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Children and
Family Research Center
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
School of Social WorkTM
Return to Care:
What are the Factors Involved in Children
Reentering Foster Care?
November, 2003
Gail Tittle
• Permanency for children continues to be a priority but is difficult to achieve.
• There are varying results from studies on foster care recidivism.
• We need to know more about why children reenter foster care.
Background
• Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act of 1980
• Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997
Background
Rates of Reentry
Previous Studies• Festinger (1994) 1 yr. 12.7%• Block & Libowitz (1983)2 yr. 16%• Fanshel & Shinn (1978) 5 yr. 16%• U.S. DHHS (1998) 1 yr. 17%• Fein et al. (1983) 2 yr. 22%• Wulczyn (1991) 5 yr. 22%• Sherman et al. (1973) 1 yr. 27%• Wulczyn et al. (2000) 8 yrs. 29%• Frame et al. (2000) 4-6 yrs. 32%• Terling (2000) 3½ yrs. 37%
Factors in Reentry
Types of Maltreatment
• Neglect
• Physical abuse
• Child reason only (anti-social behavior)
Factors in Reentry
Foster Care Experience
• Previous child welfare experience
• Placement history
• Timing of reentry/reabuse
• Services
Factors in Reentry
Family Characteristics
• Single vs. two-parent families
• Siblings
• Socioeconomic status
• Social support
Methodology
Data Collection
• Phase 1: Illinois Department of Children and Family Services Integrated Administrative Database
• Phase 2: Caseworker Surveys
• Future - Phase 3: Foster Parent Surveys
Methodology
Total Sample
• Cohort of foster children from FY 2000
• 724 children who returned home – 349 remained at home– 375 returned to foster care
• Stratified by placement type
Methodology
Subsample: Caseworker Survey
• Cohort of foster children from FY 2000
• 295 children who returned home – 121 remained at home– 174 returned to foster care
• Stratified by placement type
Methodology
Dependent Variable
• Whether the child reentered foster care or remained home within 12 months of return home from foster care
Methodology
Independent Variables• Placement history
• Agency factors
• Service factors
• Birth parent support
• Child factors
• Caseworker factors
Findings
• Number of foster care placements
• *Length of time in care
Placement History (prior to return home)
Findings
Number of Placements
Reentry Status
ReentryNo Reentry
Co
un
t
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Number of placements
1
2
3
4
5
more than 5
Findings
Length of Time in Care
Reentry Status
ReentryNo Reentry
Co
un
t160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Time in care
up to 6 months
6 months - 1 year
1 - 3 years
3 - 5 years
5 - 7 years
over 7 years
Findings
Length of Time in Care
Reentry Status
ReentryNo Reentry
Per
cent
80
60
40
20
0
Time in care
up to 6 months
6 months - 1 year
1 - 3 years
3 - 5 years
5 - 7 years
over 7 years
27
73
39
61
42
58
5149
43
57
66
34
Findings
Type of Agency
Reentry Status
ReentryNo Reentry
Co
un
t
240
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
Agency Type
Public
Private
Findings
Type of Agency
Reentry Status
ReentryNo Reentry
Per
cent
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Agency Type
Public
Private
45
55
61
39
Findings
Agency Location
Reentry Status
ReentryNo Reentry
Co
un
t
200
100
0
Region in Illinois
Northern
Central
Southern
Cook County
Findings
Agency Location
Rentry Status
ReentryNo Reentry
Per
cent
80
60
40
20
0
Region in Illinois
Northern
Central
Southern
Cook County
35
65
70
30
60
40
61
39
Findings
• Parent visitation
• Services child received in care
• Services parent received while child in care
• Aftercare services received by child
• Aftercare services received by parent
Service Factors
Findings
Parent Visitation
Reentry Status
ReentryNo Reentry
Cou
nt100
80
60
40
20
0
Frequency of Visits
1 x week
supervised daytime
More than 1 x week
supervised daytime
1 x week
unsupervised daytime
More than 1 x week
unsupervised daytime
Unsupervised
overnights
Findings
Parent Visitation
Reentry Status
ReentryNo Reentry
Per
cent
80
60
40
20
0
Frequency of visits
1 x week
supervised daytime
More than 1 x week
supervised daytime
1 x week
unsupevised daytime
More than 1 x week
unsupervised daytime
Unsupervised
overnights
54
46
57
43
60
40
5050
71
29
Findings
Child Services in Care
• *Counseling/therapy
• *Drug or alcohol treatment
• Psychological testing
• *School attendance or tutoring
• Other services
Findings
Counseling/therapy• 126 cases• Of those who achieved therapy goal(111),
39% did not reenter and 61% did reenter.• Of those who did not reenter (45), 96%
achieved therapy goal.• Of those who did reenter (81), 84%
achieved therapy goal.
Findings
Drug/alcohol treatment• 156 cases• Of those who received treatment (16), only
6% (1) did no reenter, while 94% (15) did reenter.
• Of those who did not reenter (57), 2% received treatment.
• Of those who did reenter (99), 15% received treatment.
Findings
School attendance/tutoring• 121 cases• Of those who achieved school goal (111),
38% did not reenter and 62% did reenter.• Of those who did not reenter (42), 100%
(42) achieved school goal.• Of those who reentered (79), 87% achieved
school goal.
Findings
Parent Services During Care• *Parenting classes
• *Drug or alcohol treatment
• Psychological testing
• Urine screening or random drops
• *Individual or family counseling
• *Other services
Findings
Parenting Classes• 175 cases
• Of those who achieved goal (156), 49% did not reenter and 51% did reenter.
• Of those who did not reenter (79), 96% achieved goal.
• Of those who did reenter (96), 83% achieved goal.
Findings
Drug or Alcohol Treatment• 122 cases
• Of those who achieved goal (99), 47.5% did not reenter and 52.5% did reenter.
• Of those who did not reenter (52), 90% achieved goal.
• Of those who did reenter (70), 74% achieved goal.
Findings
Counseling• 210 cases
• Of those who achieved goal (178), 46% did not reenter and 54% did reenter.
• Of those who did not reenter (86), 95% achieved goal.
• Of those who did reenter (124), 77% achieved goal.
Findings
Other Services• 149 cases
• Of those who achieved goal (128), 45% did not reenter and 55% did reenter.
• Of those who did not reenter (60), 97% achieved goal.
• Of those who did reenter (89), 79% achieved goal.
Findings
Aftercare Services for Child
• Counseling
• Medical services
• Educational services
• *Other
Findings
Other Aftercare Services for Child
• 189 cases• Of those who received other services (97),
31% did not reenter and 69% did reenter.• Of those who did not reenter (74), 40.5%
received other services.• Of those who did reenter (115), 58%
received other services.
Findings
Aftercare Services for Parent
• Outpatient drug treatment
• Individual counseling
• Parenting classes
• Support group
• Respite services
• Advocacy
• *Other
Findings
Other Aftercare Services for Parent• 257 cases• Of those who received other services (165),
45.5% did not reenter and 54.5% did reenter.
• Of those who did not reenter (102), 73.5% received other services.
• Of those who did reenter (155), 58% received other services.
Findings
Birth Parent Support System
Reentry Status
ReentryNo Reentry
Cou
nt
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Support
Yes
No
Findings
Caseworker Contact
Reentry Status
ReentryNo Reentry
Cou
nt80
60
40
20
0
Frequency
More than 1 x week
1 x week
A few x month
1 x month
Less than 1 x month
Findings
Caseworker Contact
Reentry Status
ReentryNo Reentry
Per
cent
100
80
60
40
20
0
Frequency
More than 1 x week
1 x week
A few x month
1 x month
Less than 1 x month
5050
20
80
67
33
5248
76
24
Findings
• *Age– At entry– At return home
• *Race
• Gender
• *Behavioral problems
Child Characteristics
Findings
Child’s Age at Entry
Reentry Status
ReentryNo Reentry
Co
un
t
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
Age Group at Entry
less than 1 year
1-3 years
3-6 years
6-9 years
9-12 years
12 years and over
Findings
Child’s Age at Entry
Reentry Status
ReentryNo Reentry
Per
cent
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Age group at Entry
less than 1 year
1-3 years
3-6 years
6-9 years
9-12 years
12 years and over
68
32
61
39
4951
44
56
46
54
44
56
Findings
Child’s Age at Return Home
Reentry Status
ReentryNo Reentry
Co
un
t
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Age at Return Home
less than 1 year
1-3 years
3-6 years
6-9 years
9-12 years
12 years and over
Findings
Child’s Age at Return Home
Reentry Status
ReentryNo Reentry
Per
cent
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Age at Return Home
less than 1 year
1-3 years
3-6 years
6-9 years
9-12 years
12 years and over
65
35
5248
36
64
48
52
44
5658
42
Findings
Child’s Race
Reentry Status
ReentryNo Reentry
Cou
nt
300
200
100
0
Child Race
Black
White
Hispanic
Other
Findings
Child’s Race
Reentry Status
ReentryNo Reentry
Per
cent
80
60
40
20
0
Child Race
Black
White
Hispanic
Other
60
40
29
71
63
37
44
56
Findings
Child’s Gender
Reentry Status
ReentryNo Reentry
Co
un
t
220
210
200
190
180
170
160
150
Child gender
Male
Female
Findings
Child’s Gender
Reentry Status
ReentryNo Reentry
Per
cent
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Child gender
Male
Female
5149
53
47
Findings
Child’s Behavior
Reentry Status
ReentryNo Reentry
Co
un
t
100
80
60
40
20
0
Behavior
Unknow n
No or few problems
Problems
Many problems
Findings
Child’s Behavior
Reentry Status
ReentryNo Reentry
Per
cent
80
60
40
20
0
Behavior
Unknown
No or few problems
Problems
Many problems
73
27
74
26
4852
64
36
Findings
Caseworker’s Race
Reentry Status
ReentryNo Reentry
Cou
nt140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Caseworker Race
Black
White
Hispanic
Other
Findings
Caseworker’s Degree
Reentry Status
ReentryNo Reentry
Co
un
t
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
MSW
Yes
No
Reentry Status
ReentryNo Reentry
Cou
nt
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
BSW
Yes
No
No response
BSW
MSW
Findings
Caseworker’s Education
Reentry Status
ReentryNo Reentry
Cou
nt
100
80
60
40
20
0
Caseworker Education
Less than Bachelor's
Bachelor's degree
Some graduate work
Master's or higher
Findings
Caseworker’s Experience
Reentry Status
ReentryNo Reentry
Cou
nt100
80
60
40
20
0
CW Experience
Less than 5 years
5 - 10 years
More than 10 years
Conclusion
• Agency type
• Agency location
• Child’s age at entry
• Child’s race
• Child services during placement: therapy, drug treatment, school
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