cell cycle, dna, genetics and heredity

Cell Cycle, DNA, Genetics and Heredity

Quiz Review Presentation

1. What are 5 stages to the cell 1. What are 5 stages to the cell cycle?cycle?

1. What are 5 stages to the cell 1. What are 5 stages to the cell cycle?cycle?

Interphase (longest), Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

2. What are two “new cells”, 2. What are two “new cells”, formed after Mitosis, called?formed after Mitosis, called?

2. What are two “new cells”, 2. What are two “new cells”, formed after Mitosis, called?formed after Mitosis, called?

Daughter Cells

3. What are 4 differences 3. What are 4 differences between Mitosis and Meiosis?between Mitosis and Meiosis?

3. What are 4 differences 3. What are 4 differences between Mitosis and Meiosis?between Mitosis and Meiosis?

MitosisMitosis MeiosisMeiosis

Body Cell Reproduction Sex Cell Production

Two Genetically identical cells at the end

4 Genetically different cells at end

46 Chromosomes/Cell @ end

23 Chromosomes/Cell @ end

One division

P, M, A, T

Two divisions

4. What is the name of the 14. What is the name of the 1stst cell cell formed after fertilization?formed after fertilization?

4. What is the name of the 14. What is the name of the 1stst cell cell formed after fertilization called?formed after fertilization called?

ZygoteZygote

5. 36 chromosomes can be found 5. 36 chromosomes can be found in leaf cells of a certain species of in leaf cells of a certain species of plant. What is the plant’s diploid plant. What is the plant’s diploid

number? Haploid number?number? Haploid number?

5. 36 chromosomes can be found in 5. 36 chromosomes can be found in leaf cells of a certain species of plant. leaf cells of a certain species of plant. What is the plant’s diploid number? What is the plant’s diploid number?

Haploid number?Haploid number?

36 Chromosomes = Diploid36 Chromosomes = Diploid18 Chromosomes = Haploid18 Chromosomes = Haploid

6. Three things happen to a cell 6. Three things happen to a cell during Interphase? What are during Interphase? What are

they?they?

6. Three things happen to a cell 6. Three things happen to a cell during Interphase? What are they?during Interphase? What are they?

GG11: Growth : Growth SS: Replication : Replication GG22: Prepares to divide: Prepares to divide

7. What stage of the cell cycle 7. What stage of the cell cycle is this cell in?is this cell in?

7. What stage of the cell cycle 7. What stage of the cell cycle is this cell in?is this cell in?

MetaphaseMetaphase

8. What three molecules 8. What three molecules make up a nucleotide?make up a nucleotide?

8. What three molecules 8. What three molecules make up a nucleotide?make up a nucleotide?

Sugar (Ribose or Deoxyribose), Phosphate, Sugar (Ribose or Deoxyribose), Phosphate, and Nitrogen Basesand Nitrogen Bases

9. What process is referred to 9. What process is referred to as “reduction division?”as “reduction division?”

9. What does the term “reduction 9. What does the term “reduction division” stand for?division” stand for?

Chromosome number is REDUCED as the cell DIVIDES. Chromosome number is REDUCED as the cell DIVIDES.

This is a term for This is a term for MeiosisMeiosis..

10. An organism is known to be “triploid”. What does this mean?

10. An organism is known to be “triploid”. What does this mean?

This organism has This organism has three (3)three (3) sets of chromosomes. sets of chromosomes.

11. What is this genetic chart 11. What is this genetic chart called?called?

11. What is this genetic chart 11. What is this genetic chart called?called?

PedigreePedigree

12. What are gametes?12. What are gametes?

12. What are gametes?12. What are gametes?

Sex CellsSex Cells

13. What is another term for 13. What is another term for gametogenesisgametogenesis??

13. What is another term for 13. What is another term for gametogenesisgametogenesis??

Meiosis: Meiosis: The making of sex cells or gametesThe making of sex cells or gametes

14. Who is Gregor Mendel14. Who is Gregor Mendel

14. Who is Gregor Mendel14. Who is Gregor Mendel

The Father of GeneticsThe Father of GeneticsAustrian monk who studied the inheritance Austrian monk who studied the inheritance

of traits in the Pea Plant.of traits in the Pea Plant.

15. Why is sexual reproduction 15. Why is sexual reproduction more advantageous to a species more advantageous to a species

than asexual reproduction?than asexual reproduction?

15. Why is sexual reproduction 15. Why is sexual reproduction more advantageous to a species more advantageous to a species

than asexual reproduction?than asexual reproduction?

It create offspring It create offspring genetically differentgenetically different, , but related to the parents. Allows for but related to the parents. Allows for quicker adaptation to the environment.quicker adaptation to the environment.

16. What are the two gametes 16. What are the two gametes produced by plants called?produced by plants called?

16. What are the two gametes 16. What are the two gametes produced by plants called?produced by plants called?

Pollen (male) and Egg (female).Pollen (male) and Egg (female).

17. What does “non-disjunction” 17. What does “non-disjunction” mean? When would this happen?mean? When would this happen?

17. What does “non-disjunction” 17. What does “non-disjunction” mean? When would this happen?mean? When would this happen?

The failure of chromosome pairs to separate The failure of chromosome pairs to separate during Meiosis.during Meiosis.

18. How is Meiosis I different 18. How is Meiosis I different than Meiosis II?than Meiosis II?

18. How is Meiosis I different 18. How is Meiosis I different than Meiosis II?than Meiosis II?

Meiosis I:Meiosis I: Chromosome pairs separate (46 Chromosome pairs separate (46 23) 23)Meiosis II:Meiosis II: Chromosome copies separate Chromosome copies separate

(Same as Mitosis)(Same as Mitosis)

19. What does this picture 19. What does this picture illustrate?illustrate?

Homologous Chromosomes

19. What does this picture 19. What does this picture illustrate?illustrate?

Homologous Chromosomes

Crossing OverCrossing Over during Meiosis during Meiosis

21. 21. BonusBonus: What does the : What does the fertilized ovary of a plant fertilized ovary of a plant

become?become?

21. 21. BonusBonus: What does the : What does the fertilized ovary of a plant fertilized ovary of a plant

become?become?

FruitFruit

23. Why do they refer to 23. Why do they refer to DNA as a “double-helix?”DNA as a “double-helix?”

23. Why do they refer to 23. Why do they refer to DNA as a “double-helix?”DNA as a “double-helix?”

DoubleDouble-stranded and -stranded and helicalhelical (spiral) shape. (spiral) shape.

24. What protein enzyme 24. What protein enzyme “unzips” DNA so replication “unzips” DNA so replication OR transcription can occur?OR transcription can occur?

24. What protein enzyme 24. What protein enzyme “unzips” DNA so replication “unzips” DNA so replication OR transcription can occur?OR transcription can occur?

DNA HelicaseDNA Helicase

25. What are “autosomes”?25. What are “autosomes”?

25. What are “autosomes”?25. What are “autosomes”?

Chromosomes 1-22 (Body Chromosomes)Chromosomes 1-22 (Body Chromosomes)

26. What are three (3) causes 26. What are three (3) causes of genetic variation?of genetic variation?

26. What are three (3) causes 26. What are three (3) causes of genetic variation?of genetic variation?

1.1. Crossing Over Crossing Over2.2. Mutation Mutation

3.3. Random Assortment Random Assortment

27. What are Mendel’s 3 27. What are Mendel’s 3 Laws of Genetic Inheritance?Laws of Genetic Inheritance?

27. What are Mendel’s 3 27. What are Mendel’s 3 Laws of Genetic Inheritance?Laws of Genetic Inheritance?

1.1. Traits are controlled by alleles on chromosomesTraits are controlled by alleles on chromosomes2.2. Alleles can be dominant or recessiveAlleles can be dominant or recessive

3. Alleles separate during Meiosis3. Alleles separate during Meiosis

28. What can be found in 28. What can be found in DNA, but not in RNA?DNA, but not in RNA?

28. What can be found in 28. What can be found in DNA, but not in RNA?DNA, but not in RNA?

You have (2) choices here: You have (2) choices here: ThymineThymine base OR base OR DeoxyriboseDeoxyribose sugar sugar

29. What would the 29. What would the anti-anti-codoncodon be for this DNA gene be for this DNA gene

sequence?sequence?

A A T C C G G C T A A T C C G T C A

29. What would the 29. What would the anti-anti-codoncodon be for this DNA gene be for this DNA gene

sequence?sequence?

A A T C C G G C T A A T C C G T C A

A A U C C G G C U A A U C C G U C A

30. What is wrong with 30. What is wrong with this picture?this picture?

30. What is wrong with 30. What is wrong with this picture?this picture?

3 #21 3 #21 ChromosomesChromosomes

31. What is this genetic 31. What is this genetic picture called?picture called?

31. What is this genetic 31. What is this genetic picture called?picture called?

KaryotypeKaryotype

32.32. What type of mutation What type of mutation would lead to an individual with would lead to an individual with this this situation?situation?

32.32. What type of mutation What type of mutation would lead to an individual with would lead to an individual with this this situation?situation?

Non-disjunction Non-disjunction during Meiosisduring Meiosis

33. What is a mutation?33. What is a mutation?

33. What is a mutation?33. What is a mutation?

A random change in DNA that leads to genetic A random change in DNA that leads to genetic variation in a species. Most mutations are variation in a species. Most mutations are not beneficial, but harmful to an organism.not beneficial, but harmful to an organism.Mutation causes the wrong proteins to beMutation causes the wrong proteins to be

made in the cell.made in the cell.

34. Using your codon key, can you 34. Using your codon key, can you predict which amino acids would be predict which amino acids would be

needed for the following gene needed for the following gene sequence?sequence?

A A C C G G T C G A T C

35. How is transcription and 35. How is transcription and replication different?replication different?

35. How is transcription and 35. How is transcription and replication different?replication different?

TranscriptionTranscription is the process of making mRNA from DNA; is the process of making mRNA from DNA;

ReplicationReplication is the process of copying is the process of copying DNA or chromosomes?DNA or chromosomes?

36. What are three (3) types 36. What are three (3) types of RNA?of RNA?

36. What are three (3) types 36. What are three (3) types of RNA?of RNA?

rRNArRNA: ribosomal RNA: ribosomal RNA

mRNAmRNA: messenger RNA: messenger RNA

tRNAtRNA: transfer RNA: transfer RNA

37. During what process do 37. During what process do most mutations occur?most mutations occur?

37. During what process do 37. During what process do most mutations occur?most mutations occur?

ReplicationReplication

38. What two sugars help make up 38. What two sugars help make up DNA and RNA nucleotides?DNA and RNA nucleotides?

38. What two sugars help make up 38. What two sugars help make up DNA and RNA nucleotides?DNA and RNA nucleotides?

Deoxyribose and RiboseDeoxyribose and Ribose

39. What is the purpose of 39. What is the purpose of DNA polymerase?DNA polymerase?

39. What is the purpose of 39. What is the purpose of DNA polymerase?DNA polymerase?

It is needed to complete DNA Replication.It is needed to complete DNA Replication.

40. What process is this 40. What process is this illustrating?illustrating?

40. What process is this 40. What process is this illustrating?illustrating?

ReplicationReplication

41. What are alleles?41. What are alleles?

41. What are alleles?41. What are alleles?

Different forms of a GeneDifferent forms of a Gene

42. What is an example of a trait 42. What is an example of a trait controlled by multiple alleles?controlled by multiple alleles?

42. What is an example of a trait 42. What is an example of a trait controlled by controlled by multiple allelesmultiple alleles??

Blood TypingBlood Typing::A, B, & O (3 alleles)A, B, & O (3 alleles)

43. What does “hybrid” mean?43. What does “hybrid” mean?

43. What does “hybrid” mean?43. What does “hybrid” mean?

Hybrid means “cross”Hybrid means “cross”

44. What do we call the following 44. What do we call the following genetic tool? What does it help us do?genetic tool? What does it help us do?

44. What do we call the following 44. What do we call the following genetic tool? What does it help us do?genetic tool? What does it help us do?

Punnett SquarePunnett Square

45. What is an example of a human trait 45. What is an example of a human trait that is controlled by sex-linkage?that is controlled by sex-linkage?

45. What is an example of a human trait 45. What is an example of a human trait that is controlled by sex-linkage?that is controlled by sex-linkage?

Color blindness, Pattern baldness & Hemophilia Color blindness, Pattern baldness & Hemophilia are three examplesare three examples

46. If you have a tall (T) plant, what 46. If you have a tall (T) plant, what would be the best way to figure out his would be the best way to figure out his

complete genotype for height?complete genotype for height?

46. If you have a tall (T) plant, what 46. If you have a tall (T) plant, what would be the best way to figure out his would be the best way to figure out his

complete genotype for height?complete genotype for height?

Perform a Perform a Test CrossTest Cross: T? X : T? X ttttThe offspring phenotypes will The offspring phenotypes will

reveal dad’s other allellereveal dad’s other allelle

47. You set up a (Parental) cross with 47. You set up a (Parental) cross with two heterozygous plants for seed color two heterozygous plants for seed color

(Y=yellow). What would be the (Y=yellow). What would be the phenotype & genotype ratios of Fphenotype & genotype ratios of F11’s.’s.

47. You set up a (Parental) cross with 47. You set up a (Parental) cross with two heterozygous plants for seed color two heterozygous plants for seed color

(Y=yellow). What would be the (Y=yellow). What would be the phenotype & genotype ratios of Fphenotype & genotype ratios of F11’s.’s.

YY: 1:4 Yellow: 3:4YY: 1:4 Yellow: 3:4Yy: 2:4 Green: 1:4Yy: 2:4 Green: 1:4Yy: 1:4 Yy: 1:4

48. How many different gametes can 48. How many different gametes can an individual with the following an individual with the following

genotype form?genotype form?

RrSsTT

48. How many different gametes can 48. How many different gametes can an individual with the following an individual with the following

genotype form?genotype form?

RrSs

44

49. If two parents are heterozygous for 49. If two parents are heterozygous for height, color and seed shape, what are height, color and seed shape, what are

the odds their offspring will be the odds their offspring will be homozygous dominant for 2 traits and homozygous dominant for 2 traits and

heterozygous for the other trait.heterozygous for the other trait.

49. If two parents are heterozygous for 49. If two parents are heterozygous for height, color and seed shape, what are height, color and seed shape, what are

the odds their offspring will be the odds their offspring will be homozygous dominant for 2 traits and homozygous dominant for 2 traits and

heterozygous for the other trait.heterozygous for the other trait.

.25 X .25 X .5.25 X .25 X .5

50. How many different parent 50. How many different parent phenotypes, when crossed, can phenotypes, when crossed, can produce a child with B blood?produce a child with B blood?

50. How many different parent 50. How many different parent phenotypes, when crossed, can phenotypes, when crossed, can produce a child with B blood?produce a child with B blood?

A & A, A & B, A & O, AB & A, AB & O, AB & B, AB & AB

51. 51. BONUS:BONUS: What blood type is What blood type is known as a “Universal Recipient”?known as a “Universal Recipient”?

51. 51. BONUS:BONUS: What blood type is What blood type is known as a “Universal Recipient”?known as a “Universal Recipient”?

ABAB

52. What is the function of 52. What is the function of a protein?a protein?

52. What is the function of 52. What is the function of a protein?a protein?

Controls your traits. Controls your traits. (Controls all cell functions)(Controls all cell functions)

53. So, genes hold the directions to 53. So, genes hold the directions to make proteins. What are these proteins make proteins. What are these proteins

made of ?made of ?

53. So, genes hold the directions to 53. So, genes hold the directions to make proteins. make proteins.

What are these proteins made of ?What are these proteins made of ?

Amino AcidsAmino Acids

54. Can you name 4 random 54. Can you name 4 random changes in autosomal DNA?changes in autosomal DNA?

54. Can you name 4 random 54. Can you name 4 random changes in autosomal DNA?changes in autosomal DNA?

Deletion or Frameshift MutationInversion

TranslocationPoint Mutation

Insertion