carbon emission 1
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2012
FLOURISH PURE FOOD
PVT LTD
CARBON EMISSION AND
CARBON NEUTRALITY
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Executive Summary:-
This report contain the carbon emission and steps towards for the neutralizationof the same . Carbon emission is mostly due to six gases which are known as asgreen house gases. Since 150 years industrialization reolution start and nowabout 0!" to #.0 $C temperature increase on earth .
%ndia is the &thcountry in the world in carbon emission but '0 thnumber in carbonemission per ca(pita country in world. )s per the %nternational energy )gency* in%ndia co' emmission is '*0"+*,#- tco'!year in thousand of co' metrictonnes!year / and its 1., Tones emmission !person of co'!year.
%n %ndian dairy sector #& Cr.iter !day milk is produce and #.1, Cr iter per daymilk are procure* so its emmiss 1.#+ ac tonnes!day co'* So emmission perpersonn is 0.0& tonnes co'!person. airy farm sector is one the most criticalsector for the carbon emission because manure and urine produce the methaneand nitrous oxides which are fare more dangerous to carbon dioxide.
2!s 3iante pure foods pt ltd has plan for the 1000 cows dairy farms * now dueto methane and nitrous concentrated at the same place with heay density itdirect impact to to the carbon emission and temperature difference to that areawhich already happening to )ustralia so company want to not only cut emissionbut put steps towards neutrality. 2a4or steps of neutrality are Calculatingemissions* educing emissions* 6ffsetting residual emissions.
2a4or factors for the carbon emissions are 2anure management *foddertransformation and electricity usage for dairy farm actiates. )fter calculation ofcarbon emission * base scenario we focus on the pro4ect actiities and due dairyfarm no milk collection re7uired and due to enough efforts carry towards thecarbon neutrality.
eport also haing calculation on the carbon emission done by the generic onelac liter per day dairy concept .
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INDEX
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GLOBAL SCENARIO
The chemical composition of the atmosphere is also responsible for nurturing life on
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SR.NO DESCRIPTION PG.NO.
1 869) SC:;)%6 &
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our planet. 2ost of it is nitrogen ,-D/E about '1D is oxygen* which all animals
need to surie and only a small percentage 0.0#"D/ is made up of carbon
dioxide which plants re7uire for photosynthesis.
The atmosphere carries out the critical function of maintaining life(sustaining
conditions on :arth* in the following wayF each day* energy from the sun is
absorbed by the land* seas* mountains* etc. %f all this energy were to be absorbed
completely* the earth would gradually become hotter and hotter. 9ut actually* the
earth both absorbs and* simultaneously releases it in the form of infra red waes
which cannot be seen by our eyes but can be felt as heat* for example the heat
that you can feel with your hands oer a heated car engine/. )ll this rising heat is
not lost to space* but is partly absorbed by some gases present in ery small or
trace/ 7uantities in the atmosphere* called greenhouse gases 88s/.
8reenhouse gases for example* carbon dioxide C6'/* methane C&/* nitrous
oxide ;'6/*water apour/* re(emit some of this heat to the earth$s surface. %f they
did not perform this useful function* most of the heat energy would escape*
leaing the earth cold about (1- GC/ and unfit to support life.
oweer* eer since the %ndustrial eolution began about 150 years ago* man(
made actiities hae added significant 7uantities of 88s to the atmosphere. The
atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide C6'/* methane C&/* and nitrous
oxide ;'6/ hae grown by about #1D* 151D and 1,D* respectiely* between
1,50 and '000 %ntergoernmental =anel on Climate Change %=CC/.
)s the 88s are transparent to incoming solar radiation* but opa7ue to outgoing
long wae radiation* an increase in the leels of 88s could lead to greater
warming* which* in turn* could hae an impact on the world$s climate* leading to
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the phenomenon known as climate change. %ndeed* scientists hae obsered
that oer the '0th century* the mean global surface emperature increased by
0."HC %=CC '001/. They also obsered that since 1-"0 the year temperature
began to be recorded systematically using a thermometer/* the 1++0$s hae been
the warmest decade.
%mportant greenhouse gases areF carbon dioxide C6'/* methane C&/* nitrous
oxide;'6/*hydro fluorocarbons @C/* per fluorocarbons =@C/* and sulfur hexa
fluoride S@"/.
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Sr. No Country
1 China 6534 4.91
' Unite State! 5"33 19.1"# #u!!ia 1729 12.29
& $nia 1495 1.31
5 %a&an 1214 9.54
" 'ermany "29 1(.(6
, Canaa 574 17.27
- Unite )in*om 572 9.3"+ )orea+ South 542 11.21
10 $ran 511 7.76
11 Saui ,ra-ia 466 16.56
1' $tay 455 7."2
1# South ,/rica 451 9.25
1&0exico 445 4.(4
15 ,u!traia 437 2(."2
1" $none!ia 434 1."3
1, rai 42" 2.1"
1- rance 415 6.4"
1+ S&ain 359 "."6
'0 Uraine 35( 7.61
C2 Emi!!ion
one8
Co2 Emi!!ion &er
Ca&ita
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DATA FROM EIA 2008
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THE GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL OF SIX MAJOR GREENHOUSE GASES
Sr.;o
8as 8lobal
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KYOTO PROTOCOL:-
=resently* a ariety of approaches are being implemented to reduce carbon
emissions. These range from efforts by indiiduals and firms to reduce their
climate footprints to initiaties at city* state* regional and global leels. )mong
these are the commitments of goernments to reduce emissions through the 1++'
Anited ;ations @ramework Conention on Climate Change A;@CCC/ and its
1++, >yoto =rotocol. %n 1++' famous io earth summit* Anited ;ation @ramework
Conention on Climate Change A;@CCC/ was adopted with an ob4ectie to
stabilize atmospheric concentration of 88 at leels that would preent
dangerous humane interference with climate system. The A;@CCC came into
effect on '1st 2arch* 1++& according to which industrialized countries shall hae
the main responsibility to mitigate climate change. Such countries are listed as
)nnex( % countries. Ander A;@CCC all the member countries were to report on
their national 88 emissions inentories and propose climate change mitigation
strategies. )fter two and half years of intense negotiation between )nnex(%
countries* an agreement was struck at the now famous >yoto protocol on 11ecember 1++, in >yoto* Bapan. 9orn in the 1++, yoto* Bapan* this =rotocol is making miracles in society today. The conention*
participated by 1"0 countries of the world* was to negotiate binding limitations on
greenhouse gases for the deeloped nations pursuant to the ob4ectie of the
@ramework Conention on Climate Change of 1++'.
Ander the >yoto =rotocol* emission caps were set for each )nnex(% countries*
amounting in total to an aerage reduction of 5.'D below the aggregate emissionleel in 1++0. :ach country has a predetermined target of emission reduction as
compared to 1++0 leel. ;o emission cap is imposed on ;on J )nnex % countries.
oweer* to encourage the participation of ;on()nnex % in emission reduction
process a mechanism known as Clean eelopment 2echanism C2/ has
been proided.
1(
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The carbon markets are a prominent part of the response to climate change and
hae an opportunity to demonstrate that they can be a credible and central tool for
future climate mitigation.
The outcome was the >yoto =rotocol* in which the deeloped nations agreed to
limit their greenhouse gas emissions* relatie to the leels emitted in 1++0 or pay
a price to those that do. )t this point comes the carbon trading.
CARBON CREDITS
The primary purpose of the =rotocol was to make deeloped countries pay for
their ways with emissions while at the same time monetarily rewarding countries
with good behaior in this regard. Since deeloping countries can start with clean
technologies* they will be rewarded by those stuck with Kdirty ones. This system
poises to become a big machine for partially transferring wealth from wealthy*
industrialized countries to poor* undeeloped countries. ) C: or carbon Credit is
defined as the unit related to reduction of 1 tonne of C6' emission from the
baseline of the pro4ect actiity.
et us say that %ndia decided to inest in a new power station* and has decided on
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a particular technology at the cost of L crore. )n entity from an industrialized
country which could een be a company/ offers to proide %ndia with slightly
better technology* which costs more say ? crore/* but will result in lower
emissions. The industrialized country will only pay the incremental cost of the
pro4ect J iz. ? minus L. %n return* the Kinesting country will get certified
emission reductions C:s/* or credits* which it can use to meet its >yoto
commitments. This is a ery good deal indeed J but for the inesting country. ;ot
only do they sell deeloping countries their technology* but they also meet their
>yoto commitments without lifting a finger to reduce their domestic emissions.
Countries like the AS can continue to pollute at home* so long as it makes the
reductions elsewhere.
The
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INDIAN SCENARIO- FAVOURING POINTS AND CDM
POTENTIAL FOR INDIA
a/ %ndia ( high potential of carbon credits.
b/ %ndia can capture 10D of 8lobal C2 market.
c/ )nnual reenue estimated range from ASM10 million to ##0 million
d/
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Indin F!"#$
%ndia is a =arty to the Anited ;ations @ramework Conention on Climate Change
A;@CCC/ and the ob4ectie of the Conention is to achiee stabilization of greenhouse
gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a leel that would preent dangerous
anthropogenic interference with the climate system. To strengthen the deeloped country
commitments under the Conention* the =arties adopted >yoto =rotocol in 1++,* which
commits deeloped country =arties to return their emissions of greenhouse gases to an
aerage of approximately 5.'D below 1++0 leels oer the period '00-(1'. The Seenth
Conference of =arties C6=(,/ to the A;@CCC decided that =arties participating in C2
should designate a ;ational )uthority for the C2 and as per the C2 pro4ect cycle* a
pro4ect proposal should include written approal of oluntary participation from the
esignated ;ational )uthority of each country and confirmation that the pro4ect actiityassists the host country in achieing sustainable deelopment. )ccordingly the Central
8oernment constituted the ;ational Clean eelopment 2echanism C2/ )uthority for
the The C2 )uthority has the powersF
a/ To inite officials and experts from 8oernment* financial institutions*
consultancy organizations* non(goernmental organizations* ciil
society* legal profession* industry and commerce* as it may deem
necessary for technical and professional inputs and may co(opt othermembers depending upon need.
b/ To interact with concerned authorities* institutions* indiidual
stakeholders for matters relating to C2.c/ To take up any enironmental issues pertaining to C2 or
Sustainable eelopment pro4ects as may be referred to it by the
Central 8oernment* andd/ To recommend guidelines to the Central 8oernment for
consideration of pro4ects and principles to be followed for according
host country approal.)s discussed aboe* %ndia has a ast opportunity to explore in terms of C2 and
carbon(credits. Through its giant ongoing %nfrastructure pro4ects and pro4ects on
non(conentional energy sources* a new phase of deelopment is still to be
obsered* moderate start of which has already begun.
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VIVANTE PURE FOODS PVT LTD CARBON NEUTRAL PROJECT:
3iante has focused on inesting and setting up State(of(the(art Cattle @arm at
3illageF 9hatkota* TalukaF 2odassa* istF Sabarknatha ( 8u4arat. The company
has ac7uired &0 acres of land and would procure '000 cattles including olstein
@riesian cows for the proposed pro4ect. The company will purchase dairy
e7uipments from (aal* Sweden ( ) renowned technology proider for food and
and energy process.
The airy @arm is proposed to hae cattles including olstein @riesian breed of
large dairy cattle originated in northern olland and @riesland. %ts chief
characteristics are its large size and black and white spotted markings* sharply
defined rather than blended. @ breeds of cattle eat corn* soy beans* hay* wheat
and grass.
olstein cows normally gie milk for 5 to " years* but some still produce milk at
the age of '0 years or some times een older. 2any farmers prefer this breed
because it produces more milk as compared to any other milch breeds. The
aerage milk yield in a year is ,'00 to +000.
P"!%&'( L!'(i!n
3iante has ac7uired &0 acres of land at 3illageF 9hatkota* TalukaF 2odassa*
istF Sabarknatha( 8u4arat . The following parameters are being considered for
selecting the pro4ect locationF
A)i*+i*i(, ! F!dd&"
Sabarkantha situated in the northern plains of 8u4arat is haing hot and semi arid
climate. 2ost of the farming actiities are undertaken in the northern plains of
8u4arat. The aailability of fodder is in abundance in the nearby areas on account
of the ma4or farming actiities.
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A)i*+i*i(, ! W(&"
=roposed pro4ect site is located on the bank of ier 2eshwo hence*
underground water table is ery high. 2oreoer* & bore well already exist on the
site which is enough to supply water through out the year. 3).
) "" >3 substation is 4ust - >ms away from the site. This area has continuousand uninterrupted power supply by 8u4arat :lectricity 9oard.
R!d '!nn&'(i)i(,
The site is well connected with immatnagar and )hmedabad through ;(" and
many other state highways and illages roads are connecting the site with all
ma4or cities and towns of 8u4arat.
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CARBON NEUTRALITY:-
Carbon neutral is a term used to describe fuels that neither contribute to norreduce the amount of carbon measured in the release of carbon dioxide/ into the
atmosphere.
Carbon neutrality* or haing a net zero carbon footprint* refers to achieing net
zero carbon emissionsby balancing a measured amount of carbon released with
an e7uialent amount se7uestered or offset* or buying enough carbon creditsto
make up the difference. %t is used in the context of carbon dioxide releasing
processes* associated with transportation* energy production and industrial
processes.
The carbon neutral concept may be extended to include other greenhouse gases
88/ measured in terms of their carbon dioxide e7uialenceQthe impact a 88
has on the atmosphere expressed in the e7uialent amount of C6'. The
term climate neutral is used to reflect the fact that it is not 4ust carbon dioxide
C6'/* that is driing climate change* een if it is the most abundant* but also
encompasses other greenhouse gases regulated by the >yoto =rotocol*
namelyFmethaneC&/* nitrous oxide ;'6/* hydrofluorocarbons
@C/* perfluorocarbons=@C/* and sulphur hexafluoride S@"/. 9oth terms are
used interchangeably throughout this article.
9est practice for organizations and indiiduals seeking carbon neutral status
entails reducing and!or aoiding carbon emissions first so that only unaoidable
emissions are offset. The term has two common usesF
%t can refer to the practice of balancing carbon dioxidereleased into the
atmosphere from burning fossil fuels* with renewable energythat creates a similar
amount of useful energy* so that the carbon emissions are compensated* or
alternatiely using only renewable energies that don$t produce any carbon dioxide
1"
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_emissionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_creditshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfluorocarbonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_emissionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_creditshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfluorocarbonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy -
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%t is also used to describe the practice* criticized by some* of carbon offsetting* by
paying others to remoe or se7uester 100D of the carbon dioxide emitted from
the atmosphere J for example by planting treesJ or by funding $carbon pro4ects$
that should lead to the preention of future greenhouse gas emissions* or by
buying carbon creditsto remoe or $retire$/ them through carbon trading. These
practices are often used in parallel* together with energy conserationmeasures
to minimize energy use.
S(&02 !" 'i&)in3 C"+!n N("*i(,
1. C*'#*(in3 &$i22i!n2
This stage re7uires the determination of what emissions
will be calculated* including setting a clear boundary for
emissions coered.
6nce the boundary has been set* emissions can be
calculated by collecting actiity data and applying the
appropriate emissions factors.
2. R&d#'in3 &$i22i!n2
This stage inoles assessing what internal emissions
reductions can be made through e.g. energy efficiency
measures. These will usually be carried out because
they are cost effectie oer time* helping to sae
money at the same time as reducing emissions.
eductions can be based on absolute emission reductions
or emission reductions relatie to a common business
metric or unit of output.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_offsethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_projecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_projecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_credithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissions_tradinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_conservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_offsethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_projecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_credithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissions_tradinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_conservation -
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4. O2&((in3 "&2id#* &$i22i!n2:This third stage re7uires the ac7uisition of carbon
credits to offset any residual emissions after
calculating emissions and achieing internal
reductions.
The precise amount of offsets re7uired needs to be calculated* with enough
credits bought to reduce emissions to net zero.
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FACTORS FOR EMISSION OF CAR*ON IN DAIR+ FARM
PRO,ECT:
F%!r Tra#"p%r$a$i%#
%n the dairy farm there are about to 1000 cattles and their daily food
re7uirement is about &0 tones &0 kg per cattle/.crop seasons are start at
interal of & months. So its prime and important to storage the fodder for
cattle. Storage re7uired for the cows is about more than 5000 tone for each
crop seasons . for that company construct 5 number of silo bunkers and
their each capacity of storage is 1'00 tone fodder .
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So the &roect emi!!ion o/ caron i! 47.5" tone Co2 .
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MANRE / COW DNG MANAGEMENT.
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roect Emi!!ion:
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SAGE OF ELECTRICIT+
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REDUCTION OF EMISSION DUE TO DAIRY FARM RESPECT
TO CO-OPERATIVE DAIRY MODEL :-
There are 1000 milch animals are in dairy farm so dairy farm daily produc(
tion of milk is approx. '5000 litres of milk . %n dairy farm model milk is not re(7uired to collect because all the cattles are in the same location . so there isno milk ehicle moement re7uired to collection of the '5000 *'5x1000/litres of milk.
etRs compare to the aboe points to co(operatie society model for the'5000 litres of milk the re7uired the milk ehicle because all the mandliesand 92C centres are scatters compare to airy farm model . The aeragedistance trael by milk is about '00 km * 2ilk ehicle capacity 10000 liter.
)nd 3ehicle mileage &.5 >m!iter.
)erage C6' :mission factor for the trucks measured during the year0.0005+5 tons!km=ro4ect :mission saing =: 2ilk trans*y Ui !Ty/ VistyV:@ C6'*y
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Car'%# N!($rai$):
2"
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CAR*ON EMISSION DE TO ONE LAC LITER PER DA+ /1LLPD
COLLECTION CO-OPERATIE MODEL .
,ctivity /o; chart /or coection moe i! a! eo; :
0i coect y /armer in 0i Can
armer !umitte mi to
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COLLECTION STATISTIC FOR ONE LLPD
3(
S".n! D&2'"i0(i!n Uni( V*#&
1 Collection of 2ilk at 3CC Can 10
' 1Can milk liter #0
# Collection of 2ilk at 3CC liter #00
& Capacity of 92C liter 10000
5 e7. of 3CC for 92C (( #&
" e7.of 1lacs for 92C (( 10
, >m 5
- >m "-0
+ >m '00
10 >m &000
11 Total istance trael >m &"-0
1' >m 1,0-'00
istance trael for 3CC to92C
Total distance trael 3CC to92C folr 1=
istance trael for 92C to=lant
Total distance trael 92C to=lant @6 1=
#"5 days traeling distance for1=
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CAR*ON EMISSION DE TO TRANSPORATION OF MIL / FARMER3S
FARM TO PLANT
TRANSPORTATION OF MIL5 BMC TO VLCC
31
Sr.#% Para4!$!r D!"crip$i%# #i$ 1a(!
1 @i t&y 24"2((
2 =y ton!>tri& (.3
3 ?i!ty m 2(
4 0i =it>m (.2222
5 ?en!ity/ *>it (."4
6 %>'* 43
7 tC2>% 74.1
" ton!>m (.(((595
9 :Etran!+y tC2e 9"45.2667
0i tran!&orte in ayear
,vera*e 0i o/ the=y8 ?i!ty EC2+y
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TRANSPORTATION OF MILK BMC TO CHILLING PLANT6DAIRY PLANT
ota caron emi!!ion ue to coection o/ one ac iter mi i! aout
55676 2 $CO2
Sr.no :arameter ?e!cri&tion Unit tri& 1(
3 ?i!ty m 4((
4 0i =it>m (.2222
5 ?en!ity/ *>it (."4
6 %>'* 43
7 tC2>% 74.1
" ton!>m (.(((595
9 :Etran!+y tC2e 3474"
0i tran!&orte in ayear,vera*e 0i o/ the=y8 ?i!ty
EC2+y
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