AP Biology Exam Review

Molecules and Cells – 25%

Cellular Energetics – 8% Coupled reactions Fermentation and cellular

respiration Photosynthesis

Equations Cellular respiration:C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP

Photosynthesis6H2O + 6CO2 + sunlight C6H12O6 +

6O2

Cellular respiration overview

Phosphorylation Substrate level: ADP+P1 with

enzymatic assistance

Oxidative: oxygen as final acceptor, proton gradient generated with ETC, activating ATP synthase enzyme

Substrate level Glycolysis Krebs cycle

Glycolysis 2 ATP 2

Pyruvate 2 NADH

Acetyl CoA

Krebs cycle

ETC and ATP synthase

Chemiosmosis

Cell respiration review

Alcohol fermentation

Lactic acid fermentation

Respiration Aerobic vs.

anaerobic respiration

Anaerobic only in cytoplasm

Photosynthesis products

Photosynthesis overview

Light transmission

Photospectrum

Chlorophyll structure

Photosystem

Noncyclic phosphorylation

Chemiosmosis comparison

Photosynthetic chemiosmosis

Calvin Dark

reaction Light

independent reaction

Cyclic phosphorylation (photorespiration)

C4 pathway

Desert and tropical plants

CAM vs. C4 pathway

Cacti and succulents

Photosynthesis review