Simplest life forms Hooke - 1665

Prokaryotic: no nuclear membrane

Eukaryotic: organelles; generally larger

Limited by surface area to volume ratio

High surface area needed for specific cells

Found on pages 100-101 Most organelles found only in eukaryotes

Nucleus houses DNA in chromosomes

Nucleolus: RNA synthesis

DNA RNA protein*

Protein synthesis Free or attached to

endoplasmic reticulum

Transport/movement of proteins and lipids

Huge, folded membrane

Smooth ER: synthesizes lipids, detox with –OH, stores Ca2+ for nerves

Rough ER: synthesize proteins to be exported and membranes

ER vesicle Golgi vesicle ??? Molecular

“shippinglabels”

Digestion in animals

Many hydrolytic enzymes

Phagocytosis Autophagy

Large in plants Food vacuoles Contractile vacuoles

(H2O pumps) Storage of nutrients,

ions, wastes, pigments, poisons

1. Nuclear envelope is connected to rough ER, which is also continuous with smooth ER

2. Membranes and proteins produced by the ER flow in the form of transport vesicles to the Golgi

3. Golgi pinches off transport vesicles and other vesicles that give rise to lysosomes and vacuoles

4. Lysosome available for fusion with another vesicle for digestion

5. Transport vesicle carries proteins to plasma membrane for secretion

6. Plasma membrane expands by fusion of vesicles; proteins are secreted from cell

(Pg. 109)

Cellular respiration Varying number Outer and folded

inner membrane

Plants Thylakoid,

grana, stroma Dynamic, like

mitochondria

Network of fibers in cytoplasm

Mechanical support Cell motility Anchor for

organelles

Microtubules: centrioles, cilia, flagella

Microfilaments Intermediate filaments