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Causes of Forest Transition in Java: Case Study in Kuningan District

Lilik Budi Prasetyo Ellyn K. Damayanti

Introduction : Forest Transition Theory

Enabling Condition • Shifting pre-industrial to urban-industrial state (Mather,

Fairbairn & Needle, 1999) From Fuel wood -> gas/fossil fuel/electricity

• Agricultural intensification, and technological improvement that lead to rural exodus (Mather, 1999)

Concentration agriculture in good land with better technology & abandon the poor land that lead reforestation

• Perception & paradigms shift (Mather, 1999) Shifting paradigms from forest as logs to forest for environmental services

• Driven by forest resources scarcity & labor scarcity

Findings from Country Report:

• National level: Deforestation • Some provinces : reforestation have been in

progress – Diversity : demographic, social, culture, economic

and infrastructure development. • Further analysis at sub-national/Province/ District

Level – Kuningan District, West Java

Objectives

• Land Use Land Cover Changes (LULC) 1978-2009 • Driving force (Cause) related to LULC

METHOD Time series Land Cover Classification (1978, 1997, 1999, 2002 & 2009) Supervised Classification Accuracy Assessment

Forest Cover Density Mapping Forest Cover Density (FCD Mapper)

Ground Survey Vegetation survey Hemispherical View Photos

TIME SERIES LANDSAT ANALYSIS (1976, 1997, 1999, 2002, 2009)

1978 1997

1999 2002 2009

RESEARCH SITE CONDITION

RESEARCH SITE CONDITION

LAND STATUS

State Forest Land

RESEARCH SITE CONDITION

VILLAGES STATUS

State Forest Land

Community Forest Based Management

Private Land

Unclear status

RESEARCH SITE CONDITION

Forest Cover Changes 1978-1997

DEFORESTATION

REFORESTATION

STATE FOREST BORDER

VILLAGE BORDER

UNCHANGED

02000400060008000

100001200014000160001800020000

Forest Cover Changes 1997-1999

DEFORESTATION

REFORESTATION

STATE FOREST BORDER

VILLAGE BORDER

UNCHANGED

02000400060008000

100001200014000

Forest Cover Changes 1999-2002

DEFORESTATION

REFORESTATION

STATE FOREST BORDER

VILLAGE BORDER

UNCHANGED

02000400060008000

1000012000140001600018000

Forest Cover Changes 2002-2009

DEFORESTATION

REFORESTATION

STATE FOREST BORDER

VILLAGE BORDER

UNCHANGED

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

Forest Cover Density Changes 2002 - 2009

-

10

20

30

40

50

60

1978 1997 1999 2002 2009

Fore

st co

ver (

in H

a)Th

ousa

nds

Year

State Forest Private Forest Total Forest

The year 1999 is the turning point from deforestation to reforestation. Several factors that influenced forest transition in Kuningan District are: a. Paradigm shift in forest management, from the so-called

“scientific-forestry” to the “community based forest management” (Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Hutan Berbasis Masyarakat/PHBM).

b. Kuningan people, especially those who reside in villages/rural areas, are still rely on wood as main source of energy (firewood), so that they are planting trees in their owned-lands. Besides, for most of the people in Kuningan, trees are seen saving for future needs;

c. Log scarcity has made the timber price risen and stimulated farmers to plant trees. Accessibility problem to distribute timber from villages to the market was overcome, because good road infrastructure in Kuningan District already available;

d. Part-time farming has been conducted by people who are engaging non-agricultural activities as their main occupation. Planting trees is considered the perfect choice based on their time and labor availability;

e. In some location with dry-environment condition, planting trees is the best choice for the farmers instead of planting horticulture;

f. Mainstreaming of planting trees into the Kuningan District government program.

Underlying & Direct Cause Forest Cover Changes

Period Major Changes Possible Driving Force 1978-1997 Forest to Agricultural

Lands, Forest to Mixed garden

Underlying cause : Energy crisis (oil shock in 1970s and 1990) Direct cause : Agricultural Expansion, Selective cutting

1997-1999 Forest to Grass & Shrubs, Forest to Agricultural land

Underlying cause : World Economic crisis in 1997, Regional autonomy (uncertainty of regulation), political chaos, Direct cause : Agricultural Expansion

1999-2002 Mixed garden to forest, Agricultural land to forest

Underlying cause : Community based forest management, Log scarcity ( market drive due to log price incentive) Direct cause : tree planting (Part time farming & private forest)

2002-2009 Mixed garden to forest, Agricultural land to forest

Underlying cause : Community based forest management, Log scarcity (log price incentive), main streaming planting trees in government policy, infrastructure (accessibility), migration Direct cause : tree planting (Part time farming & private forest)

Fulfilled Enabling Condition : Log scarcity (market driven), Urbanization/rural migration, Reforestation on poor land : trees adapted to drought Perception shift (partly) : Shifting paradigms from forest as logs to forest

for environmental services (water resources). Unfulfilled Enabling Condition (based on Mather et al, 199) : • There was no any societal change from pre-industrial to urban-industrial

state . The community still utilize fuel wood even though the government have policy to change with subsidized gas.

• There was no any significant agricultural intensification, nor technological improvement, however there was rural people movement to surrounding city. The reason behind this is urbanization, to earn for living in informal sector of Cities

Summary

Conclusion

For Indonesia case, at the national level, enabling condition for the occurrence of forest transition are not yet fulfilled, because of the diversity in the biophysical, social, culture, policy, economic development, development of infrastructure between islands throughout the country. However, observation to the smaller scale or sub-national level showed that forest transition is already happened in several provinces and districts. Case study in Kuningan District is one of the proofs of forest transition in Indonesia.

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