cell injury and inflammation - group 4 sdca
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Cell injury & inflammation Cell injury & inflammation
Cell injury & inflammation Cell injury & inflammation
Cell Adaptation Cell Adaptation
Cell Adaptation Cell Adaptation
CAUSES OF CELL INJURY:
•Hypoxia •Physical agents (heat, cold, radiation, trauma)•Chemical agents and drugs•Microbiologic agents •Immunologic reactions•Genetic defects•Nutritional imbalances
Cell Adaptation Cell Adaptation
Cell Adaptation Cell Adaptation
Normal Cell
[ homeostasis]
Normal Cell
[ homeostasis]
Adaptation Adaptation
Stress.increased demand
Cell injuryCell deathCell injuryCell death
Injurious stimulus
Inability to adapt
Cell Adaptation Cell Adaptation
Cell Adaptation Cell Adaptation
ATROPHY:
•Acquired shrinkage in the size of the cell.
HYPERTROPHY :
•An increase in the size of the cells and thus an increase in the size of the tissue or organ
•The end result is to lessen the amount of increased work that each individual cell must perform in response to the stimulation or stress
Cell Adaptation Cell Adaptation
Cell Adaptation Cell Adaptation
Cell injury & inflammation Cell injury & inflammation
HYPERPLASIA :•An increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue
DYSPLASIA :• change in the appearance of cells after they have been subjected to chronic irritation.
METAPLASIA :•transformation of one adult cell type to another (reversible)
Body Defense Body Defense Body Defense Body Defense
Body Defense Body Defense Body Defense Body Defense
IMMUNE SYSTEM
•Protects us against billions of bacteria, viruses and other parasites.
TWO CATEGORYa.Innate Immunity (Non-specific mechanism
Mechanical MechanismChemical MediatorsCellInflammatory Response
Body Defense Body Defense Body Defense Body Defense
b. Adaptive Immunity (Specific Defense Mechanism)
Humoral Immune System (B cell)
Cell-mediated Immune System (T cell)
Body Defense Body Defense Body Defense Body Defense
STAGES OF IMMUNE RESPONSE:
1.Recognition stage – antigen are recognize by circulating lymphocytes and macrophages.
2.Proliferation stage – stimulation of dormant’s lymphocytes.
3.Plasma cell = Anti-bodies = Cytotoxic cell = Release in blood stream
4.Effectors stage – Destroy by the Antibiotics.
Body Defense Body Defense Body Defense Body Defense
INNATE IMMUNITY
It protects you against all antigens involves barriers that keep harmful materials from
entering your body the first line of defense in the immune response
a) MECHANICAL MECHANISM prevent the entry of microorganisms and
chemical into the body in two ways (1.) the skin and mucous membrane forms barrier that prevents their entry.
(2.) tears, saliva and urine act to wash them from the surfaces of the body.
b) CHEMICAL MEDIATORS – molecules responsible for many aspects of innate immunity
Interferons proteins that are produced when a cell is infected by a virus
Body Defense Body Defense Body Defense Body Defense
Complement the operation is similar to that of clotting proteinsOnce activated certain complement proteins promote inflammation and phagocytosis and can directly lyse (rupture) bacterial cells.
Body Defense Body Defense Body Defense Body Defense
c. CELL – white blood cells and the cells derived from white blood cells are the most important cellular components of immunity
Phagocytic Cellso Neutrophils – small phagocytic cells that are usually the first cells to enter infected tissue. o Macrophages – usually appear in the infected tissues after neutrophils & responsible for most of the phagocytic activity.
Body Defense Body Defense Body Defense Body Defense
Cells of Inflammationo Basophils – could leave the blood and enter infected tissue.
o Mast Cells – nonmotile cells in connective tissue, especially near capillaries.
o Eosinophils – produce enzymes that break down chemicals released by basophils and mast cells.
Body Defense Body Defense Body Defense Body Defense
Natural Killer Cells – recognizes classes of cells, such as tumor cells or virus-infected cells in general. Release chemical that damage cell membranes causing cell to lyse.
d. Inflammatory Response
Body Defense Body Defense Body Defense Body Defense
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
only component of the immune system that confers any immunity against pathogens. It also enhances some effects of the innate immune system, such as inflammation and complement protein responses.
Body Defense Body Defense Body Defense Body Defense
a. B cells produce antibodies. Antibodies attach to a
specific antigen and make it easier for the immune cells to destroy the antigen.
b. T cells attack antigens directly and help control of the
immune response. They also release chemicals, known as interleukins, which control the entire immune response.
Body Defense Body Defense Body Defense Body Defense
Body Defense Body Defense Body Defense Body Defense
Inflammatory Response
Inflammatory Response
Inflammatory Response Inflammatory Response
Inflammatory Response
Inflammatory Response
Inflammatory Response Inflammatory Response
“In-flame” – to set fire. (red, hot, pain)
Inflammation
“dynamic response of vascularised tissue to injury.”
It is physiologic, protective response.
Serves to bring defense & healing mechanisms to the site of injury.
Inflammatory Response
Inflammatory Response
Inflammatory Response Inflammatory Response
CARDINAL SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION
Rubor (redness) • caused by hyperemia
Calor (heat)•caused by vasodilation
Tumor (swelling) •caused by fluid exudation
Dolor (pain) •caused by pressure of fluid exudates and chemical irritation of nerve endings
Loss of function •caused by swelling and pain
Inflammatory Response
Inflammatory Response
Inflammatory Response Inflammatory Response
Inflammatory Response
Inflammatory Response
Inflammatory Response Inflammatory Response
SYSTEMIC REACTIONS IN INFLAMMATION
1. fever2. increased WBC3. increased erythrocyte sedimentation
rate (ESR)
Inflammatory Response
Inflammatory Response
Inflammatory Response Inflammatory Response
INFLAMMATION - MECHANISM
1. Vaso dilatation
2. Exudation - Edema
3. Emigration of cells
4. Chemotaxis
5. Phagocytosis
Inflammatory Response
Inflammatory Response
Inflammatory Response Inflammatory Response
CLASSIFICATION OF INFLAMMATION
According to characteristic type of exudates:•Serous – clear; easily reabsorbed without damage•Fibrinous – filled with large amount of fibrinogen•Sanguinous or hemorrhagic – large amount of blood from vascular damage
Inflammatory Response
Inflammatory Response
Inflammatory Response Inflammatory Response
•Purulent or suppurative – results from bacterial infection
•Catarrhal – mucinous secretion and results from viral infection of respiratory tract
Inflammatory Response
Inflammatory Response
Inflammatory Response Inflammatory Response
CLASSIFICATION OF INFLAMMATION
According to position that inflamed area occupies within involved tissue:
•Abscess – localized collection of pus caused by suppuration in tissue, organ and confined space•Sinus – infection forming abscess develops suppurating channel and ruptures onto the surface or into a body cavity
Inflammatory Response
Inflammatory Response
Inflammatory Response Inflammatory Response
•Fistula – infection forms a tube-like passage from an epithelium-lined organ or normal body cavity to the surface of another organ or cavity
•Cellulitis – inflammatory process poorly defined and diffused with tendency to spread; involves cellular or connective tissue
•Ulcer – superficial defect on surface of organ or tissue caused by sloughing of necrotic tissues
Inflammatory Response
Inflammatory Response
Inflammatory Response Inflammatory Response
CLASSIFICATION OF INFLAMMATION
According to duration or length of time•Acute
Lasts less than 2 weeks; response is immediate; healing takes place with return of normal structure and function
Inflammatory Response
Inflammatory Response
Inflammatory Response Inflammatory Response
•Chronic Lasts from several weeks to years; debilitating and produces long lasting effect; proliferative cell multiplication, cellular filtration, necrosis, fibrosis or scarring; with periods of
Remission – disease is present but the person does not experience symptoms
Exacerbation – acute phase, signs and symptoms are back
Inflammatory Response
Inflammatory Response
Inflammatory Response Inflammatory Response
Altered Immune Response Altered Immune Response
Altered Immune Response
Altered Immune Response
Altered Immune Response Altered Immune Response
Altered Immune Response
Altered Immune Response
IMMUNE SYSTEM DISORDERS occur when the immune response is inappropriate, excessive, or lacking.
Complications related to altered immune responses include:
Allergy or hypersensitivityAnaphylaxis Autoimmune disorders
Altered Immune Response Altered Immune Response
Altered Immune Response
Altered Immune Response
Blood transfusion reaction
Disease development
Graft versus host disease
Immunodeficiency disorders
Serum sickness
Transplant rejection
Thank You !!!
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