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Chapter 16Eighteenth Century European Rivalries
George Anson's capture of a Manila galleon, painted by Samuel Scott before 1772
Who was the British architect of victory in the Seven Year’s War by financially supporting Frederick II and defeating France in North America?
James Wolfe
William Pitt the Elder
Robert Clive
George Grenville
William Pitt the Younger
Why did the Commonwealthmen have little influence in Great Britain? Because the British people regarded themselves as the freest people in the world.
Why did the Commonwealthmen have greater influence in North America?Because the American colonists did NOT regard themselves as the freest people in the world and resented what they considered the loss of their rights.
What is the difference between libel and slander?libel is written untruths or defamation of another person but slander is spoken untruths or defamation of another person
Just as Sir Robert Walpole had been pressured into the War of Jenkins’ Ear to protect British commercial interests, so _____________ was forced to give up his planned naval assault on British trading interests in order to support the ___________against Austria, which was France’s traditional enemy.
Cardinal Fleury
Prussians
Sir Robert Walpole began the practice of patronage in government and Parliament. What is patronage?
Patronage is the putting one’s supporters in positions of power
What began the First Stage of European worldwide expansion?The Voyages of Discovery
And what followed the Voyages of Discovery?The Spanish and Portuguese conquest and settlement of the New World; and the penetration of Indian and Southeast Asian markets by the Portuguese and Dutch.
the British and French settlement of North America
and a little later?
What catastrophic event brought the Third Stage of European worldwide expansion?
World War II
The Russo-Japanese War
World War I
The Korean War
The defeat of Napoleon
Frederick II became King of Prussia in 1740. He immediately ignored the Pragmatic Sanction of Charles VI and seized what Austrian province?
Hungary
Pomerania
Cleves
Bohemia
Silesia
When John Wilkes was briefly imprisoned in May of 1768; his supporters cried_____________________. Soldiers fired on the unarmed crowd killing seven and wounding fifteen. What was this unfortunate incident called?
The Boston Massacre
The London Riots
St George's Fields Massacre
The Gordon Riots
No Justice, No Peace
From whom do the Saramaka people who live in present day Suriname and maintain an elaborate oral tradition trace their descent?
Creoles
Corregidores
Intendants
Mestizos
Maroons
What was the Second Stage of European worldwide expansion?
The growth of the Mercantilist Empires
What were its characteristics?
The Period of the Mercantilist Empires was dominated by colonial trade rivalry between Spain, France and Great Britain.
The Dutch and Portuguese maintained more modest colonial holdings but were minor players.
What about the Dutch and Portuguese?
What was the pivotal element of the first two stages of European worldwide expansion?
The growth of slavery
Why was the importation of slaves important?
Slaves (which were cheap and easily obtainable) made plantations which grew sugar cane, rice, indigo and tobacco immensely profitable.
In 1670, when Louis XIV and Charles II signed the Treaty of Dover, what nation controlled Peru, Cuba, the Philippines, the American Southwest and Florida?
Portugal
England
The Netherlands
Spain
France
In the Spanish colonies in the Americas, what four Viceroyalties appeared?
In 1521: New Spain [Mexico and Central America]
In 1542: New Castile [Peru, Ecuador and Northern Chile]
In 1717: New Granada[Panama, Colombia and Venezuela]
In 1776: Rio de la Plata[Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay and much of modern Argentina]
Name the numbered areas on the map
1
2
3
4
5
6
Brazil
New Spain [Mexico]
Gulf of Mexico
Caribbean Sea
New Granada[Venezuela, Colombia Panama]
New Castile [Peru, Ecuador and Northern Chile]
Who was the architect of the bringing France and Austria into an alliance in 1756?
William Pitt the Elder
Louis Joseph de Montcalm.
Prince Wenzel Kaunitz
Lord Cornwallis
John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute
What were slaves who escaped and set up communities of their own called?
Sons of Liberty
Intendants
Mestizos
Zambos
Maroons
What was the Third Stage of European worldwide expansion?
The Third Stage occurred when European states in the _____________century carved out empires world-wide as they outright annexed most of Africa and India, settled Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Algeria; and economically penetrated the Ottoman Empire, Persia, China and Japan.
What propelled this worldwide empire buildinga combination of trade (spell that profit and $$$), national honor, Christian missionary zeal and military strategic considerations (such a coaling stations).
nineteenth
The Dutch East India Company, the French East India Company and the English East India Company were all examples of…
Empiricism
Royal Monopolies
Joint Stock Companies
Stock Exchanges
Bullionism
What event would bring about the final stage of European worldwide expansion?
World War II
What is the period between World War I and World War II called?The Age of Anxiety
What was the name for this last stage of European worldwide expansion which was really a contraction?
The Period of Decolonization
Which of the following factors allowed European powers to dominate most of the world?
Desire for profits
Superior technology
Superior Culture
Awareness of Classical Civilizations
Missionary Fervor
During and after the ___________, Spain
militantly imposed its religion and culture upon
the conquered Muslims; so in like manner the
Spanish Crown imposed the Catholic religion
and Spanish culture on the ____________ in
the Americas. As the colonies grew in the 16th
century, two principal centers of authority
arose: _____________.
Reconquista
native peoples
Mexico and Peru
What is the economic system in which private parties make their goods and services available on a free market and seek to take advantage of market conditions to profit from their activities?
Capitalism
Where were the richest Dutch colonies located?The East Indies
What is a Free Market?A Free Market is an open arena in which businessmen are free to compete with each other and the forces of _________________to determine the prices received for goods and services. supply and demand
After the passage of the Stamp Act, there was much angry protesting in the colonies. What was the name of quasi-political group, which led vociferous protests which sometimes became violent demonstrations?
Abolitionists
The Amerindians
The Commonwealthmen
The Loyalists
The Sons of Liberty
In 1713-1714, the Treaties of Utrecht and Rastatt ended the War of ___________________, allowed Philip V of Spain to keep his throne, blunted the territorial dreams of Louis ____and preserved what essential principle by establishing boundaries for the various European states?
The Divine Right of Kings
The preservation of traditional trade tariffs
Cuius religio, eius religio
Balance of Power
the Spanish Succession
XIV
It is important to understand that Capitalism spawned Mercantilism. By what other names in Mercantilism known?
Bullionism or the Mercantile System
Define Mercantilism
Mercantilism is the economic philosophy that tries to increase the power of a nation by increasing its monetary wealth through policies designed to secure an accumulation of ________, a favorable balance of ______, the development of agriculture and manufacturing, and the establishment of foreign trading monopolies.
bulliontrade
Who thought of the world as an arena of limited resources and economic limitations; an arena which had to be contested vigorously if a nation was to grow richer?
Amerindians
Mercantilists
Maroons
Commonwealthmen
The American Colonists
What is bullion?Gold bars, silver bars, other precious-metals bars, sometimes called ingots
What is a favorable Balance of Trade?
A Favorable Balance of Trade occurs when a nation sells or exports more than it buys or imports – thus creating wealth.
What is a monopoly?
A monopoly is the exclusive or complete control of an entire supply of goods or services in a certain area or market.
Viceroys were kept in check [check up on] by?
Conquistadores
Corregidores
Peninsulares
Audiencias
Which viceroyality was created because of War of Jenkin’s Ear?
New Granada in 1717
What is a boon?a benefit, aid or advantage
Because Mother Countries used their colonies to provide markets for the mother country’s goods and sources of natural resources for the Mother Country’s benefit, the 18th century became known as
The Golden Age of Smuggling
What does ubiquitous mean?
Found everywhere - seeming to be seen everywhere
In what three overseas locations did the French and the British clash?North America, the West Indies and India
In North America, British and French colonists quarreled over two main commodities. What were they?
Fishing rights and the Fur Trade
What did the British and French quarrel over in the West Indies?lucrative plantation crops: sugar, tobacco, cotton, indigo and coffee; especially sugar!
What was the name of the administrators who were appointed by the king of Spain to govern in his place in the New World?
Conquistadores
Corregadores
Viceroys
Mestizos
Peninsulares
Even after their defeat at Yorktown, why did the British grant the Americans their independence?
The British were tired of a war they could not win; and a war that drained their treasurery. They won many battles and held key cities but they could not occupy such a vast territory.
Which English political party heavily influenced the American colonial leaders because it drew upon the political idealism of John Locke?
The Whigs
The English and the French did not interfere with
the Dutch holdings in Southeast Asia. Nevertheless
as the _____________(The Islamic-Mongol Empire
which controlled most of Northern India) and many of
its dependent states weakened, the French under
_____________ (1697-1763) and the British under
_____________ (1725-1774) both sought to
expand their footholds in India.
Mughal Empire
Joseph Dupleix
Sir Robert Clive
Which of the following could be said to be the root cause of the American Revolution?
The Battles of Lexington and Concord
Common Sense by Thomas Paine
The refusal of the British crown to consider working towards independence for the American colonies
The British wanted the American Colonists to pay their fair share for the benefits gained from the French and Indian War.
The ____________________(House of Trade) or the Casa in Seville regulated all trade with the New World. Cádiz was the only port authorized for use to trade in America?
Casa de Contratación
The Casa de Contratación used the ____________, which consisted of fleets of merchant ships (guarded by warships), to carry merchandise from Spain to three authorized ports on the Atlantic coast of Spain’s American empire
Flota System
Who were the local officials who presided over local municipal councils and who worked under the Viceroys and with the Audiencias in the Spanish colonies?
Conquistadores
Corregidores
Mestizos
Peninsulares
Creoles
What were privateers?
Privateers were sailors authorized by a government using letters of marque (authorization) to attack foreign vessels during wartime.
What were individuals born of European ancestry in the Americas called?Creoles
What two kings wanted to reassert royal authority but whose policies eventually lost them much of their empires in the New World?Charles III of Spain and George III of Britain
Of all the nineteenth century European political and economic conquests, what one nation would free itself before the twentieth century?
India
Japan
The Ottoman Empire
The Philippines
China
Who were two of the most influential Commonwealth Party writers between them wrote a series of 144 weekly essays entitled Cato's Letters?
Charles Fox
Thomas Gordon
John Trenchard
John Wilkes
Christopher Wyvil
In the Spanish New World, _________ were born of mixed European and Indian parentage. At first, they lived on the __________________until their numbers became so great that they integrated into all but the uppermost levels of society.
Mestizos
In 1776, ___________organized a 4th viceroyalty, the Rio de la Plata. And then to make tax collection more efficient he used his own royal tax collectors called ___________. Although his reforms did stimulate the imperial economy, nevertheless the increased control did not bring reforms that withstood the test of time and _________________.
fringes of society
Charles III
Intendants
revolutionary ideas
What institution gave the Spanish settlers the right to compel the Native Americans to work in their mines (or in fields and plantations)?
The Slave Trade
Encomienda
Audiencias
The Inquisition
The Flota System
What are the principal benefits of Joint Stock Companies?Joint Stock Companies spread risk (among _________) and make large profits possible (for the __________).
What name was given to conquered native peoples in the Spanish New World Colonies?
Amerindians
Where were the rich silver mines in Mexico located?
Zacatecas
investorsinvestors
Who boasted the America was won on the plains of Germany?
Lord Cornwallis
King George III
James Wolfe
William Pitt the Elder
William Pitt the Younger
In order to maximize profits, slave traders and merchants used what economic strategy?
The Middle Passage
Triangular Trade
Encomienda
Casa de Contratación
Engenhos
It is important to understand that European
____________ played an important role in
promoting capitalism and Joint Stock
Companies. They protected individual rights
to possess ________________ enforce
contracts, and _____________ between
parties in business transactions.
governments
private property
settle disputes
What was the name given to Portuguese run Plantations in Brazil were slaves suffered unspeakably and were afforded the fewest legal protections?
Consulado
Audiencias
Encomienda
Potosi
Engenhos
From the 1770s to the 1820s, what principal political events occurred in the Americas?
The British colonies along the North American Seaboard, Portuguese Brazil and the Spanish colonies of Mexico, Central America and South America won their freedom from their mother countries.
What era of expansion did these events bring to a close?
The Second Stage or Era of Mercantilist Empires
What British general surrendered to George Washington and the French at Yorktown?
William Pitt the Younger
John Wilkes
Lord North
The Earl of Bute
Lord Cornwallis
Slaves were often brought to the Americas via the Middle Passage. Why was it called the Middle Passage?It was called the Middle Passage because it formed the middle leg of Triangular Trade
Were was the only successful salve revolt in all history?San Dominique, which became the Republic of Haiti
What name was given to Euro-Americans who denounced slavery and the slave trade?
Abolitionists
Loyalists
Intendants
MPs
Commonwealthmen
Enslaved Africans found it very difficult to maintain of their own cultural traditions in the New World. They were thrust into a harsh life where European languages were spoken. Nevertheless, some were able to preserve their languages and religions. Many others lost their languages, but most began to speak _____________, which drew from African and European languages. Many became Christians, but, as in Africa, it was a ___________ Christianity. Sometimes, as in the Voodoo Cult in Haiti or the _________in Cuba, their new, mixed religions even developed an institutional structure.
Creole languages
syncretized
Santeria
What revolution paralleled the decline in the profitability of slavery?
Hatian
American
Creole
Industrial
French
Even though Lord North in 1773 led Parliament to pass a new law relating to the sale of tea by the English East India Company that actually lowered the price of tea, the outcry of new taxes led to what event?
The Boston Tea Party
As a result of the Boston Tea Party, Parliament passed __________________. What were its four provisions?
1. The Port of Boston was closed until the tea was paid for
2. the Massachusetts colonial government was reorganized3. Quartering of troops in private homes was authorized
4. The trials of royal customs officials were moved to England
The Intolerable Acts
When did the First phase of European Worldwide expansion end?
The mid-eighteenth century
The mid-nineteenth century
After the Napoleonic Wars
After World War I
With the defeat of the Spanish Armada
What does syncretism mean? Syncretism is the combination, fusion or mixing of different forms of belief or practice
Who was the fifty year old Aztec peasant who convinced the Bishop of Mexico that he had seen the Mother of God and what was she called?Juan Diego
What were the consequences of the Bishop’s belief in Juan Diego’s account and the miracle of the roses?Six million Azecs believed it was true and became Roman Catholics almost overnight.
Our Lady of Guadalupe
Who was said to be the ugliest man in England, and affirmed that it only took half an hour to talk away his face but fought for the right of voters—rather than special interests in the House of Commons— in order to determine their representatives?
John Wilkes
The Earl of Bute
John Trenchard
Christopher Wyvil
Lord North
Who said, Go, and tell your King that I will do the same, if he dares to do the same?Jose Fandiño, captain of the Spanish warship La Isabella
To whom did Fandiño say this?Robert Jenkins, captain of the British Brig, Rebecca
Why?
Fandiño had boarded the Rebecca, accused Jenkins of piracy and cut off Jenkins’ left ear.
What great British politician and member of Parliament was hailed the Renewer of Society because of his adamant opposition to slavery?
John Trenchard
William Wilberforce
Robert Jenkins
James Wolfe
John Wilkes
After Robert Jenkins produced his severed ear in
Parliament to prove Spanish atrocities. British
merchants and West Indian planters pressured the
Prime Minister, _______________, to fight, who
gave in and fought _________________ with Spain.
The war itself was a trade war marked by a series of
skirmishes and much privateering finally concluded
as a result of the War of the _______________.
Sir Robert Walpole
The War of Jenkins’ Ear
Austrian Succession
Before the Industrial Revolution and its boon of _______________________, mercantilists felt that the only way for a state to expand its wealth was: by governmental regulation of all internal trade.
by heavy taxation of the peasant and lower classes.
by the importation of African slaves.
by increased taxation of the growing middle classes.
at the expense of another state.
sustained economic growth
During the War of the Austrian Succession, in what three ways did Maria Theresa not only win the admiration of her people, but also preserved her authority in her empire?
1. Her personal heroism and leadership
2. Her granting more privileges to the aristocracy
3. Her recognizing Hungary as the more important of her crowns and her promise to the Magyar nobility of local autonomy
When Frederick II seized Silesia, what was more troubling to Europe’s monarchs than the violation of Charles VI’s edict that his daughter be allowed to inherit the Austrian throne?
Russia would become an ally with Frederick
Maria Theresa was unequipped to fight for her lands
Frederick upset the balance of power
Great Britain would be edged out of European politics
Silesia was more Polish than German or Hungarian
When Cardinal Fleury supported Prussia in the War of the Austrian Succession, what three consequences followed?
1. Frederick II was enabled to consolidate Prussia as a stronger German state.
2. Fleury brought Great Britain into the continental conflict because Britain wanted to make sure that the Netherlands, which was an Austrian possession, remained in the friendly hands of Austria, not France.
3. France was weakened by this two-front conflict because she lacked resources to fight BOTH Great Britain in the New World and Austria in the old
How did the War of the Austrian Succession end by the terms of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748?A stalemate
Who stalemated?Spain, France and Prussia stalemated with Britain and Austria
Nevertheless, who gained by the stalemate?
Prussia kept possession of Silesia and Britain kept her Asiento.
In January, 1756, what agreement did Great Britain and Prussia sign which was a defensive alliance that sought to prevent foreign troops from invading Germany?
The Convention of Saint-Dominique
Treaty of Paris
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
The Treaty of Hubertusburg
Convention of Westminster
In 1757, British forces under what general defeated France’s Indian ally, the Mughal Raja (ruler) of Bengal?Sir Robert Clive
What was the crucial battle in Clive’s triumph?
The Battle of Plassey
What treaty ended the Anglo-French portion of the Seven Year’s War?
The 1763 Treaty of Paris
On July 4 1776, the Continental Congress approved the
________________________, which drew upon
Enlightenment thinking and from _________________
tradition. It asserted that all men are created equal, that
they are endowed by their Creator with certain
unalienable Rights, which among these are Life, Liberty,
and the pursuit of Happiness. It echoed John Locke’s
___________________________in arguing that
government derives its power and authority from the
___________________.
Declaration of Independence
English Constitutional
contractual theory of government
consent of the governed
What two factors drove the Seven Years’ War?
Great Britain’s alliance with Russia
Austria’s determination to reclaim Silesia
Cardinal Fleury’s desire to reclaim the Netherlands
The Treaty of Hubertusburg
British and French colonial ambitions in North America
Frederick the Great (Frederick II) opened the Seven Years’ War by invading what ally of Austria?Saxony
Frederick the Great won many victories against great odds in the Seven Years’ War but lost more. What was he greatest defeat?The Battle of Kunersdorf in 1759 when the Russians and Austrians almost destroyed his entire army.
What stroke of luck allowed Frederick to “win”?The Empress Elizabeth died and her successor Peter III, who admired the Prussians and Frederick, recalled the Russian armies and made peace with Prussia.
Who defeated the French under Louis Joseph de Montcalm on the Plains of Abraham near Quebec City and won Canada for the British?
Lord Cornwallis
King George III
James Wolfe
William Pitt the Elder
William Pitt the Younger
In the 1763 Treaty of Paris, the French preferred to keep the small islands of Guadalupe and Martinique instead of the much larger New France or Canada. Why?
The lucrative Sugar Trade
Who negotiated the 1763 Treaty of Paris?John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute
What did Spain gain and lose by the 1763 Treaty of Paris?
Spain lost Florida to the British and received Louisiana from France.
Who became Prime Minister of Great Britain in 1764 and presided over the passage of the Sugar Act, which attempted to produce more revenue from imports (especially from sugar and molasses from British islands in the West Indies?
George Grenville
Charles Townshend
Lord North
Thomas Gordon
After the passage of the Sugar Act in 1764, what revenue enhancing Act was passed by Grenville in 1765?
The Stamp Act
Why did the British consider the Stamp Act leggal?
The British considered this tax legal because it was passed by Parliament and fair because the money was to be spent (so they said) in and for the colonies.
What were colonists called who fought for the British and/or sympathized with Great Britain?
Tories
What were the Royal tax collectors created by Charles III of Spain called?
Creoles
Corregidores
Intendants
Mestizos
Maroons
With regards to the Stamp Act, what three objections did the Stamp Act Congress of 1765 make to King George III and Parliament?
that (1) only colonial assemblies had a right to tax the colonies;
that (2) trial by jury was a right granted to all English citizens, and that the use of Admiralty Courts was an abuse of that right;
that (3) the colonists possessed all the rights of Englishmen and without voting rights, Parliament could not represent the colonists.
The period after the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle was a resting period but what dramatic shift of alliances occurred in the Diplomatic Revolution 1756?
Prussia and Russia became allies
Austria and France became allies
Great Britain and Austria remained allies
Prussia and Great Britain broke their alliance
Russia and Great Britain remained allies
After the passage of the Stamp Act and the angry protests that followed, the colonists did something unexpected; they _______and refused to import British goods. This hit the British in the pocketbook. So the British repealed the Stamp act but passed what new legislation which asserted its power to tax the colonies. What was the legislation?
The Quebec Act
The Intolerable Acts
The Townshend Acts
The Declaratory Act
united
What is meant by Balance of Power?
Balance of Power is the political ideology that dictates that a nation’s security is increased or improved when military abilities are distributed among all nations, so _________________is strong enough to dominate any of the others
Which small and resource-poor European nation first rounded the southern tip of Africa and built the first Mercantilist Empire?Portugal
that no one nation
What treaty ended the Continental part of the Seven Years’ War by which Frederick II kept _______, Prussia gained enormous influence at the expense of Austria which in turn became more dependent than ever on its __________ territories?
The Convention of Saint-Dominique
Treaty of Paris
The Treaty of Hubertusburg
Convention of Westminster
Silesia
Hungarian
___________________ set a pattern in British-Colonial
relations that would last for ten years. Parliament, under
a royal minister, would approve new taxes or legislation
and the Americans would then resist by reasoned
argument, economic pressure
(______________________) and civil demonstrations
often with violence. Then the British would back down
and the cycle would begin again. But each time tempers
became more frayed and attitudes more _________ as
more and more colonists gradually evolved from
________________________.
The Stamp Act Crisis
boycotting British goods
hardened
Englishmen into Americans
In 1767 Charles Townshend, the British Finance Minister, led Parliament to pass the Townshend Acts which taxed many imports. The resulting stress and confusion led to sometimes violent demonstrations. What was the most violent of these?
The Boston Massacre
The Battle of Bunker Hill
St George's Fields Massacre
The Gordon Riots
What was the Quebec Act of 1774?The Quebec Act extended the boundaries of Quebec in British Canada to include the Ohio River valley
What was its purpose?The Quebec Act was designed to block American westward settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains.
The First Continental Congress was organized in the same year. What was its purpose?The First Continental Congress was organized to coordinate the colonial resistance to British action
In Chapter 13 we learned that the Dutch opened the first full-time stock exchange in1602 in Amsterdam. In 1571, what stock exchange did Queen Elizabeth I open?
The London Stock Exchange
Where would the British Raj be found?
New York
India
London
Canada
Where did the first clash take place between colonial militias and British troops take place? Lexington and Concord
Who published a pamphlet called Common Sense, in which he challenged the authority of the British government and first formally called for American Independence. ?Thomas Paine
Even before the First Continental Congress was organized to coordinate colonial resistance, what groups were set up to help the colonists make common cause?
Committees of Correspondence.
Who were highly outspoken Protestant political and economic reformers during the early 18th century who (along with John Locke) deeply impressed American colonial thinkers?
The Sons of Liberty
The Abolitionists
The Committees of Correspondence
The Tories
Commonwealthmen
Colonial Tories were pro British sympathizers. Who the British Tories in Parliament?
The Tories were the conservatives who supported a strong monarchy and the Anglican Church as the established church in England.
Who were the Whigs in Parliament?The Whigs were the liberals who were supporters of constitutional monarchy, great aristocratic families, the Hanoverian succession and toleration of non-Anglican Protestant churches
What political philosophy did the Commonwealthmen believe in which is the ideology of governing a nation is where the head of state is appointed by means other than heredity, often election?
Capitalism
Republicanism
Bullionism
Imperialism
Mercantilism
Colonial Tories were pro British sympathizers. Who the British Tories in Parliament?
The Tories were the conservatives who supported a strong monarchy and the Anglican Church as the established church in England.
Who were the Whigs in Parliament?The Whigs were the liberals who were supporters of constitutional monarchy, great aristocratic families, the ____________ succession and toleration of non-Anglican Protestant churches
Hanoverian
King George III was the first Hanoverian king whose first language was English. Which statement about him is most true?
He believed in the Divine Right of Kings
He refused to challenge Parliament on the appointment of government officials
He wanted to be a king, not a tyrant
He was the first king to support the Whigs since the death of Queen Anne
John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon together wrote a series of 144 weekly essays entitled Cato's Letters. What was their three most important criticisms?
First, they condemned the corruption and lack of morality within the British political system; and warned against the ________ that such a system engendered.
Second, that government patronage and the Parliamentary system begun by _________________ was corrupt and actually undermined liberty
Third, that Parliamentary taxation was corrupt
Fourth, that the maintenance of standing armies was a __________ act in itself
Sir Robert Walpole
tyranny
tyrannical
The American Constitution extended what had been begun during the __________________. The American colonists believed that they were preserving _______________________ against the tyranny of Parliament and King George III. And once their constitution was adopted, the Americans quickly insisted on a _____________ to protect their liberties.
Glorious Revolution
traditional English liberties
Bill of Rights
The greatest surprise of the American Revolution was __________. The new nation needed money for investment and British financiers were only too willing to lend money and so British trade with the Americans after independence actually increased – dramatically!
economic
Who became the editor of a newspaper, The North Britton, and in 1763 (in issue 45) strongly criticized Lord Bute’s handling of the Treaty of Paris for which he was promptly arrested?
Thomas Paine
George Grenville
John Trenchard
Christopher Wyvil
John Wilkes
For what three reasons did Yorkshire Movement Association come about?
First, the bungling of the war in North AmericaSecond, the policies of Lord NorthThird, high taxes
Who was the landowner and retired clergyman who organized the Yorkshire Movement Association?
Christopher Wyvil
What does lucrative mean?profitable
True or False: The American colonists demonstrated to Europe that a successful governmental structure could be established without kings or hereditary nobility.
True
Define Popular SovereigntyPopular Sovereignty is the principle that authority in government (the right to rule) comes from the consent of the people
After Parliamentary pressures brought George III’s opponent, ____________, William Pitt the Younger (with the king’s backing) accomplished what ?
He passed a moderate Reform Bill.
He forced George III to abdicate in favor of his son, George IV
He forced Christopher Wyvil into retirement
He organized a House of Commons favorable to the king.
He ended the war with the American colonists.
Charles Fox
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