chapter 16 fishes, amphibians, and reptiles 16-1 what is a vertebrates? vertebrates an animal that...

Chapter 16Chapter 16

Fishes, Amphibians, and ReptilesFishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles

16-1 What is a Vertebrates?16-1 What is a Vertebrates?

VertebratesVertebrates An animal that has a vertebral column (backbone)An animal that has a vertebral column (backbone)

Protects the spinal cordProtects the spinal cord

Connects brain to nerves in bodyConnects brain to nerves in body

16-1 What is a Vertebrates?16-1 What is a Vertebrates?

VertebratesVertebrates Have endoskeletons Have endoskeletons

(internal skeletons)(internal skeletons)Gives shape to bodyGives shape to body

Supports bodySupports body

Made of living tissue so Made of living tissue so it grows with the bodyit grows with the body

16-1 What is a Vertebrates?16-1 What is a Vertebrates?

VertebratesVertebrates Belong to the phylum ChordataBelong to the phylum Chordata

Some time during their lives they have 3 Some time during their lives they have 3 characteristicscharacteristics

Nerve CordNerve CordHollow tube near animals backHollow tube near animals back

NotochordNotochordLong flexible support rod that runs through part of Long flexible support rod that runs through part of animals bodyanimals body

Throat with gill slitsThroat with gill slitsAllows oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide out Allows oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide out while in waterwhile in water

16-1 What is a Vertebrates?16-1 What is a Vertebrates?

16-1 What is a Vertebrate16-1 What is a Vertebrate

VertebratesVertebrates ColdbloodedColdblooded

EctothermsEctotherms

Rely on environments Rely on environments for heatfor heat

Fish, amphibians, Fish, amphibians, reptilesreptiles

WarmbloodedWarmbloodedEndothermsEndotherms

Maintain their body Maintain their body temperaturetemperature

Birds and mammalsBirds and mammals

16-2 Fish16-2 Fish

First FishFirst Fish First appeared about First appeared about

540 million years ago 540 million years ago in fossil recordin fossil record

No jawsNo jaws Body covered by bony Body covered by bony

platesplates First animals to have First animals to have

vertebral columnvertebral column

16-2 Fish16-2 Fish

FishFish Water dwelling Water dwelling

vertebrates that are vertebrates that are characterized by characterized by scales, fins, and scales, fins, and throats with gill slits throats with gill slits (all fish)(all fish)

Not all fish have these Not all fish have these characteristicscharacteristics

Sturgeon have no Sturgeon have no scalesscales

16-2 Fish16-2 Fish

FishFish Most fish have finsMost fish have fins

Vary in structure and Vary in structure and functionfunction

Can have paired fins or Can have paired fins or single finssingle fins

Can be used to stay Can be used to stay upright or steerupright or steer

Large tail fin moves Large tail fin moves side to side to moveside to side to move

16-2 Fish16-2 Fish

FishFish Eat just about anythingEat just about anything Have a closed Have a closed

circulatory systemcirculatory system Excretory system Excretory system

gives off ammoniagives off ammonia Have well developed Have well developed

nervous systemnervous systemEyesEyes

Good sense of smell Good sense of smell and tasteand taste

16-2 Fish16-2 Fish

FishFish Most species males Most species males

and females are and females are separate individualsseparate individuals

Males produce sperm, Males produce sperm, females produce eggsfemales produce eggs

Some species are born Some species are born male and develop into male and develop into femalesfemales

Most have external Most have external fertilizationfertilization

16-2 Fish16-2 Fish

Jawless FishesJawless Fishes Most primitiveMost primitive Lack scales and fins Lack scales and fins

alsoalso Skeletons are made of Skeletons are made of

cartilage cartilage Eellike bodiesEellike bodies

16-2 Fish16-2 Fish

LampreysLampreys Only species of Only species of

jawless fish alivejawless fish alive Suction-cup mouth Suction-cup mouth

with teethwith teethAttaches to animals Attaches to animals and scrapes away skinand scrapes away skin

Eats body fluidsEats body fluids

16-2 Fish16-2 Fish

HagfishesHagfishes Considered most Considered most

primitive vertebrate primitive vertebrate todaytoday

Wormlike body with 4-Wormlike body with 4-6 short tentacles 6 short tentacles extended from its extended from its mouthmouth

Feeds on dead or Feeds on dead or dying fishdying fish

16-2 Fish16-2 Fish

Cartilaginous FishCartilaginous Fish Sharks, rays, skates, Sharks, rays, skates,

sawfish, and sawfish, and chimaeraschimaeras

Skeletons made of Skeletons made of cartilagecartilage

16-2 Fish16-2 Fish

SharksSharks Top predator of the Top predator of the

oceansoceans Have up to 3000 teethHave up to 3000 teeth

In rowsIn rows

First 2 rows are for First 2 rows are for feeding rest are for feeding rest are for replacementreplacement

16-2 Fish16-2 Fish

Skates and RaysSkates and Rays Flat bodiesFlat bodies 2 large broad fins2 large broad fins Most live on ocean Most live on ocean

bottombottom Some have poison Some have poison

spines on tailspines on tail

16-2 Fish16-2 Fish

Bony FishBony Fish Skeleton is made of Skeleton is made of

hard boneshard bonesBones are smallBones are small

Most Travel in groupsMost Travel in groupsSchoolsSchools

16-2 Fish16-2 Fish

Bony FishBony Fish Most have paired finsMost have paired fins Fins are supported by Fins are supported by

raysraysRay finned fishRay finned fish

Lobe finned fishLobe finned fishFins have fleshy base Fins have fleshy base and leglike bonesand leglike bones

16-2 Fish16-2 Fish

Bony FishBony Fish Have a swim bladderHave a swim bladder

Gas filled sac that let Gas filled sac that let fish float in waterfish float in water

Extremely adaptedExtremely adaptedElectric EelElectric Eel

Produces up to 650 Produces up to 650 voltsvolts

RemoraRemora Attaches to sharks Attaches to sharks

and cleans themand cleans them

16-2 Fish16-2 Fish

Bony FishBony Fish AdaptationsAdaptations

FlounderFlounder Babies hatch with an Babies hatch with an

eye on both sides of eye on both sides of its headits head

Adults have both eyes Adults have both eyes on one side of its on one side of its headhead

Lays on bottom and Lays on bottom and can seecan see

Can also change Can also change colorcolor

16-2 Fish16-2 Fish

Bony FishBony Fish AdaptationsAdaptations

Lantern Fish and Lantern Fish and Angler FishAngler Fish

Live 300-700 meters Live 300-700 meters deepdeep

Have light emitting Have light emitting organs to attract fishorgans to attract fish

MudskippersMudskippers Can walk on land with Can walk on land with

their finstheir fins Breath through its Breath through its

skinskin

16-3 Amphibians16-3 Amphibians

AmphibiansAmphibians Vertebrates that are Vertebrates that are

fishlike and that fishlike and that breathe through gills breathe through gills when immaturewhen immature

Live on land and Live on land and breathe through lungs breathe through lungs and moist skin as and moist skin as adultsadults

Skin contains many Skin contains many glands, lack scales glands, lack scales and clawsand claws

16-3 Amphibians16-3 Amphibians

AmphibiansAmphibians Appeared about 360 Appeared about 360

million years agomillion years ago Eggs lack had outer Eggs lack had outer

shellsshellsIf not placed in water If not placed in water they will dry outthey will dry out

Double loop closed Double loop closed circulatory systemcirculatory system

HeartHeartLungsLungsHeartHeartBodyBodyHeartHeart

16-3 Amphibians16-3 Amphibians

AmphibiansAmphibians Well developed Well developed

execratory systemexecratory system Well developed Well developed

nervous systemnervous systemLarge eyesLarge eyes

Large brainLarge brain

16-3 Amphibians16-3 Amphibians

AmphibiansAmphibians External fertilizationExternal fertilization MetamorphosisMetamorphosis

Tadpole Tadpole Tail and headTail and head

AdultAdult LegsLegs

16-3 Amphibians16-3 Amphibians

Frogs and ToadsFrogs and Toads HibernationHibernation

Body activity slows Body activity slows downdown

Frogs bury themselves Frogs bury themselves beneath the mud during beneath the mud during winterwinter

Toads bury themselves Toads bury themselves below the frost linebelow the frost line

16-3 Amphibians16-3 Amphibians

Frogs and ToadsFrogs and Toads Toads usually have Toads usually have

poisonspoisonsLocated behind the eye Located behind the eye or on the backor on the back

Makes attackers sick or Makes attackers sick or diedie

16-3 Amphibians16-3 Amphibians

Salamanders and Salamanders and NewtsNewts Keep their tails for Keep their tails for

entire lifeentire life Not able to jumpNot able to jump Live in moist areasLive in moist areas

For reproductionFor reproduction

To breathe To breathe

16- 4 Reptiles16- 4 Reptiles

ReptilesReptiles Vertebrates that have Vertebrates that have

lungs, scaly skin, cold lungs, scaly skin, cold blooded, and a special blooded, and a special type of eggtype of egg

Snakes, turtles, Snakes, turtles, crocodiles, and dinosaurs crocodiles, and dinosaurs (extinct)(extinct)

16- 4 Reptiles16- 4 Reptiles

ReptilesReptiles First appeared about 300 First appeared about 300

million years agomillion years ago

Large, fat, short legged Large, fat, short legged animalsanimals

Looked like cross Looked like cross between a lizard and a between a lizard and a toadtoad

16- 4 Reptiles16- 4 Reptiles

ReptilesReptiles SkinSkin

Tough, dry, thick layer Tough, dry, thick layer of scalesof scales

Made out of substance Made out of substance that makes fingernailsthat makes fingernails

WaterproofWaterproof

Shed their skinShed their skin

16- 4 Reptiles16- 4 Reptiles

ReptilesReptiles Double loop circulatory Double loop circulatory

systemsystem Nervous system like Nervous system like

amphibiansamphibians

Brain is better Brain is better developeddeveloped

Well developed Well developed respiratory systemrespiratory system

16- 4 Reptiles16- 4 Reptiles

ReptilesReptiles Internal fertilizationInternal fertilization EggsEggs

Surrounded by Surrounded by protective shellprotective shell

Prevents drying outPrevents drying out Flexible but tough (like Flexible but tough (like

leather)leather)

16- 4 Reptiles16- 4 Reptiles

LizardsLizards Typically have slender Typically have slender

bodies, movable bodies, movable eyelids, long tails, four eyelids, long tails, four legs, and clawed toeslegs, and clawed toes

Range from 3 cm Range from 3 cm (geckos) to 4.5 m (geckos) to 4.5 m (monitors)(monitors)

16- 4 Reptiles16- 4 Reptiles

LizardsLizards Mostly eat insectsMostly eat insects

Waits and strikes with Waits and strikes with mouthmouth

DefenseDefense

Color changeColor change

Shed tailShed tail Will grow back Will grow back

16- 4 Reptiles16- 4 Reptiles

SnakesSnakes Lizards that have lost Lizards that have lost

their limbs, eyelids, and their limbs, eyelids, and earsears

Move by wriggling long, Move by wriggling long, thin, muscular bodiesthin, muscular bodies

Scales help to grip the Scales help to grip the groundground

Good swimmersGood swimmers

16- 4 Reptiles16- 4 Reptiles

SnakesSnakes FeedingFeeding

Eat small animalsEat small animalsAble to detect heatAble to detect heatCan taste the air Can taste the air with tongue with tongue Can dislocate their Can dislocate their jawjawSome produce Some produce poisonspoisons

Injected by fangsInjected by fangs

16- 4 Reptiles16- 4 Reptiles

16- 4 Reptiles16- 4 Reptiles

16- 4 Reptiles16- 4 Reptiles

TurtlesTurtles Reptiles whose Reptiles whose

bodies are enclosed bodies are enclosed in a shellin a shell

ShellShellPlates of bone Plates of bone covered by scalescovered by scalesSome are soft Some are soft (leather back)(leather back)Some can hold up Some can hold up to 200 times their to 200 times their own weightown weight

16- 4 Reptiles16- 4 Reptiles

TurtlesTurtles Have beaks similar to Have beaks similar to

birdsbirds DietDiet

Most eat plantsMost eat plants

Some eat animals by Some eat animals by lureslures

16- 4 Reptiles16- 4 Reptiles

16- 4 Reptiles16- 4 Reptiles

16- 4 Reptiles16- 4 Reptiles

16- 4 Reptiles16- 4 Reptiles

Alligators and CrocodilesAlligators and Crocodiles Large meat-eating reptilesLarge meat-eating reptiles

Insects, fish, birds, amphibians, large hoofed Insects, fish, birds, amphibians, large hoofed mammalsmammals

Long snouts, powerful tails, and thick armored Long snouts, powerful tails, and thick armored skinskin

Build nests of mud and plants for eggsBuild nests of mud and plants for eggsMost species guard their nestsMost species guard their nests

16- 4 Reptiles16- 4 Reptiles

AlligatorsAlligators Have broad rounded Have broad rounded

snoutssnouts When mouth is closed When mouth is closed

only a few teeth are only a few teeth are visiblevisible

Do not usually attackDo not usually attack Grow to a max of about Grow to a max of about

13 ft13 ft

16- 4 Reptiles16- 4 Reptiles

CrocodilesCrocodiles Have narrow pointed Have narrow pointed

snoutssnouts When mouth is closed all When mouth is closed all

teeth showteeth show Very aggressiveVery aggressive Can grow to nearly 20 ftCan grow to nearly 20 ft

16- 4 Reptiles16- 4 Reptiles

Freshwater CrocodileFreshwater Crocodile

16- 4 Reptiles16- 4 Reptiles

Saltwater CrocodileSaltwater Crocodile

16- 4 Reptiles16- 4 Reptiles

Saltwater CrocodileSaltwater Crocodile