cell differentiation and differential gene expression

1-10-17 Warm upMatching1. DNA2. Protein3. Nucleotide4. Amino acid

A. The monomers (building blocks) of nucleic acids

B. The product of the cell, coded for by genes on the DNA

C. Made up of genes; found in the nucleus

D. The monomers (building blocks) of proteins; coded for by codons in the RNA.

C B A DC B A D

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HmkyuihF7JA

Gene Expression

Liver Cells

Cartilage CellsRed Blood Cells

Eye Cells

What makes cells from the same individual look different?

Do they contain different DNA?

If the DNA in every cell is the same, how is it possible to have different cell types?

Junior Beck has over 200 cell types and loves posing for Snaps.

Remember…

1. Why is the nucleus of the cell important?

2. Humans body cells have a total of ____ individual chromosomes or ___ pairs of chromosomes.

3. Genes code for ______ which are assembled on the ________

Contain DNA, directs cells activities

46

23

proteins

ribosomes

Cats have 38

chromosomes

(19 pairs)

Objective

Explain how cells are different due to differences in gene expression

Activity Prep

CUT out the karyotypes

PASTE 1 karyotype in the zygote to show what chromosomes the man inherited from his parents.

• Multicellular organisms require groups of specialized cells in order to function properly

• What are some different cell types in an animal or a plant?

Sperm + Ovum zygote

fertilization

23 23 46

zygote

46 46

46

46 46

4646

46 46

4646

4646

46

4646

46 4646

46

4646 4646

4646

4646

46

46

4646

46

46464646

46

4646 46 46

4646 46 46

46

46

46464646

46

46

46

4646

46

46 46

46

46

Draw this

So…

Cells in the embryo begin as stem cells After about 7-10 days the cells begin to differentiate into different cell types

Muscle cellsNerve cellsBone cellsSkin cells…

4646

46 4646

4646

46All the same

• So if every cell in our body has the same genetic code, how do they become different from each other?

Practice

GLUE 1 karyotype into each box to represent that every cell in our body has the same genetic code

CFU: Cell Differentiation Videorandom selection/ complete sentence

1. How is it possible to develop great diversity of different types of cells in any multi-cellular body?

2. The body has approximately _____ cell types.

3. Stem cells can develop into ______kinds of cells.

4. ____ control the differences among cells.

5. All of these complicated processes are a part of the ___ of each organism.

Word bank:•Different•Genes•Genetic code•260•Gene regulation

Cell Differentiation: 1:30 Stop at Human Genome

CFU: Cell Differentiation Videorandom selection/ complete sentence

1. How is it possible to develop great diversity of different types of cells in any multi-cellular body?

2. The body has approximately _____ cell types.

3. Stem cells can develop into ______kinds of cells.

4. ____ control the differences among cells.

5. All of these complicated processes are a part of the ___ of each organism.

Word bank:•Different•Genes•Genetic code•260•Gene regulation

Different cell types EXPRESS different genes in the DNA code

Renin is produced by kidney cells

Keratin is produced by cells skin

Myosin is produced by muscle cells

Hemoglobin is produced by the red blood cells

Amylase is produced by saliva gland cells

Words in green indicate proteins

Stomach cells produce the protein PEPSIN

Kidney cells produce RENIN

Eye cells produce the protein CRYSTALLIN

Muscle cells produce the protein ACTIN

Intestinal cells produce the protein TRYPSIN

Now write in the protein name and highlight the chromosome that has the gene for that protein

actin

crystallin

pepsin

renin

trypsin

Gene expression = the DNA is used to make mRNA which is then used to build the protein that gene codes for

DNA mRNA amino acids

protein

Recap

46

46 46

46

46 46

4646

46 46

4646

4646

46

4646

46 4646

46

4646 4646

4646

4646

46

46

4646

46

46464646

46

4646 46 46

4646 46 46

46

46

46464646

46

46

46

4646

46

46 46

46

46

46

46

46

46

4646

46

4646

4646

1. Cells start out the same

2. Early in development they differentiate into different cell types

3. Different cells express different genes

How do cells know which genes to express?

• Heterochromatin – DNA that is not expressed is packed very tightly

• Euchromatin – DNA that will be expressed is packaged more loosely

So…What makes cells from the same individual look different?Do different cells contain different DNA? If the DNA in every cell is the same, how is it possible to have different cell types?

Explain how this cat can have hundreds of different cell types that all contain the same DNA .

This is Malfoy Beck

DNA replication model Work with a partner to:

Create a model of DNA during replication

Include: Deoxyribose/phosphate

backbone A-T and G-C

Semiconservative nature of replication Original parent DNA New DNA