brian klimm peter ozols tapan patel jeffrey walsh daniel west capstone design northeastern...
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Brian KlimmPeter OzolsTapan PatelJeffrey WalshDaniel West
Capstone DesignNortheastern UniversityDecember 4, 2007
Problem Statement
• Design a wind powered system that will provide an energy source to an off the grid location
• Design an innovative system that incorporates power storage through a battery backup system providing 3 days of continuous use without recharging
Background: Product Niche & Economics
• Economics– Pros
• Eliminates utility bills• Majority of cost is upfront in
materials and construction• Aboveground electric cables
can be as much as $10 per ft– Cons
• Financial and land costs limit the market
• NIMBY, aesthetics play a factor
• Reason for Design– Desire to reduce one’s carbon
footprint– 1kWh produced by wind
turbine = 3.41 ft3 of natural gas or 0.0034 gal of oil
– Reduce or eliminate reliance on the power grid
Background:Market Options
• Small Wind Turbines range from 20 W to 100 kW
• Southwest Windpower– SkyStream 3.7– Air Breeze– Air-X– Whisper 100 & 200
• Bergey
50 kW
400 W
3 kW
10 kW10 kW
Selecting a Feasible Site
• Key Factors– Average wind speeds– Local regulations– Proximity to Northeastern
• Narrowed to Nantucket, Cape Cod and NUHOC Lodge– Nantucket was the only site
that fit the 3 criterion
• Laws & Regulations– Zoning laws must be analyzed
on a case-to-case basis– Nantucket, MA
• 60 ft tower height limit• Guy wires may be no closer
than 15 ft from property line• Noise limitations• Fence around tower• Drawing package must be
submitted to Town Council
Wind Power & Energy:Small Cabin Layout
Wind Power & Energy:Power Estimates for Cabin Layout
Appliances Specifications How Often Used Number of
AppliancesAverage kWh per
month Total (kWh)
Energy Star Compact Fluorescent Lights (100 Watt incandescent) 28 Watts 4 hrs./day 7 3.36 23.52
Ceiling Fan, high speed 12 hrs./day 1 23.4 23.4
Energy Star Refrigerator/freezer 17.5 cubic feet 8 hr./day 1 60 60
Microwave Oven 30 min./day 1 12 12
Television, 32" LCD 6 hrs./day 1 27 27
Coffee Maker 15 min./day 1 11.25 11.25
Outlets 6 0
Washing Machine 8 loads/wk. 1 80 80
Water Pump 0.5 hrs/day 1 16.5 16.5
Total Monthly Power 253.67
Total Yearly Power 3044.04
V = Velocity in mphEPF = Energy Pattern Factor of 1.91 for a Rayleigh Distribution of wind speedsPower Density Based on Sea Level Conditions
V = Velocity in mphEPF = Energy Pattern Factor of 1.91 for a Rayleigh Distribution of wind speedsPower Density Based on Sea Level Conditions
AEO = Annual Energy OutputP/A = Power DensityP = Power in WindA = Swept Area% Efficiency = Betz Limit and Turbine Components = 30%
2rA
Swept Area
r = length of a single blade
Wind Power & Energy:Estimated Output
W
kW
yr
hEfficiencyA
A
PAEO
1000
1760,8%
EPFVDensityPower 305472.0
Wind Power & Energy:Estimated Wind Energy Output
Assumptions:– Temperature 15 C (59 F)– Air density 1.225 kg/m3
– Sea level pressure 29.92 in Hg– Energy Pattern Factor 1.91– Swept Area 3.58 (m2)– Blade Length 1.0668 (m)
Design Site
Annual Average
Wind Speed
mph
Power
Density
W/m
Annual
Energy
Density
kWh/m2
Overall
Conversion
Effciency
%
Annual
Energy
Output
kWh/m2
Nantucket, MA 15.00 352.73 2213.59 0.30 3314.02
2
Wind Power & Energy:Energy Output With Varied Blade Length
Blade Length (m) Swept Area (m2)
Annual Energy
Output (kWh/m2)0.25 0.196 182.0100.50 0.785 728.0420.75 1.767 1638.0931.00 3.142 2912.1661.25 4.909 4550.2601.50 7.069 6552.3741.75 9.621 8918.5092.00 12.566 11648.6652.25 15.904 14742.8412.50 19.635 18201.0392.75 23.758 22023.2573.00 28.274 26209.4963.25 33.183 30759.7553.50 38.485 35674.0363.75 44.179 40952.3374.00 50.265 46594.659
Blade Length (m) Swept Area (m2)
Annual Energy
Output (kWh/m2)0.25 0.196 182.0100.50 0.785 728.0420.75 1.767 1638.0931.00 3.142 2912.1661.25 4.909 4550.2601.50 7.069 6552.3741.75 9.621 8918.5092.00 12.566 11648.6652.25 15.904 14742.8412.50 19.635 18201.0392.75 23.758 22023.2573.00 28.274 26209.4963.25 33.183 30759.7553.50 38.485 35674.0363.75 44.179 40952.3374.00 50.265 46594.659
Wind System Components:Alternator
• Two commonly used options for wind powered generation – Induction Motor– Permanent Magnet Alternator
• Induction Motors need to be connected to the grid and require energy to start
• PMA requires no connection or power to start
Wind System Components:Rotor Blades
• More blades, more torque, slower speed• Less blades, higher speeds, but reduced
torque requiring higher winds• Three blade design is most commonly
used• Offers best balance between start up
speed and rotational speed.
Wind System Components:Rotor Blades
• Airfoil Design– Better performance – Higher price
• Drag Design– Easy to manufacture – Low price
Wind System Components:Rotor Blades
• Utilizes 3 blade design• 7ft rotor diameter
– TLG Wind Power
• 6061 T6 Aluminum rolled sheet metal
Wind System Components:Power Output
• At Nantucket’s average wind speed of 15 mph, the blades spin at 500 RPM
• At 500 RPM, the PMA produces 41 Volts at 9 Amps
• The resulting power is 369 Watts and 265 kWh per month
Off-the-Grid System
GENERATOR
BATTERIES
INVERTER
3 phase AC
AC LOADS
(120 VAC 60Hz)
WIND
VARIABLE SPEED
RECTIFIER
CHARGE CONTROLLER
DIVERSION LOAD
DC
Wind System Components:Electrical System Diagram
• Electrical Power conversion and management components:– Southwest Windpower Charge Controller– Outback FX3048T Inverter
Wind System Components:Power Storage Configuration
• 48V 516Ah system– 8x 12V 258Ah Concorde PVX-2580L AGM lead acid batteries
Wind System Components:Proof of Concept Electrical Configuration
Wind System Components:Support Tower
• Height• Strength• Cost• Footprint
Monopole Tower
Lattice Tower
Guyed Tower
Wind System Components:Support Tower
• Southwest Windpower Air-X 45 Foot Tower– Includes all hardware excluding
tubing and anchors– $210 for the kit, $2000 for the
tubing and anchors– Instruction manual included
Conceptual Design Model
Proof of Concept Model
Proof of Concept Model
Questions?
Actual Cost
Prototype Cost
Background:Patent Search
• One of the first patents filed for a wind powered generator was in 1891
• The system utilized a tail vane to direct the rotor into the wind and also a secondary battery to store the generated electricity
Nantucket Satellite Image
Structural Analysis
Structural Analysis
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