cell signaling. local signaling paracrine paracrine synaptic synaptic

Cell Signaling

Local Signaling

Paracrine Synaptic

Long-distance Signaling

Endocrine

Hormones

Stages of Cell Signaling

Stages of Cell Signaling Reception

Ligand (signaling molecule) binds to receptor protein RP shape change stimulates transduction pathway

Stages of CellSignaling

Intracellular reception Nonpolar signals bind to

receptors in cytosol or nucleus

Stages of Cell Signaling

Transduction Various molecules relay signal to response location

Inactivekinase 1 Phosphorylation cascade

Inactivekinase 2

Activekinase 1

Activekinase 2

Activeenzyme

Inactiveenzyme

Cellularresponse

ADP

ADP

Activated relay molecule

Stages of Cell Signaling

PhosphorylationKinase activates molecule by adding a phosphate group

Inactivekinase 1 Phosphorylation cascade

Inactivekinase 2

Activekinase 1

Activekinase 2

Activeenzyme

Inactiveenzyme

Cellularresponse

ADP

ADP

Activated relay molecule

Stages of Cell Signaling

DephosphorylationPhosphatase deactivates molecule by removing a phosphate group

Stages of Cell Signaling

Response

Stages ofCell Signaling