caltrans guide trb04-4484 s719

Guide to the Investigation and Remediation of Distress inFlexible Pavements

Presentation for:2004 Annual Meeting of theTransportation Research Board

Based on Study Funded by:California Dept. of Transportation

Authors

Mike Cook, P.E. (Caltrans)Steve Seeds, P.E. (APTech)Haiping Zhou, P.E., PhD. (MACTEC)Gary Hicks, P.E., PhD. (MACTEC)

Why did we need this?

Caltrans• 12 autonomous districts• Has lost a lot of experience• Staff amenable to new technology

Some practices have become outdatedNeed for standardized approaches that address typical flexible pavement problems

Purpose of Presentation

Identify documentationReview basic processHighlight featuresShare information

Documentation

Office Manual• Detailed reference• Limited productionField Manual• Assumes familiarity with

Office Manual• Contains all primary tools• Assists field personnel

Overview of Guide

IntroductionTypes of Flexible Pavements• Hot-Mix Asphalt• Surface Treatments• Composite (HMA over PCCP)

Factors Affecting Pavement Distress and Performance

EnvironmentEnvironment

Traffic

Pavement Performance

PavementMaterials

SubgradeSoil

Overview of Guide

IntroductionTypes of Flexible PavementsFactors Affecting Pavement Distress and PerformanceTypes of Pavement Distress and Their Mechanisms

Pavement Distress Types

Typical distress types for both HMA pavements and surface treatments• HMA

♦Cracking, Deformation, Deterioration, Mat problems

• Surface Treatments♦Seal Coats, Slurry Seals/Microsurfacing

Distresses are consistent with Caltrans Condition Survey Procedure

Distress Types Covered

Pavement Distress Mechanisms

√√Stripping

√√Reflection Cracking

√√Top Down Cracking

√√Thermal Cracking

√Fatigue Cracking

√Rutting

Mtls.Moist.Temp.

Wheel LoadDistress Type

Climate

Example Illustration of Distress Mechanism (Rutting)

Overview of Guide

IntroductionTypes of Flexible PavementsFactors Affecting Pavement Distress and PerformanceTypes of Pavement Distress and Their MechanismsInvestigation of Distress

Main Objective of Process:

Identify and address the cause of the problem, not just the symptom.

Flowchart of ProcessOverall Problem

Possible Investigation Requirements

RecordsReview

FieldDistressSurvey

StructuralEvaluation

FieldSampling

andTesting

LabTesting

Data Analysis

Probable Cause(s)

Typical Distresses and Possible CausesD

istre

ss C

ateg

ory

Distress Type

Low

-Stre

ngth

or L

ow-S

tabi

lity

Mix

Poo

r Mix

Gra

datio

n

Low

Asp

halt

Con

tent

Hig

h As

phal

t Con

tent

Low

Air

Void

Con

tent

Hig

h Ai

r Voi

d C

onte

nt

Impr

oper

Fin

es C

onte

nt T

ende

r Mix

Seg

rega

ted

Mix

Poo

r Sur

face

Pre

para

tion

Exc

ess/

Insu

ffici

ent P

rime/

Tack

Impr

oper

Cra

ck S

ealin

g Te

chni

ques

Impr

oper

Com

pact

ion

Tech

niqu

es

Exc

ess

Moi

stur

e in

Mix

Low

HM

A Th

ickn

ess

Low

Bas

e/Su

bbas

e Th

ickn

ess

Poo

r Sub

grad

e C

ompa

ctio

n

Poo

r Bas

e/Su

bbas

e C

ompa

ctio

n

Poo

r Bas

e/Su

bbas

e G

rada

tion

Hig

h As

phal

t Bin

der V

isco

sity

Low

Asp

halt

Bin

der V

isco

sity

Tem

p. S

usce

ptib

le A

spha

lt Bi

nder

Rap

id A

ging

Asp

halt

Bin

der

Moi

stur

e Se

nsiti

ve M

ix

Poo

r Agg

rega

te D

urab

ility

Poo

r Agg

rega

te S

ound

ness

Poo

r Agg

rega

te C

lean

ness

Hig

h Ex

posu

re to

Moi

stur

e

Coo

l/Col

d Pr

evai

ling

Tem

pera

ture

s

Hot

Pre

vailin

g Te

mpe

ratu

res

Fre

eze-

Thaw

Cyc

ling

Lar

ge D

aily

Tem

pera

ture

Cyc

les

Hig

h Tr

affic

Vol

ume

Hig

h ES

AL T

ruck

Vol

ume

Exp

osur

e to

Stu

dded

Tire

s/C

hain

s In

adeq

uate

Pav

emen

t Stru

ctur

e

Poo

r Mat

eria

l Sel

ectio

n

Poo

r Dra

inag

e

Nar

row

or N

on-E

xist

ent S

houl

der

Nar

row

Lan

e W

idth

Exc

essi

ve H

oriz

onta

l Geo

met

ry

Longitudinal ● ○ ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ● ● ○ ● ○ ● ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ● ● ○ ● ○ ○Fatigue ● ○ ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ● ● ○ ● ○ ● ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ● ● ○ ● ○ ○ ○

Transverse ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ● ● ○Reflective ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ● ● ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ○

Block ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ● ● ○Edge ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ● ○ ○ ● ○ ● ○ ○ ● ○ ● ● ● ●

Rutting ● ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ● ○ ○ ● ● ○ ○ ● ● ● ● ● ○ ● ○ ○Corrugation ○ ○ ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ● ● ● ○

Shoving ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ○ ● ● ○ ○Depression ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ○

Overlay Bumps ● ● ●Delamination ● ● ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ○

Potholes ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ● ● ● ○ ● ○ ● ○ ○ ○Patching ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ○ ● ● ○ ● ○ ● ○ ○ ○Raveling ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ● ● ○ ○Stripping ○ ● ○ ● ○ ● ○ ● ● ○ ○ ● ○ ● ● ● ○ ● ○ ● ●

Polished Aggr ○ ● ○ ● ● ○Pumping ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ● ● ● ● ○ ● ● ○ ● ○ ○

Segregation ● ● ● ○Checking ○ ● ○ ● ○ ● ○ ● ● ○ ○ ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○Bleeding ○ ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ● ○ ○

Legend: ● Common cause of distress ○ Occasional cause of distress

Overall Problem Possible Causes of DistressStructural GeometricConstruction Materials Climate Traffic Design

Mat

P

robl

ems

Mix Design Design

Cra

ckin

gD

efor

mat

ion

Det

erio

ratio

n

Typical Distresses and Possible Causes

Low

-Str

engt

h or

Low

-Sta

bilit

y M

ix

Poo

r Mix

Gra

datio

n

Low

Asp

halt

Con

tent

Hig

h A

spha

lt C

onte

nt

Low

Air

Void

Con

tent

Hig

h A

ir Vo

id C

onte

nt

Impr

oper

Fin

es C

onte

nt

Ten

der M

ix

Seg

rega

ted

Mix

Longitudinal ● ○ ● ● ○ ○ ○Fatigue ● ○ ● ● ○ ○ ○

Transverse ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○Reflective ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

Block ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○Edge ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

● Common cause of distress ○ Occasional cause of distress

Construction

Distress Type

Dis

tress

Cat

egor

yMix Design

Cra

ckin

g

Possible Data Review/RequirementsLaboratory Testing (General Material Characteristics)

Des

ign

Rep

orts

Pla

ns a

nd S

peci

ficat

ions

QC

/QA

Rec

ords

As-

Built

Dra

win

gs

Lab

Mat

eria

l Tes

t Res

ults

Pas

t Sur

veys

/ND

T/Sa

mpl

ing

Res

ults

Mai

nten

ance

/Rep

air H

isto

ries

Tra

ffic

Dat

a

Env

ironm

enta

l/Clim

ate

Rec

ords

PM

S R

epor

ts

Win

dshi

eld

Surv

ey

Det

aile

d D

istre

ss S

urve

y

Non

dest

ruct

ive

Test

ing

Eva

luat

ion

of N

DT

Uni

form

ity

Stru

ct. C

apac

ity E

val.

(Cal

trans

)

Stru

ct. C

apac

ity E

val.

(Bac

kcal

c.)

Cor

ing

Aug

er B

ase,

Sub

base

and

/or S

ubgr

ade

She

lby

(Pus

h) T

ube

Tes

t Pit

(Tre

nch)

Dyn

amic

Con

e/St

anda

rd P

enet

rom

eter

Soi

l Cla

ssifi

catio

n

Gra

datio

n

Moi

stur

e C

onte

nt

Den

sity

Den

sity

Asp

halt

Con

tent

Air

Void

Con

tent

Asp

halt

Bind

er V

isco

sity

Asp

halt

Tem

pera

ture

Sus

cept

ibilit

y

Agg

rega

te G

rada

tion

Coa

rse

Aggr

egat

e Ab

rasi

on

Agg

rega

te D

urab

ility

Agg

rega

te S

ound

ness

Moi

stur

e Se

nsiti

vity

R-V

alue

(Unb

ound

Mat

eria

ls)

Ind

irect

Ten

sile

(Bou

nd M

ater

ials

)

Res

ilient

Mod

ulus

(Fin

e/C

oars

e M

atls

)

Mod

ulus

(Asp

halt

Mix

ture

s)

Low Strength or Low Stability Mix ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ● ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ● ●Poor Mix Gradation ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ○ ● ○ ●Low or High Asphalt Content ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ○ ● ○ ● ○Low or High Air Void Content ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ○ ● ○ ● ○ ○Improper Fines Content ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ○ ● ●Tender Mix ● ○ ○ ● ○ ● ● ●Segregated Mix ● ● ● ○ ● ● ○ ○ ●Surface Prep./Excess/Lack Prime/Tack ● ● ○ ○ ○ ●Improper Crack Sealing Techniques ○ ● ● ○Improper Compaction Techniques ● ● ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ● ● ● ●Excess Moisture In Mix ● ● ○ ○ ○ ●Low HMA Thickness ○ ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ● ●Low Base/Subbase Thickness ○ ● ● ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ● ● ○ ● ○ ● ○ ○Poor Subgrade Compaction ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ○ ● ● ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ● ○Poor Base/Subbase Compaction ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ○ ● ● ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ● ○Poor Base/Subbase Gradation ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ○ ● ● ○ ● ● ● ○ ○Low or High Binder Viscosity ○ ○ ● ○ ● ● ○ ● • ○ ○Temp. Susceptible Asphalt Binder ○ ● ● ○ ○ ● ○ • ○Rapid Aging Asphalt Binder ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ● ○ ○Moisture Sensitive Mix ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ●Poor Aggregate Durability ● ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ● ○Poor Aggregate Soundness ● ○ ○ ○ ● • • ●Poor Aggregate Cleanness ● ● ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ●High Exposure to Moisture ○ ● ○ ○ ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○Cool/Cold Prevailing Temperatures ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○Hot Prevailing Temperatures ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○Freeze-Thaw Cycling ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ● ●Large Daily Temperature Cycles ○ ● ○ ○ ● ● ●High Traffic Volume ● ○ ● ○ ○High ESAL Truck Volume ● ○ ○ ● ○ ● ● ● ○ ● ●Exposure to Studded Tires/Chains ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ● ● • •Inadequate Pavement Structure ○ ● ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ● ● ● ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○Poor Material Selection ○ ● ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ● ● ● ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○Poor Drainage ○ ● ○ ● ○ ● ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ● ● ● ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○Narrow or Non-Existent Shoulders ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○Narrow Lane Width ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○Excessive Horizontal Geometry ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

Legend: ● Typical test or data requirement ○ Occasional test or data requirement

Mat

eria

lsM

ix D

esig

nDistress

Possible Causes of Distress

Unbound Mat'ls (Strength-Related)Testing MethodsSurvey Bound MaterialsG

eom

etric

D

esig

nC

limat

eTr

affic

Stru

ctur

al

Des

ign

Structural Field Sampling &Records Review EvaluationC

onst

ruct

ion

Possible Data Review/Requirements

Des

ign

Rep

orts

Pla

ns a

nd S

peci

ficat

ions

QC

/QA

Rec

ords

As-

Bui

lt D

raw

ings

Lab

Mat

eria

l Tes

t Res

ults

Pas

t Sur

veys

/ND

T/Sa

mpl

ing

Res

ults

Mai

nten

ance

/Rep

air H

isto

ries

Win

dshi

eld

Surv

ey

Det

aile

d D

istr

ess

Surv

ey

Non

dest

ruct

ive

Test

ing

Eva

luat

ion

of N

DT

Uni

form

ity

Str

uct.

Cap

acity

Eva

luat

ion

Low Strength or Low Stability Mix ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ● ○ ○Poor Mix Gradation ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ○Low or High Asphalt Content ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ○Low or High Air Void Content ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ○Improper Fines Content ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ○Tender Mix ● ○ ○Segregated Mix ● ● ● ○ ●

● Typical test or data requirement ○ Occasional test or data requirement

Mix

Des

ign

Distress

Possible Causes of Distress

SurveyStructuralRecords Review Evaluation

Con

stru

ctio

n

Use of Selection Tables

Overall Problem(by Distress Category

and Type)

Possible Causes(by GeneralCategory)

Possible DataRequirements

Overview of Guide

IntroductionTypes of Flexible PavementsFactors Affecting Pavement Distress and PerformanceTypes of Pavement Distress and Their MechanismsInvestigation of DistressRemediation of Distress

Cost Analysis

Flowchart of Process

Repair/Rehabilitation Alternatives

Structural Section Design and/or Mix Design

Probable Cause(s)

Patch Sealing/Micro-Milling

SurfaceLevel

SurfaceTreat-ment

Over-lay

Removeand

Replace

Recon-struct

Treatment Selection

Candidate Rehab & Repair Treatments

Par

tial D

epth

Ful

l Dep

th

Cra

ck S

ealin

g

Rou

t and

Sea

l

Saw

and

Sea

l*

Mic

ro-M

illing

Col

d M

illing

(Par

tial D

epth

)

Rut

Fille

r

Lev

elin

g C

ours

e

Chi

p Se

al

Fog

Sea

l

Slu

rry

Seal

Mic

rosu

rfaci

ng

San

d Se

al

Scr

ub S

eal

Bon

ded

Wea

ring

Cou

rse

OG

FC

Thi

n O

verla

y ( ≤

30

mm

)

CAP

M ( ≤

75

mm

)

Stru

ctur

al O

verla

y

Inla

y (P

D M

ill &

Fill)

Hot

In-P

lace

Rec

ycle

Par

tial D

epth

CIP

R*

Ful

l Dep

th C

IPR

*

Hot

Cen

tral P

lant

Rec

ycle

Mill

& Fi

ll (F

ull D

epth

)

Ful

l Dep

th R

ecla

mat

ion

Virg

in M

ater

ials

Dra

inag

e Im

prov

emen

ts

Hea

ter S

carif

y

Fab

ric*

Geo

grid

*

SAM

I*

Longitudinal x x ○ x x x ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ x ● ● ○ x x x x ● x x x ● ● x

Fatigue ● ○ ○ x ○ ● x x x ● ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ● x

Transverse ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ○ x ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ○ ● ● ○ ○ ● ● ● ●Reflective ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ○ x ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ○ ● ● ○ ○ ● ● ● ●

Block ● ○ ○ ○ x ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ● ● ○ ○ ● ● ○ ○ ● ● ● ●Edge ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

Rutting ● ● ○ ● ● ● x ○ ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ● ● ● ● ○Corrugation ● ○ ● ● ○ ● ● ○ ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

Shoving ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ● ● ○ ○ ● ● ● ● ●Depression ○ ● ● ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ● ○

Overlay Bumps ○ ● ○ ● ● ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○Delamination ● ○ ● ○ ● ● ○ ○ ○

Potholes ○ ● ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ● ● ○ ○ ○ ●Patching ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ● ● ● ● ● ○ ●Raveling ● ● ○ ● ● ○ ● ● ○ ○ ● ● ● ● ○ ● ● ○ ○ ● ● ○ ○ ○ ● ● ●Stripping ● ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ● ○ ○

Polished Aggr. ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ● ○ ● ○ ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○Pumping ● ○ ● ● ● ● ● ● ○ ○

Segregation ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○Checking ● ● ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ● ○ ● ● ○ ○Bleeding ○ ● ○ ● ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○

● Candidate treatment ○ Marginal treatment. Product selection is critical x Special product or technique required* Requires an overlay or other suitable surface treatment No Caltrans Specification

Surface Treatment HMA OverlayM

at

Prob

lem

sD

eter

iora

tion

Def

orm

atio

nC

rack

ing

Recon-struct Pre-Treatments

Dis

tress

Cat

egor

y

Distress Type

HMA Patch

Sealing/Micro-Milling

Remove & Replace (HMA Surface)

Surface Leveling

Candidate Rehab & Repair Treatments

Par

tial D

epth

Ful

l Dep

th

Chi

p Se

al

Fog

Sea

l

Slu

rry

Seal

Mic

rosu

rfac

ing

Bon

ded

Wea

ring

Cou

rse

OG

FC

Thi

n O

verla

y ( ≤

30

mm

)

CA

PM ( ≤

75

mm

)

Str

uctu

ral O

verla

y

Longitudinal x x x ○ ○ ○ x ● ●Fatigue ● x ○ ●

Transverse ○ ○ x ○ ○ ○ ○ ●Reflective ○ ○ x ○ ○ ○ ○ ●

Block x ○ ○ ○ ● ○Edge ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

● Candidate treatment ○ Marginal treatment. Product selection is criticalx Special product or technique required

HMA Overlay

Cra

ckin

g

Surface Treatment

Dis

tres

s C

ateg

ory

Type

HMA Patch

Distress Cause(s) Addressed

Low

-Stre

ngth

or L

ow-S

tabi

lity

Mix

Poo

r Mix

Gra

datio

n

Low

Asp

halt

Con

tent

Hig

h As

phal

t Con

tent

Low

Air

Void

Con

tent

Hig

h Ai

r Voi

d C

onte

nt

Impr

oper

Fin

es C

onte

nt

Ten

der M

ix

Seg

rega

ted

Mix

Poo

r Sur

face

Pre

para

tion

Exc

ess/

Insu

ffici

ent P

rime

or T

ack

Impr

oper

Cra

ck S

ealin

g Te

chni

ques

Impr

oper

Com

pact

ion

Tech

niqu

es

Exc

ess

Moi

stur

e in

Mix

Low

HM

A Th

ickn

ess

Low

Bas

e/Su

bbas

e Th

ickn

ess

Poo

r Sub

grad

e C

ompa

ctio

n

Poo

r Bas

e/Su

bbas

e C

ompa

ctio

n

Poo

r Bas

e/Su

bbas

e G

rada

tion

Hig

h As

phal

t Cem

ent V

isco

sity

Low

Asp

halt

Cem

ent V

isco

sity

Tem

p. S

usce

ptib

le A

spha

lt C

emen

t

Rap

id A

ging

Asp

halt

Cem

ent

Moi

stur

e S

ensi

tive

Mix

Poo

r Agg

rega

te D

urab

ility

Poo

r Agg

rega

te S

ound

ness

Poo

r Agg

rega

te C

lean

ness

Hig

h Ex

posu

re to

Moi

stur

e

Coo

l/Col

d Pr

evai

ling

Tem

pera

ture

s

Hot

Pre

vailin

g Te

mpe

ratu

res

Fre

eze-

Thaw

Cyc

ling

Lar

ge D

aily

Tem

pera

ture

Cyc

les

Hig

h Tr

affic

Vol

ume

Hig

h ES

AL T

ruck

Vol

ume

Exp

osur

e to

Stu

dded

Tire

s/C

hain

s

Inad

equa

te P

avem

ent S

truct

ure

Poo

r Mat

eria

l Sel

ectio

n

Poo

r Dra

inag

e

Nar

row

or N

on-E

xist

ent S

houl

der

Nar

row

Lan

e W

idth

Exc

essi

ve H

oriz

onta

l Geo

met

ry

Partial Depth ○ ○ ○ ●Full Depth ● ● ○ ○ ○

Crack Sealing ○ ●Rout and Seal ○ ●Saw and Seal* ○ ●Micro-Milling ○ ○ ●

Cold Milling (P. Depth) ● ● ●Rut Filler ● ○

Leveling Course ○ ●Chip Seal x x ● x ● ● ● ○Fog Seal ○ ● ● ○ ○ ○

Slurry Seal ○ ○ ○ ○ x ○ x ○ x ○ ○ ● ● ● ○Microsurfacing ○ ○ ○ ○ x ○ x ○ x ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ○

Sand Seal ○ ● ● ● ● ○Scrub Seal ○ ● ● ● ● ○

Bonded Wearing Course ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○OGFC ○ ● ● ○ ●

Thin Overlay (≤ 30 mm) ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ● ● ● ● ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ○CAPM (≤ 75 mm) ○ ○ ○ ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ● ● ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ● ● ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ○Structural Overlay ● ○ ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Inlay (PD Mill & Fill) ○ ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ○ ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●Hot In-Place Recycle ○ ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ○ ● ● ● ● ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●Partial Depth CIPR* ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ●

Full-Depth CIPR* ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ●Hot Central Plant Rec. ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ○ ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ○ ● ● ● ● ● ● ●Mill & Fill (Full Depth) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ○ ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

F.D. Reclamation ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ● ● ○ ● ● ● ○ ● ● ●Virgin Materials ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ● ● ○ ● ● ● ○ ● ● ●

Drainage Improvements ● ● ●Heater Scarify ○

Fabric* ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ● ● ●Geogrid* ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ○ ● ○ ● ● ● ○ ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●SAMI* ○ ○ ○ ● ● ●

● Candidate treatment ○ Marginal treatment * Requires an overlay or other suitable surface treatment x Special product or technique required No Caltrans specification

Causes of Pavement Distress Addressed by Rehabilitation and Repair TreatmentsS

ealin

g/M

icro

-M

illin

gTr

eatm

ent C

ateg

ory

Candidate Treatments

Rec

on-

stru

ctPr

e-Tr

eatm

ents

Surfa

ce

Leve

ling

Rem

ove

and

Rep

lace

(HM

A

Surfa

ce)

Sur

face

Tre

atm

ent

HM

A

Ove

rlay

HM

A P

atch

Distress Cause(s) Addressed

Trea

tmen

t Cat

egor

yCandidate

Treatments

Low

-Str

engt

h or

Low

-Sta

bilit

y M

ix

Poo

r Mix

Gra

datio

n

Low

Asp

halt

Con

tent

Hig

h A

spha

lt C

onte

nt

Low

Air

Void

Con

tent

Hig

h A

ir Vo

id C

onte

nt

Impr

oper

Fin

es C

onte

nt

Ten

der M

ix

Seg

rega

ted

Mix

Partial Depth ○Full Depth ●Chip SealFog Seal ○

Slurry Seal ○ ○ ○ ○Microsurfacing ○ ○ ○ ○

BWC ○ ○ ○ ○ ○OGFC

Thin Overlay (≤ 30 mm) ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○CAPM (≤ 75 mm) ○ ○ ○ ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○

Structural Overlay ● ○ ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ○

● Candidate treatment ○ Marginal treatment

Surf

ace

Trea

tmen

tH

MA

O

verla

yH

MA

Pa

tch

Use of Treatment Selection Tables

Overall Problem(by Distress Category

and Type)

Candidate Rehabilitation and Repair Treatments

Causes of PavementAddressed by

R&R Treatments

Development Status

Method has been tested on several projectsReview process completeManuals have been finalized and will be produced for statewide distributionOne-day training course under development

Acknowledgements

Terrie Bressette (Caltrans)Rita Leahy (MACTEC)David Peshkin (APTech)

Thank You!