business combination
Post on 18-Nov-2014
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What is Business Combination? Business combination is voluntary
association of firms for the achievements of common objective.
Causes of Business Combination
Elimination of Competition• Some firms do not survive the competition and
finally close the business due to large number of firms produce a particular type of commodity.
Elimination of Competition• Some firms do not survive the competition and
finally close the business due to large number of firms produce a particular type of commodity.
Causes of Business Combination
Economies of Large scale production
The rival unit combine together to reap the benefit of large scale production. They purchase raw material in bulk, produce standard goods, reduce the operational costs of business and sell the product at a price which gives them maximum profit.
Economies of Large scale production
The rival unit combine together to reap the benefit of large scale production. They purchase raw material in bulk, produce standard goods, reduce the operational costs of business and sell the product at a price which gives them maximum profit.
Causes of Business Combination Capital Problem
Lack of Capital is great hindrance for the progress of a firm. So, Business Combination is formed to overcome this problem.
Capital Problem Lack of Capital is great hindrance for the progress
of a firm. So, Business Combination is formed to overcome this problem.
Causes of Business Combination Transportation Developments;
The development of fast means of transport has also led to the growth of industrial combinations.
Transportation Developments;
The development of fast means of transport has also led to the growth of industrial combinations.
Causes of Business Combination
Tariff facilities• The imposition of custom and duties on the
imported goods is also an important factor in the formation of combination.
Tariff facilities• The imposition of custom and duties on the
imported goods is also an important factor in the formation of combination.
Causes of Business Combination
Effective Management• Small units are unable to hire the services of
experts.
Causes of Business Combination
Rapid changes of Economic Policy
Causes of Business Combination
Use of Technology• A single unit cannot use the new technology.
Causes of Business Combination
Economic Instability• There is fear of loss always so Business
combination is formed.
Causes of Business Combination
Respect for bigness• The business units of bigger size command
more respect than of smaller units.
Forms of Business Combination
When ownership is the basis of combination, it is known as forms of combination.
Various form of combination are grouped under
two main heads Simple Combination Compound Combination It includes
Partnership and companies.
Forms of Business Combination
Combined Combination is the Combination of associations.
1- Simple Association• Trade Associations
• Chamber of Commerce
• Gentlemen’s Agreement
Forms of Business Combination
Simple Association• Trade Association
A trade association is a voluntary association of merchants, industrialist, traders, engaged in the same kind of trade.
Examples of these trades are;Grain market Association, FAISALABADCloth merchants Association, SHAH ALMI LAHORECotton Textile mills Association, PAKISTAN
Forms of Business Combination
Chamber of CommerceChamber of commerce is a voluntary association of traders, businessmen, merchants, industrialists, financier, who work for the benefit of business community generally at a regional level.Following chamber of commerce are working in Pakistan;
• Federal chamber of commerce of Pakistan.• Federal chamber of commerce at Karachi.
Forms of Business Combination
Gentlemen’s AgreementsThe gentlemen’s agreement is the simplest and most informal type of business combination among competing enterprises.
Forms of Business Combination
Federation• Pool
The pool is an agreement made by members producing and dealing in similar products. The aim of the pool is to eliminate competition among the producers by regulating prices.
Forms of Business Combination
Pool
THE POOL
Co. A Co. B
Co. G Co. C
Co. F Co. E
Co. D
Co. H
Poolin
g
Mem
ber
Pooling
Mem
ber
Forms of Business Combination
Types of Pool• Production Pool
• Market Pool
• Income or Profit Pool
Forms of Business Combination
Cartel or Syndicate
Cartel New
Company
CompanyAC
ompa
nyD
Com
pany
B
Com
pany
C
Forms of Business Combination
Consolidation• Partial Consolidation
• Trust• Community of interest• Holding Company
• Complete consolidation• Amalgamation• Merger
Business combination is about to start;
Types of Business CombinationTypes of Business CombinationTypes of Business CombinationTypes of Business Combination
Types of Business CombinationTypes of Business Combination
There are four main divisions of Business Combination.
Horizontal CombinationVertical CombinationCircular CombinationDiagonal Combination
Types of Business CombinationTypes of Business Combination
Horizontal Combination In Horizontal combination, two or more than two
same nature business units combined themselves under the one management. For example, if four cement industrial units are at the same stage of production, they are engaged in same activity. They sell wholesale.
Types of Business CombinationTypes of Business Combination
Horizontal Combination
Management
A
Cement
Factory
B
Cement
Factory
C
Cement
Factory
D
Cement
Factory
Types of Business CombinationTypes of Business Combination
Vertical Combination
Vertical integration is the combination of firms in successive stage of the same industry.
Cotton Ginning
Cotton Spinning
Cotton Wearing
Cotton Processing
Wholesale Selling
Types of CombinationTypes of Combination
Circular Combination
Management Of
Circular Combination
ChemicalIndustry
CementIndustry
ShoesIndustry
ClothIndustry
Types of CombinationTypes of Combination
Diagonal CombinationDiagonal combination takes place when two or more than two business units rendering subsidiary services unite under main industry or under a single management a diagonal combination is formed.
Tailoring Units Garments Industry Designing Units
Advantages & Disadvantages of Advantages & Disadvantages of Business CombinationBusiness Combination
Advantages of Business CombinationAdvantages of Business Combination
Increase in Capital Elimination of
Competition Saving is expense Controls
overproduction Large Scale
Marketing Experts Services
Reduction per unit cost
Closing down inefficient firms
Use of Modern technology
Stability Division of Labor
Disadvantages of Business CombinationDisadvantages of Business Combination
MonopolyConcentration of wealthIncreased riskCostly managementOvercapitalizationMisuse of funds No Personal contracts
COOPERATIVE SOCITIES
Meaning of Cooperative
• Cooperative is a special form of organization. It differs from other major forms of organizations in set up not to earn profit but to render services to its members.
Characteristics of Co-operative undertaking
• Body Corporate• Voluntary Association• One man one vote• Service motive• Distribution of profits• Control and management• Cash transaction only• Religious and political neutrality• Liability
Principal of Cooperative
• Voluntary membership• Equality• Decision democratic• Spirit of co-operation• Welfare objective• Honesty• Mutual confidence• Economy• Payment of dividend• Sales on cash• Market prices of the Commodities.
Classification of Co-operative societies
• Types of Cooperatives• Producer Cooperative societies;
• It is successful when;
Business is on small scaleNeed special skill of doing a workWork is labor intensiveManagement is honest and efficient
• Types of Cooperatives• Producer Cooperative societies;
• It is successful when;
Business is on small scaleNeed special skill of doing a workWork is labor intensiveManagement is honest and efficient
Classification of Co-operative societies
• Types of Cooperatives• Consumer cooperatives• Cooperative market societies• Cooperative credit societies• Co-operative Insurance• Co-operative Housing societies• Co-operative Farming societies• Miscellaneous societies
Advantages of Co-operatives
• Merits of Cooperatives• Easy Formation• Open membership• Relief by Government• Elimination of Middlemen• Minimum Inventories• Distribution of wealth• Limited Capital• Long life• Employment
opportunities• Economic development.
• Merits of Cooperatives• Easy Formation• Open membership• Relief by Government• Elimination of Middlemen• Minimum Inventories• Distribution of wealth• Limited Capital• Long life• Employment
opportunities• Economic development.
Disadvantage ofCo-operatives
• Difficulty in cooperation.• Inefficient management.• Inefficient Employees.• Mismanagement.• Limited liability.• Lack of secrecy.• Rigid Government rules and regulations,
Cooperative SocietiesCooperative Societies
• A cooperative society is a form of organization wherein persons voluntarily associate together as human beings on basis of equality for the promotion of economic interest of themselves.
Forming of Cooperative societyin Pakistan
• Application for Registration• Minimum members
• A society is registered if there are at least 10 members above the age of 18 years.
• Rights and liabilities of members• Dues
• One man one vote
• Death
• Application for Registration• Minimum members
• A society is registered if there are at least 10 members above the age of 18 years.
• Rights and liabilities of members• Dues
• One man one vote
• Death
Forming of Cooperative society in Pakistan
• Property and Funds of a registered society• Loan
• Rules and regulations
• Investments
• Net profit
• Property and Funds of a registered society• Loan
• Rules and regulations
• Investments
• Net profit
L i p to n Break`
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