LIVING
THINGS and how they INTERACT with their environment
There are MANY different types of living things.
Since biology has to cover all of these different types of life, there are many different kinds of biology. Eg. – Cell Biology, Biochemistry, Zoology, Botony,
Mycology, Environmental Biology, Physiology, Evolutionary Biology, Population Biology, Ecology, Genetics, Astrobiology, etc.
BIOLOGY If biology is the study of life, then what is
Life? What does it meant to be “living”?
There are many definitions of what Life is and it really depends what culture you are from Example – Western Culture (Europe, Canada, and
the USA) would consider animals and plants types of life but rocks would not be types of life. Indigenous Cultures in Canada typically thought everything was living and had life to it.
CELLS Living things are made of Cells
Cells are the building blocks of all LIVING THINGS Don’t get this confused with ATOMS!!! Cells are made of atoms and are WAY bigger.
There are 2 types of cells1. Prokaryotic – evolved early, simple life.
Includes all types of bacteria2. Eukaryotic – evolved ‘later’, more complex.
What all living things other than bacteria are made of.
EUKARYOTIC CELLS Eukaryotic cells are very small but are bigger than
prokaryotic cells
Can be a single cell or can be multicellular Multicellular – made of more than one cell that function
together. Example – humans, plants, animals, fungus, etc.
They have a nucleus Nucleus – contains genetic material. Kind of like the ‘brain’ of
the cell. Controls what the cell does and how it behaves.
Have organelles Organelles – structures that carry out the functions for the cell
(turn food into energy, fight diseases, kill outside objects, etc)
EUKARYOTIC CELL DIAGRAM In Grade 8 you studied the cell, try your
best to label the diagram below
EUKARYOTIC CELL DIAGRAM
ORGANELLES Cell Wall – Only in plants and fungus – Gives
structure to cell Cell Membrane – lets materials in and out of cell Cytoplasm – like the ‘blood’ of the cell. Liquid that
suspends organelles **Nucleus** – ‘brain’ of cell. Controls the functions
of the cell Mitochondria – ‘power plant’ of cell. Makes energy
from food. Chloroplast – Only in plants – turns sunlight into
sugars Endoplasmic Reticulum – helps make fats and
transport materials Golgi Apparatus – packages proteins to leave the
cell Vacuole – stores extra water and food Ribosome – makes proteins.
**Proteins**– molecules that carry out all of the functions of a cell
PROKARYOTIC CELLS Prokaryotic cells are very simple, very small
types of cells.
Prokaryotic means: ‘Pro-’ –early ‘-kary-’ –kernel
They are single cells
Typically called bacteria
Have no organelles
Have no nucleus
PROKARYOTIC CELL DIAGRAM
PROKARYOTIC CELL DIAGRAM
ORGANELLES AND PROTEINS The major functions of the cell are
carried out in the organelles of the cellThey are like the cell’s organsThey process food, transport materials, help
moves, etc.
Organelles carry out these functions using proteins
PROTEINS Proteins are molecules
Proteins carry out all of the functions inside the cell
They are a type of molecule called a polymerPolymer – made up of the same, repeating part.
The repeating parts that make up a protein are called amino acidsThere are 20 amino acids in nature
PROTEINS Proteins are made of amino acids Amino Acids connect to each other making
long chains The chain of amino acids is a protein
PROTEINS
There are 20 amino acids
The order they are connected is what determines the type of protein
Each type of protein does a different job inside of the cell.
PROTEIN EXAMPLE A protein is made of Met-Arg-Lys-Tyr
The job of this protein is to bring sugar into the mitochondria
The order of the amino acids (basic repeating parts) causes it to carry out this job
A 2nd protein is made of Met-Glu-Val-Ala-Ile-Pro.The job of this protein is to break apart fatsThe order of the amino acids causes it to carry out
this job.
HOW CAN WE SEE CELLS? Cells are extremely tiny, so to see them
we must use a special tool
This tool is called a microscopeMicro = extremely smallScope = see, sight
TYPES OF MICROSCOPES There are many types of microscopes,
each with a different job
We will be using a Light Microscope
LIGHT MICROSCOPE
PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE Eyepiece – Zooms in 10x Objective Lens – Zooms in 4x, 10x, and 40x Arm – Connects base and stage to the eyepiece Stage – Where the object to be viewed is placed Diaphragm – Controls the amount of light going
through Fine Focus – Focuses very slowly Coarse Focus – Focuses quickly. Should only
be used on lowest power Light – Shines a light through the object Base – Holds the microscope flat and steady
MICROSCOPE RULES Microscopes are very delicate, carefully
tuned instrumentsThey are not toys to be played with
Not using them properly can easily lead to them breaking or to you breaking a slide
You MUST follow all of the following rules in order to be allowed to continue using a microscope
MICROSCOPE RULES1. Always carry a microscope with 2 hands
1 on the arm, 1 on the base
2. Always start by finding your object on the LOWEST power
If you wish to zoom in, turn the objective lens to the next highest power
3. ONLY USE THE COARSE FOCUS ON THE LOWEST POWER
Use fine focus on the higher powers. Using coarse focus can crack the slide
4. Watch carefully as you focus on the higher powers. If you get close to the slide, stop.
5. You may have to move your slide around to find your object.
6. DO NOT touch the lenses with your fingers
7. When you are finished put your microscope away properly
Put your slide away Turn off the light Move the stage all the way down Move the objective lens to the lowest power Put the dust cover back on
MICROSCOPE RULES
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