bzupages.com in the name of allah,the most merciful and the most beneficial……

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In the name of Allah,the most Merciful and The most Beneficial……

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Theories of Motivation Theories of Motivation

Presented to: Sir Ahmad Tisman Pasha

Presented By: Madiha Fatima

BS(IT) 07- 07

Department of Information Technology

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Reinforcement TheoryReinforcement Theory

Concepts:

Behavior is environmentally caused.

Behavior can be modified (reinforced) by providing (controlling) consequences.

Reinforced behavior tends to be repeated.

Concepts:

Behavior is environmentally caused.

Behavior can be modified (reinforced) by providing (controlling) consequences.

Reinforced behavior tends to be repeated.

Behavior is a function of its consequences.

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Reinforcement TheoryReinforcement Theory

process of shaping behavior by controlling the consequences of the behavior.

combination of rewards and/or punishments

The specific behavioral consequence is called a reinforcer

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Reinforcement TheoryReinforcement Theory

Individuals can choose from several responses to a given stimulus, and that individuals will generally select the response that associated with positive outcomes in the past .

Responses to stimuli that are followed by satisfaction will be strengthened, but responses that are followed by discomfort will be weakened .

Internal needs and drives of individuals can be ignored because people learn to exhibit certain behaviors based on what happens to them as a result of their behavior

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Reinforcement TheoryReinforcement Theory

Types of reinforcement : Positive Reinforcement : Following a response with something pleasant

Negative Reinforcement : Following a response by termination or withdrawal of something unpleasant

Punishment : attempts to decrease the probability of specific behaviors

Extinction : Eliminating any reinforcement that is maintaining a behavior

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Reinforcement TheoryReinforcement Theory

Reinforcement schedules :

Continuous :- Behavior is reinforced each time it occurs

Intermittent :- Each instance of a desired behavior is not reinforced

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Reinforcement TheoryReinforcement Theory

Types of intermittent reinforcement schedules:

Fixed interval Fixed ratio Variable interval Variable ratio

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Reinforcement TheoryReinforcement Theory

Reinforcement theory is an important explanation of how people learn behavior

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Equity TheoryEquity Theory

Referent Comparisons:

Self-inside

Self-outside

Other-inside

Other-outside

Referent Comparisons:

Self-inside

Self-outside

Other-inside

Other-outside

Equity Theory

Individuals compare their job inputs and outcomes with those of others and then respond to eliminate any inequities.

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Equity Theory Equity Theory

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Equity Theory Equity Theory

Choices for dealing with inequity:

1. Change inputs (exert less effort)

2. Change outcomes (increase output)

3. Distort/change perceptions of self

4. Distort/change perceptions of others

5. Choose a different referent person

6. Leave the field (quit the job)

Choices for dealing with inequity:

1. Change inputs (exert less effort)

2. Change outcomes (increase output)

3. Distort/change perceptions of self

4. Distort/change perceptions of others

5. Choose a different referent person

6. Leave the field (quit the job)

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Equity Theory Equity Theory

Propositions relating to inequitable pay:

1. Overrewarded hourly employees produce more than equitably rewarded employees.

2. Overrewarded piece-work employees produce less, but do higher quality piece work.

3. Underrewarded hourly employees produce lower quality work.

4. Underrewarded employees produce larger quantities of lower-quality piece work than equitably rewarded employees

Propositions relating to inequitable pay:

1. Overrewarded hourly employees produce more than equitably rewarded employees.

2. Overrewarded piece-work employees produce less, but do higher quality piece work.

3. Underrewarded hourly employees produce lower quality work.

4. Underrewarded employees produce larger quantities of lower-quality piece work than equitably rewarded employees

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Equity TheoryEquity Theory

Distributive Justice

Perceived fairness of the amount and allocation of rewards among individuals.

Procedural Justice

The perceived fairness of the process to determine the distribution of rewards.

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Equity Theory Equity Theory

Organizational justice

Overall perception of what is fair in workplace

Interactional JusticePerceived degree to which one is treated with dignity and respect

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Equity theoryEquity theory

Model of Organizational justice

Distributive Justice

Procedural Justice

Internal justice

Organizational justice

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Expectancy TheoryExpectancy Theory

Expectancy Theory (Victor Vroom)

The strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of an expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual.

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Expectancy Theory RelationshipsExpectancy Theory Relationships

Effort–Performance Relationship– The probability that exerting a given amount of

effort will lead to performance. Performance–Reward Relationship

– The belief that performing at a particular level will lead to the attainment of a desired outcome.

Rewards–Personal Goals Relationship– The degree to which organizational rewards

satisfy an individual’s goals or needs and the attractiveness of potential rewards for the individual.

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Questions in the mind of workers…

Questions in the mind of workers…

If I gave a maximum effort, will it b recognized in my performance appraisal ?

If I get a good performance appraisal, will it lead to organizational rewards ?

If I rewarded, are the rewards ones that I find personally attractive ?

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Does Expectancy theory works ?Does Expectancy theory works ?

If organization actually rewarded individual For Performance rather than according to criteria Such as seniority, effort, skill level, and job difficulty,

then the theory’s validity might be considerably greater.

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